【幾冊】在現代建築中，沒有用的都應該剔除| 勒·柯布西耶Le Corbusier

如果現代人的想法和現代生活的導向 仍然有著刺激的影響 起碼是受到一位出乎意料的瑞士建築師 Le Corbusier的影響 他在20世紀的第一半 寫了書、建造建築物和設計裝飾 全都展現了現代科技世界的刺激、精緻和華麗 Le Corbusier開始他的事業 是攻擊了維多利亞時代的建築 與他所見到的美麗和智慧的現代工程師相反 我們的工程師健康活躍 活躍、有用、平衡、開心地做他們的工作 他在1923年寫的新建築 《向新建築》中揚言 同時,Le Corbusier還說 我們的建築師無精打採、無職業 無精打採、無精打採、無精打採 這是因為他們很快就沒得做了 我們不再有錢去建造歷史的紀念品 同時,大家都需要洗 我們的工程師為這些東西提供 他們將成為我們的建築師 Le Corbusier建議未來的房子 要有潔淨、有精神、有優雅的風格 他的憎恨任何一種裝飾 延伸到英國皇室家庭的憐憫 和他們每年開會時 在他們的黃金車輛中旅遊 他建議他們將這些雜物 推出多瓦的山島 而不是在1911年 在西班牙的汽車上遊歷 他甚至取笑了 歷史上的年輕建築師的教育 並將它命名為 《恐怖之城》 《教育半家的憐憫》 和《法國建築的癌症》 因為它違背了 現代建築的原則 透過它所有的 精細的建築 和雕塑 對Le Corbusier來說 真正的偉大建築 意味著建築 為了現代的效率而奮鬥 更加有可能被發現 在一臺電子渦輪 或低壓風扇 是這些機器 讓他的書 拍攝了前任建築師 在1909年 在巴黎的天空上 他第一次看到飛機 是飛機司機 Conte de Lambert 飛過Eiffel Tower 是他人生中 最重要的時刻 他觀察到 飛機必須撤離 所有建築的 優雅裝飾 是必須的 不小心地 把它們變成 現代建築的 把一座 經典的建築 放在屋頂上 對Le Corbusier來說 是一架飛機 更加愚蠢的事 但至少 在回應這份文章時 飛機倒塌時 飛機的優勢 是令 愚蠢的事 明顯地顯現出來 但如果飛機的功能 是飛行 那屋頂的功能是什麼呢? Le Corbusier arrived at a simple list of requirements beyond which all other ambitions were no more than as he put it romantic cobwebs The function of a house was to provide one a shelter against heat cold rain thieves and the inquisitive two a receptacle for light and sun three a certain number of cells appropriated to cooking work and personal life What modern man wants is a monk cell well lit and heated with a corner from which he can look at the stars wrote Le Corbusier His private houses which he built in and around Paris in the 1920s and 30s were unlike anything that people had ever witnessed both inside and out Le Corbusier took an interest in their smallest details always with an eye to increasing efficiency He built much of the furniture himself and was often to earn more money from it than from his architecture Le Corbusier was evidently one of the world's greatest architects but he was also one of the world's most disastrous urban designers His manifesto on how to make cities contained in two books The City of Tomorrow and Its Planning written in 1925 and The Radiant City of 1933 called for a dramatic break from the past The existing city centers must all come down To save itself every great city must rebuild its center Le Corbusier wanted ever taller towers some housing as many as 40,000 people When he visited New York for the first time he came away disappointed by the relatively small scale of the buildings Your skyscrapers are too low he told a surprised journalist By building upwards two problems would be resolved at a stroke overcrowding and urban sprawl Le Corbusier planned to abolish city streets In his vision of the future people would have footpaths all to themselves while cars would enjoy massive dedicated motorways with smooth curving interchanges Even more than Paris New York was for Le Corbusier the epitome of an illogical city because it had managed to graft skyscrapers the buildings of the future onto a tight street plan better suited to a medieval settlement On his trip around the United States he advised his increasingly bemused American hosts that Manhattan ought to be demolished to make way for a fresh and more Cartesian attempt at urban design Ironically, what Le Corbusier's dreams helped to generate were the dystopian housing estates that now ring historic Paris The wastelands from which tourists avert their eyes in confused horror and disbelief on their way into the historic city To take an overland train to the most violent and degraded of these places is to realize all that Le Corbusier forgot about architecture and in a wider sense about human nature For example, he forgot how tricky it is when just a few of one's 2,699 neighbors decide to throw a party or buy a handgun He forgot how drab reinforced concrete can seem under a gray sky He forgot how awkward it is when someone lights a fire in the lift shaft and home is on the 44th floor When Le Corbusier died in 1965, having had a heart attack in the south of France where he'd gone for a swim, he was responsible for having built some of the most beautiful private houses of all time But his ideas had also destroyed some of the great cities of Europe and the United States For a man whose ambition was to change the world, we can revere him paradoxically for the most modest things about him his beautiful, white-washed villas, his door handles and his armchairs