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The Big Bang model assumes that the universe started with an explosion. In the explosion, the size of the universe is considered to be zero, so the energy density and temperature are extremely high. After the explosion, the universe expands and slowly cools, allowing it to form the structures we see today. At least there are three theoretical and practical foundations that lead to the model. It's interesting to know that a astronomer was the first to say that the universe had to have a starting point. Onbers, 1823, said that if the universe is infinite in space and time, then it must have many stars when looking up at the sky. I have never seen a star. And we will see that the sky is always as bright as the sun, even at night. But in fact, the night sky is dark. In the 1848 long poem, Eureka! Edgar Poe said that it was because the stars did not have enough time to illuminate the entire universe. And the dark night sky proves that the universe does not exist forever. Not only does it stand firm in the face of the challenge of time, it also plays a decisive role in forming the Big Bang theory. The second theoretical foundation is relatively general. It says that time is the mass of motion, which depends on matter and coordinates matter. Note that Engels' idea that time is the form of matter leads to the fact that there is no time, and therefore the universe can start and end. An initial idea, Einstein himself also found a way to resist. The practical basis of the model is the discovery of Hubble's expanding universe in the 1920s. The universe is now expanding, and the galaxies are getting farther and farther apart, showing in the past that they are close together. When the universe is smaller, the reverse of permanent time will go to the moment of birth, when the entire universe is concentrated at one point, where there is an infinite amount of energy, temperature, and gravity, and an explosion will create the universe. However, the mass of matter, or the gravitational force, can cause the universe to reset as soon as it expands. Along with other factors that Engels hypothesized, the expansion allows the universe to increase in size 10 to 30 times in a moment. From time 10 to time 10 to time 32 seconds after the explosion. Beyond that limit of success, the universe expands, expands, and creates everything, including ourselves. That is the standard model of expanding and expanding. In 1991, when Hubble Space Telescope on the Hubble space station measuring the radius of the meteorite from the explosion in the past as predicted, the Big Bang model is widely recognized. The Big Bang is the best model today. But of course, it still has many problems, including mysterious points and the last beginning. Physics always avoids mysterious points, where a large amount of it is extremely valuable, which is only found in the world of imaginary mathematics. The Big Bang is such a mysterious point, and that is what needs to be avoided. Then the Big Bang was born into the universe. So what was born into the Big Bang? One way to avoid the mystery is the theory of the basic quantum physics. The theory of quantum physics sees the most basic structure of the universe not as a nucleus, such as an electron, a block, but as a string, or a superstring with 10 poles. There were 5 theory of quantum physics, and by 1995, people saw that they were just a version of a basic theory rather than the 11-pole quantum theory. Different types of quantum waves are represented as the basic nuclei that we see. The old view of basic nuclei as non-dimensional particles should lead to a mysterious point. What about quantum waves? Because they have a certain size, albeit very small. Calculating from the beginning to the end is more complicated. One way to solve the problem is to examine the end. Does the universe expand forever or slow down in a big crash? Big Crunch. If the universe is full of matter, the attraction force will slow down the expansion, and the explosion that created us may be the result of the previous crash. That is the model of the universe of Willard, with the expansion programs connected in a circle, a way to avoid the final start. Unfortunately, Big Crunch is not the perfect parallel of Big Bang. When the universe is full of matter, photons will receive more energy due to the strong attraction force, and the universe will be hotter when it ends than when it starts. The result is that the explosion is getting stronger and stronger. This proves that the universe still needs a final start point, just like the model of Big Bang. The end of the universe. For centuries, the universe has been seen as immutable. The stars seem to stick to the sky. The Earth is immobile and empty like a chessboard. The rules of the universe began to be discovered in the 17th century, when Galileo used the first telescope, and Kepler came up with the laws of motion to explore the sky around the Earth. Newton's popular attraction law led to the study of phenomena in the entire universe. Later, Einstein's relativistic law and the discovery of Hubble's cosmic expansion phenomenon are also memorable milestones in the history of astronomy. Today, astronomers use the most advanced equipment and create more and more complex theoretical models to explore remote areas in the universe to understand the nature of matter and particles. The process of evolution and the fate of the universe is also an interesting topic. Right after the Big Bang, the universe was extremely hot and expanded very quickly. The attraction of matter, which acts like a fan, should have the tendency to make the universe expand slowly. Some cosmological models believe that the attraction of matter can make the universe shrink until it becomes extremely small and extremely hot to eventually explode again. In recent years, some astronomers want to study the evolution of the universe by placing modern telescopes on the ground and launching them into space. They observe a supernova, which is a star that is exploding, so it has a very high luminosity. The idea is that the universe is full of matter that can shrink, but that idea was rejected in 1998. Observing supernovae has led to a controversial conclusion. The universe is expanding more and more quickly. That's bad news, because the model