Lecture 01: Part II

[Music] welcome back so we'll start second part of this lecture I hope you have understood what is AI right because this is something which many people always ask this question if you ask a children also they will be telling you the meaning of AI but may not understand AI for artificial intelligence human have natural intelligence so AI obviously is something which related to the mimicking of human intelligence as we told about that it is ability of machines and computers to mimic human mind decision making process as well as problem capability and that's what is AI and as a part of AI we are going to learn machine learning and deep learning machine learning deals with structur data deepar deals with unstructured data so therefore in the machine learning process you can machine can automatically learn from existing data and grip predictions but nonetheless you need some human intervention so we talk about this suspects the AI actually can do like human they can think like human but whether they can think rally like a human or not that will be decided by the intelligence level of the artificial machines and after thinking can they act like a human can they act like a rationally like a human or not that us these are the two important features of AI which one is the thought other one is the behavioral aspects so let us now look at how we can go ahead this is something I talk about it before that let me also tell you there are four important cognitive task a AI system must do first they should understand the natural language processing to communicate with human otherwi how they will communicate with human they cannot use sign language right they have to use some kind of a language and we have many natural languages that's why you should understand the whether natural language posing can be built in and that is what is called NLP in machine learning very important part of the machine learning second important is that whether Can it can store information effectively and efficiently that's called knowledge representation like we can it in our brain right we can store information effectively and then efficiently use that after we have information can we retrieve the information answer any question or not that's called automated reasoning AR many cases and this we can call KR as you can see KR a very important because that's all tells you knowledge dep presentation and automated reasoning and last thing is the machine learning can you adapt to a new circumstance Say by learning my previous from the previous experiences this is called ml it can be DL also deep learning but at the begin HL but you know what are the key features of here and anyi system must have four important features as you understand first you think about yourself first you should observe observation is most important whenever you think we are trying to understand anything first You observe observe very keenly and think about what are things happening that's called Observation that's a very important characteristics feature of AI system second analytical ability can it analytically analyze the observations whatever is taking place so that's very important analytical ability and third which is very important is is the problem solving ability can it solve the problems given all these aspect observation analytic ability can it solve a new problem not that's very important and obviously key important aspect is in all these things observation to problem solving is the learning the learning is what is important you have to make the machine learn particular train in particular aspects then only it can solve the problem so these are the four key features of AI now ai has two parts what is called narrow Ai and general AI what is narrow AI detecting faces right right you know in the airports sometimes there will be cameras and nowadays actually you can have what is called diatra they can detect from your using your face that you are the particular person traveling or not that's very important AI tool plugging content online means you are using all kinds of social media whenever you putting content online what you using specific AI tools very easily whether you want to upload some videos upload some photos or write some text you could see automatically the text Will flow or many things will be coming automatically these are all AI or very simple customer care inquiry whenever you call many times you don't realize other other side of your call the computer is answering it's not a human so there are very standard questions that computer can answer that's basically also AI or we all use online chatbots right even mobile phones or computers these are all part of narrow AI very very routinely use I will say so we are using AIS for in our day-to-day life that's what is called narrow AI okay you remember this term narrow that means we are not utilizing pool artificial intelligence that's why it's called narrow what is generaliz AI or general a it remains a concept till today what wants to do it is Invision to be adaptable and desable as human intelligence what it means the day computer can do everything without human intervention think like a human think resonably like a human and act rationally resonably like a human that day role of human is going to be over looks like many people call a doomsday but I'll will not say that because we'll have some control on the computers you could see some movies available on the many of the stores about these kind of aspects that whether the day computers will achieve human intelligence what will happen to the old world so that's the generaliz GI which is not yet achieved don't worry about it and it's not to be achieved in very soon also very simple application of a speed recognition Okay all of you probably use that this tool you can easily recognize a speech by using ey tools customer service I already told about it whenever you're making a call to customer service whether your call is answered by computer or answered by a human that's something always will be there many times the voice will look like a human but answer is given by computer third important thing is the computer vision can computer read a picture that's called a computer vision can you extract data from these pictures and make some justification third one recommendation engines you know many times you need to write some recommendation letter for jobs or you to get some recommendation for jobs from your professors from your superiors so can you automate it actually many of the invers cities have already done it automated using AI tools very simply can be done and you could probably see that also sometimes if these recommend are not submitted in time you'll get a reminder again it's automated by using a tools Stock Market trading it can be also done automated in fact in today's world it is automated so this are already there as a application of AI in the market well is AI game changer that's what everybody talks about you know we have a lot of courses on a IML even India abroad everywhere so question is is it so as far as the data available in the literature is from un websites AI potential contribution to global economy will be $15.7 trillion that's massive in another five six years time it will be about $5.7 trillion economy will be controlled by the a and you know it will boost