of the universe is more favored. Where the universe and life can coexist without stopping. Why is the universe expanding more and more quickly? The answer is quite simple. Because there is a lack of necessary matter. More importantly, it seems that the universe contains a special energy that has a counter-attractive effect. Dozens of years ago, astronomers observed the universe only containing ordinary matter. When they saw the speed of the galaxies spinning too fast, they assumed that the dark matter multiplied by 10 times the light matter to have enough attractive force to compensate for the centrifugal force of the galaxies spinning. Otherwise, the galaxies would disintegrate. Dark matter is divided into two types. The normal type, like a brown star, a black hole, and the strange type, like neutrinos with molecules, such as axions or wimps. These need to be added to a new type of matter or energy, called dark energy, which accounts for two-thirds of the universe's mass. The nature of dark energy with negative pressure to create an attractive counter, is probably a long-term challenge for physics and astronomy. New superstars are divided into two main types, type 1 and type 2, depending on the nature of the star before it explodes. Type 1 originates from stars with a similar mass to the Sun. Stars burn light fuels, such as hydrogen and helium, through nuclear reactions to create heavier atoms. Type 2 is made up of stars whose chemical composition is carbon and oxygen. Type 2 supernovae are remnants of giant stars and can absorb heavy nuclei. After reaching the final stage of evolution, they explode and leave behind stars, mainly iron. The star that produces a supernova is a very small, dense white dwarf star, which is why it is so attractive. If it is a member of a double star family, the white dwarf star absorbs matter in the atmosphere of its companion star. When the white dwarf star's mass reaches 1.4 times the mass of the Sun, which is called the limit mass of Chandrasekhar, the star collapses and explodes into a type 1a supernova. This type of supernova has a uniform mass determined by the limit mass. Because of this, their characteristics are that they have the same internal luminosity. The further away a star is, the dimmer it is. Therefore, astronomers can rely on the luminosity of supernovae to measure the distances of galaxies. Supernovae shine billions of times in the sun. This type of dwarf star appears suddenly in distant galaxies and is observed by large telescopes for about a month, so it is used as a submarine to explore the depths of the universe. On average, every 3-4 centuries, there is another star explosion in each galaxy. The process of forming a type 1a supernova, the white dwarf star, is the fault of a star similar to the Sun after consuming all of its hydrogen and helium energy. If it has a companion, the white dwarf star absorbs matter in its companion's atmosphere and the matter in the disk surrounding the white dwarf star. When the mass of the white dwarf star increases to 1.4 solar masses, the star collapses and explodes into a type 1a supernova. The first is the vacuum energy. The physical vacuum is not a vacuum that contains many particles. The reflection of the particles is constantly oscillating due to Heisenberg's uncertain principle. Accordingly, it is not possible to accurately determine the value of the pairs of mass-physical quantities such as position and speed, value and change of the physical environment. So the vacuum energy must be different, because if it is equal to zero, the change is also equal to zero. This means that two masses are accurately determined at the same time, which is prohibited by Heisenberg's uncertain principle. It is due to biology and metaphysics. For example, a centimeter in front of our eyes always has 10 to the power of 30 electromagnetic fields. They cause that effect to count, like the Casimir effect. Calculate to see that they create an energy density 10 to the power of 120 times larger than other materials. A number that makes the physical world dizzy. The second vacuum is the fifth component. Play along with Aristotle. People see four elements, water, fire, air and earth, create the universe. The simplest is a quantum field that changes very slowly over time. The mechanism explains the expansion-reduction phase. Another possibility comes from the physics of the magnetic fields, that is, the 10-fields or 11-fields network above. In this theory, ordinary matter lies on the 3-fields network. These networks are close to each other in the 11th field. The light that follows the 3-fields network to our eyes takes billions of years. While attractive or non-attractive, it comes right in the way, creating a huge amount of value, as I just said. However, mathematical difficulties make a perfect model impossible, not only in front of the eye, but also possible in the future. In order to solve these two problems, and start from scratch. At the end of 2001, scientists Steinhardt, Turok, Curie, Albrecht and Steinberg proposed the network and touch model. The touch model is not the beginning of space-time, but the transition point between the expansion-reduction phase and the previous phase. This is the revolutionary model, but it has advantages over other revolutionary models. Our space-time model is a 3-fields network in a 4-fields space. Another network, a parallel universe, lies right next to it, in a 3-fields space in a 4-fields space. This universe is closer than our skin, but we can't see or touch it. These networks act as if they are connected by a spring, pulling back when the networks are apart, and pushing out when they are close, causing the networks to move far and then close. They are 3-fields in sequence, which is the Big Bang. The primary energy of the Big Bang is 3-field energy, while the density scales can be seen clearly on the comet measured by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1991, and are the seeds that develop into the next galaxies, which are the threads of the networks. During the transfer and collision process, the networks can still expand on their own. Compared to the standard revolution model, this model has the advantage of not needing dark energy to explain the increasing expansion of the universe. Simply put, it's the spring energy. According