the GDP of any local economics up to 26% GDP is go domestic product that's indicator of economic growth that's what it is and what are the beneficiaries it says China and North America will be the most important beneficiaries China will see almost 26% boost of GDP and North America will see about 14.5% GDP by 2020 it's almost over right 20 2020 is 4 years back so now the question is we as India where do we place yes we are moving towards that directions everything everybody is talking about using artificial intelligence as a important feature for all our operations whether it's in the airports or in the railway stations or even customer care everywhere so it's going to grow faster and faster you can see that so now the second question important is why AI is important materials engineering because that's what we going to learn in this course is it so important to understand that we have to little bit know how materials are discovered and that is what you should focus very clearly I'm talking about 4,000 BC to about 2010 I can talk about 2020 also but I'm not doing it because 2010 is hardly about 105 years ago so as you know what has happened so you may be at the time 10 to 15 years old maybe like that so you'll have some idea about it so what happened before 4,000 years ago let's say about stone age or before that in Stone Age human used to make you know all these gadgets to kill animals using Stone that's why it's called Stone Age we have no nothing everything is available on the earth crust as if because it has abandoned for the human and that's what has been done so there is no material or disc covered because everything was available necessarily whatever required sand was available Stone was available far was available some metal like gold silver are available so you not happy with that and then came the potteries Potter is a major Discovery right why because you need to make pots where you can cook foods you can keep water so Pottery was discovered Potter is basically coming from clay clay is you know used to make the green pottery and then green Potter is fire to get a strong pter right that's what it is so that's one of the major discoveries of human other than fire in the early days of our existence on this world so about 4,000 years ago 4,000 to 5,000 years I will say in that time period nothing is clear we have the use of metals swords the major ammunition in those days swords or all kinds of harpoons everything was done in those days and it was made by brunch remember brunch is the first alloy made brunch is the alloy of copper and tin it was accidentally discovered it was not made by human it was accidentally discovered probably someone was trying to mix them together unknowingly and it accidentally discovered that's what is documented and that's how the Bron chest started and everything was made of Bron chest and finally around 2,000 is about 2,000 BC you have this iron age where instruments are the swords and other things were made from Iron and Steels okay and then beyond that we have all kinds of things we have Steels you can see that concrete structure Steels everything and super allies many more discoveries were done in last 200 years within last 200 years okay that's what is happened and finally we have in Silicon age now in this time period silicon is very important because all our devices are basically made on Silicon crystals whether it's a computer tablets mobile phones everything and we have Google Facebook what not okay Instagram and many things I'm not cannot describe all of them so that's what it is this is in a nutshell the materials are discovered but remember silicon is very important material for the discovery of computers without that it is not possible allo with silicon there are many things insulators okay conductors many other things are required so every part of our life material is important whether today or thousand years ago or 5,000 years ago or thousand years ahead you cannot deny the material will not be important material will be important every part of life so that's why materials engineering or discovery of new materials to trigger changes in the society is what is the key aspects in design of new materials and that's what we learned in materials engineering and here whether AI can help it or not okay this is a chart taken from Michael asby book design and selection of materials 10,000 BC you can see to about 2020 yes now I want 2020 correct what is say it says relative abundance or importance of the materials so what you see at the beginning gold was primary important it's freely available copper was also then slowly the Alloys can brunch iron cast and Steels alloy Steels they are very important primary important finally the titanium allo everything El came aluminium allo you can see that slowly how this but importance of metals have decreased over the time little importance but still it retains is primary importance compared to others compared to the Ceramics and glasses initially Stones Flint poies to P is po has discovered from clay then glass glass was also Cally discovered and then came cement Refractories fuse silica and all kinds of things top Ceramics aluminia silicon nitride or psz whatever you say all these things become very important or the time scale I'm talking about it 10,000 BCU 2020 that means 12,000 years that's what happens and composite Myer obviously initially you know there are natural compos like a straw Bak straw B is B natural composite human used to make houses using straw bck okay you add straw into the clay and make brick that's how the M houses are made in The Villages that's a natural Composites bamboo wood is a natural composite okay paper is also a composite remember that but then there a huge gap then in the lateral part after 1980s came glass fiber inose composite Okay C fiber impulse Composites metamatic compos ceramic composits so these are all artificial composites see it took so much of time to learn about composits that's what is the material cycle is this is this picture is very important for every Material Science and Engineering student because this tells you the major material you use and how importance of these materials came about the 12,000 years time scale that's why the civilization actually civilization started about 5,000 BC we know that for all these four important parts of the world Mesopotamia Egypt indas Valley and yangi Valley civilizations in China so we are very proud that indas valy civilizations were part of our civilizations in India and Pakistan so therefore these uh civilizations have started with poter copper bronze everything you can see that actually that's very important so what is important is for you we need new materials As you move alone in the technological innovations that's what you should be taking a take a message to design a material to give you a case study very important case study okay this is again taken from Michael asb's book I proud of Michael asby because he is one of the scientists who have made this design of materials as important things let's talk about it how can you make a good device to open a bottle you know uh you know many times bottles contain liquids will be stopped by a stopper how to remove it easily can I make a good remover so what is the need a device that can allow you to access any liquid here is WR wine any liquid actually containing a cocked bottle that's what is your job okay let's take some examples so first way is one can pull it up you can pull using whatever devices you want in your home second is apply pressure third is apply pressure from the liquid you can pull it up where bottle can be upside down and apply pressure last this breake you can see had e or you can actually explode it can explode none of these are actually good designs whether you if you ask me carefully none of these are good design these are all a person who no knowledge of engineering can do that that's not a design thing one of the best way of Designing is this using what is called the screw so we can actually have a screw we can push the screw into the Cork and then pull it up it will be removed or you can actually remove this using this kind of devices you have a plate and the plate there are two knives you can push this plate along with the knife will be also pressed inside it and you can remove it you can also press the knife at the metal it will cut this cork in two pieces and remove it these are working principles of implementing the fast one of this this fast three schemes okay remember this is explosion this is breakage these are not at all choices these are actually all accidents can happen so you see these are how actually this kind of things has happened this is the oldest one the new one there are different Ral system this is what you used extensively one can also use this other things are not so use in market now but this is how the evolution of this design of this cork remover has happened over the time so one thing you understood in design even the what's called agronomics as well as you know important things to understand is also how it look like these two aspects are also considered this design aspects has these two aspects also so you see that these are the two defa devices I'm showing you how it is done so this CES tells you you can have a direct pull you can have a l pull liver this is a liver you can see that you can have a gear pull or you can have a spring assisted pool there also you can make designs you can see the gear pool it's a very interesting design okay you can have a simply gear just by using gear you can remove this so it is basically screw but screw can be pushed through by manually all manually but this is just like a direct pull this is like a li you can see there a li less energy use this is a screw so now that's okay that is one part of design second thing I example I to show you is basically on a Power Electronics all of you know that all the power electron dissipate lot of heat large amount of heat is dissipated if you when a computer or laptop is running you can put your hand in the there fans in the in the laptop hot air will come out that means so much of heat is generated as has to be removed so when you sub amount of heat generated what you need a heat sink for the Power Electronics it has to function like hit syn but it has some constants it cannot go beyond 200 cus temperature why because All Electronics die after 200° temperature it should have very high electrical resistance something like about 10^ 20 ohms micro CM very high and it should be thermally conducting obious L why you have electric High electrical insulating because it should not conduct electricity at all then it will affect your device performance it should be good thermal in conductor that means you should have a very high thermal conductor something like 100 watt per met Kelvin it should not be heavy at all it should be light because your laptop is Light phone is light so you should a density less than 3 m g or kilogram per M Cube very small actually and what are the three variables in the design material and processor material means what material process how to make it on the right side I'm showing you this is one of the kind of a geometry use so you can see there are lot of cooling fins this is where your fan is placed and air is blown so therefore these fins get cooled down and cheap is place on the top of this heat sink so that heat is transmitted from the chips to the this kind of objects so as as you can see the function is a heat sink it has constant it should must be good insulator as I told you HB is very high and all Dimension must be specified because computer has a geometry right geometry dimensions and objective is to maximize the thermal conductivity then only you can remove most of the heat so look at it this is a service temperature plot versus different material Metals it can withand very high temperature Steels copper can high temperature lead and Jin aluminium can use some medium temperatures polymers can use only medium temperatures or low temperatur I means I me to say room temperatures Ceramics can go very high temperature like T carb aluminia it can and Composites obviously it can also go very high temperatures depending on whether it's a glass fber Composites or ceramic fiber Composites it can go high temperatures the 200 is your limit so you cannot use Ceramics as well as Composites so these are out what you can use basically Metals H Metals as well as polymers let's do the chart of thermal conductiv as Electric it will be clear to you so you have told your fixed electric resistivity to be 10^ 19 right this is 10^ 19 micro home CM you can see that and you also told Lambda should be high something about close to 100 in the range of 100 of what per met Kelvin so what do we have we have basically very limited you can see almost all of them actually are metals and if you want to have a light ceramic is a choice because they have lesser density than Metals but mostly it will be either copper Alloys or aluminium Alloys because they are much above 100 BS that's better and you know compared to Copper aluminium is lighter so therefore aluminium is better choice and that's what is used as a f material in this kind of things so you understand that this is how materials are designed for a specific application I just wanted to give you these two examples in this story so that you understand how a functional material can be designed how a structur material can be or like both the cases there specific functions whether it's a bottle or cork opener or is basically heat syn both are very important examples in terms of you know applicability and they are really actually real examples which are used in the uh real case so I just wanted to stop here so that you can take a message is that material design is a very important subject and there are many applications where you need to design new materials new processes how we can use AI in accelerate the material design process that's the key thing so I just started to show you how materials are designed traditionally now slowly slowly you learn that you don't need to follow this traditional route anymore but techniques will remain same techniques I mean to say the data handling this is how the all the data are plotted right in a thermal conductivity but electric you can see all the data are plotted but in a chart you don't do that what you need to do is basically use a machine learning model which can predict you so let's stop here we'll come back to in the next lecture more about what the things we can do in in in machine learning or design aspects of the materials thank you [Music] [Music] [Music]