to Turok, the other advantage is that the comet only appears in the 4th field. When two networks collide, the distance is equal to zero, the lightest possibility among the comets. And because it continues to expand before and after the collision, the photons will not absorb more energy, so the Big Crunch is not hotter than the Big Bang, allowing the removal of the last beginning, a favorite scientific topic. Of course, the model also leaves many questions. First, the lightest miracle is still a miracle. Next, it is not clear how the small crystals or threads of the network reappear after the collision. According to Lindt, a model builder, it's like putting a chair in a black hole and hoping it will be reborn. Then the nature of the spring is also a difficult math problem. However, many astronomers welcome the model because, as the famous mathematician Veneziano said in CERN, it is easy to accept the idea that the Big Bang is the result of something rather than the cause of everything. The above models still have to calculate the dark energy. Therefore, since 1983, Mordechai Milgram-Essring proposed MOND, that is, Mutual Motivation, Modified Newtonian Dynamics. He argued that Newton's second law, F equals Ma, will become F equals Ma squared at low velocities of 10 minus 10 meters per square meter. It means that it only takes a smaller force or less matter to accelerate the celestial bodies. And the calculation of dark matter or dark energy will of course be excluded. Initially, astronomers rejected MOND, but still succeeded in explaining the formation and evolution of the universe. The recent measurements were in line with Milgram's predictions many years ago, convincing some scientists. However, they did not think Newton's motivation was wrong, but considered it a meaningful set of principles, when calling it MIFF, that is, the Milgram-Fedding Formula. Let's take a closer look at the principle of Mach. It is believed that the object's curvature is due to its interaction with the entire universe. It can be better understood by looking at the centrifugal force on a bucket of water. When turning the water in the bucket, the water surface will go down. It is said that it is the effect of the centrifugal force. It is because the water rotates compared to the bucket standing still. Not at all. Because when rotating both the bucket and the water at the same speed, the water surface still goes down. Mach says that the water surface rotates because it knows it is rotating towards the entire universe. In other words, the object's curvature is due to the interaction of the entire universe. Therefore, the universe must be infinite. If the universe is infinite, then the curvature will be infinitely large. Everything cannot change the state of motion. One thing is different from reality. But that's just our universe. Many people hypothesize that parallel or multiverse universes, each universe has its own laws. Remember the collisions. Not just two, but maybe more. Or the shape of a balloon blowing a bubble away from the room. Each bubble is a single universe. Bubbles can be connected to each other by wormholes. In general, they are the shortcuts that connect the spacetime areas in a bubble. They even connect the space bubbles to each other. They allow the energy to oscillate between the bubbles. You can imagine an oscillation like that is that you have created the universe we are living in. So maybe we are living in an infinite universe. This universe is one of the infinite networks or bubbles of an infinite multiverse. Anyone can be satisfied, whether they like infinite or infinite universes. This hypothesis helps eliminate the ultimate creativity. In his famous work, The Mysteries, Professor Trinh Xuan Thuan puts his faith in creativity and believes that he wants to put his faith in hope, not despair. According to him, finding a suitable bubble for life between infinite bubbles is impossible, as well as seeing life as a coincidence that does not satisfy the self-esteem of man. I think the problem may be the opposite. If man is created by an ideal, then we are just a mess. Then there will be no free will. Braxton's favorite topic is also no choice. One of the different possibilities is a way to decide fate, the basic characteristic of human nature. And if we appear as a miraculous combination between coincidence and necessity, then we deserve to live with all the difficulties of creation. And that may be meaningful. As above said, each universe is infinite, but multiverse can be infinite. That proves it contains an infinite energy, which is meaningless in physics. Fortunately, it is not. Quantum mechanics allows the appearance of energy bubbles from space, as long as we disappear after a short period of time. The less energy bubbles, the longer they exist. Because the attractive energy is negative, and the energy contained in the substance is positive. So if multiverse is flat, even if the universe can be curved, those two kinds of energy cancel each other, and the multiverse energy is exactly zero. Therefore, quantum rules allow it to exist forever. In other words, the uncertainty is the reason why the universe can appear from nothingness. A unique idea when listening to Gamal tell in Princeton in the 1940s. Einstein was standing in the middle of the road, and two people were killed by a car crash. We can ask the question, so where does nothingness come from? Maybe that's an unreasonable question. Why is there uncertainty so that the universe can be formed? And are there more basic questions? Finally, I would like to emphasize the unification between quantum and non-quantum. It is by going to the end of the quantum nature that science can understand the universe. Opinions say that quantum theory, reductionism, an approach based on the law of analysis to go deeper into the quantum structure of the world, has lost all the ability to realize that there is no basis. In the book The Last Dreams of Theory, 1992, Steven Weinberg, the physicist who won the Nobel Prize for his efforts to unify quantum and electrons, won two awards to criticize scientists and defend the rule of law and the law of analysis. What do you think about the above information? Leave your comments in the comment section below. Don't forget to subscribe to Radio Vũ Trụ to watch the latest videos.