Lecture 09

[Music] good afternoon everyone so I am Dr DEA from I kpur and we are here today to let listen to yet another session of uh the course NP Ms course titled carbon accounting and sustainable design and product life cycle management along with me Dr amep Singh obroy and Dr PR prap Singh are teaching this course and today we are going to study the most important concept the transition concept today which is called as industrial ecology and carbon footprint so today our up to this point we have studied okay up to now we have studied sustainability productivity then we have also seen what is a carbon credit we also saw what is called as CO2 equivalence we saw what is called as ghg and gwp glog that is GG greenhouse gases and gwp global warming potential we seen these major Concepts and today we are going to take it to the next level so without further delay let's first go through what is called manufacturing ecology okay manufacturing ecology is also known as it is also known as industrial ecology okay this is another name for it industrial ecology okay so the what is it okay so the definition how do we Define it it is a systematic organizing framework it's a systematic organizing framework for for integrating many faets of facets of Environmental Management Environ mental management okay so it is a systematic and organizing framework that integrates many aspects faes is also another way to say it is aspects aspects of Environmental Management so the considerations here the considerations here the consider erations here are industrial world world is a natural system okay second one is also a part of local ecosystem and Global biosphere so it is a natural system natural system means there is all aspects inputs outputs Etc all are there it's an interacting system but it is also part of the local ecosystem and part of a global biosphere so if you have a factory that is in example steel factory in biar for example okay so biar is a it's part of the local ecosystem called Bihar which is a local ecosystem and then it is part of the ecosystem of India and Earth okay that is the global ecosystem so we have to consider both aspects so the question is why we need industrial ecology why do we need this because it offers a fundamental understanding offers a fundamental understanding of the value value of modeling the industrial system the industrial system on ecosystems or ecological system ecosystems to achieve sustainable environment performance environment performance okay this explanation was given by L in 1993 okay so what we are talking here is it offers a fundamental understanding so how do you superimpose the idea is that superimposing superimposing the Industrials ecosystem the industry onto environment okay or instead of ecology let's call it as environment if you superimpose the industry onto the environment then what are the issues that we have so that we can address those issues to achieve sustainable environmental performance sustainable we already studied what sustainability so the critical part is how do we achieve sustainable environment performance so that is the main aspects of the system now let us see what is this industrial ecology is all about how do you model this so one way to think about it is we first create what you call us every system so one aspect is system has boundaries boundaries so let us call this as the industrial ecosystem boundary Okay so that is what this whole thing is about industrial ecosystem boundary right now in this industrial ecosystem we have the what is the industrial so one way to think about is we have a uh industry okay so in Industry you have something called one box which is called material extractor or grower okay somebody who grow extracts the material from the earth or somebody who grows it that's the primary indust one way to think about is this is the primary sector okay then comes the second one which we call us material processor or manufacturer so there is a relationship between both of them so this is the secondary sector okay The primary sector you are dealing with the environment and secondary sector is you are taking it to a factory and then the third one is you have the third aspect is what you call as consumer okay the consumer interacts with the manufacturer in this particular fashion takes the final goods and do it then there is a third one which is called as a waste processor so the consumer sends the used good to the waste processor and then the waste processor has an interaction back between what we call as the material extractor of Grover and there is also another possibility of an interaction between the secondary sector the manufacturer directly with the VTE processor for collecting some aspects so this you can think about as the industry okay the industry system now you have also something called as energy and limited resources okay these go into the industry system the energy comes from the environment or the government produces the electricity and supplies it to the industry guy and then you have the limited waste that is expelled out of the factory to the environment so most of the time the productivity this is where the productivity is focused on it is on the manufacturing side that is where productivity whereas sustainability is focused here so sustainability is more of a holistic view okay so that is what we actually think about as the industrial ecology in this regard now further narrowing this down in a different way you can also think about the one way to imagine this is you have you have vendors in one side and then in the vendors you have basically like uh in my opinion you have the the material processor okay so this vend apply lot of those things to the material processor and the material processor takes energy onto this and then there is waste coming out of this and and then output of materials and that output goes into next one which is the production or manufacturing you have something called fabrication and then you have assembly so fabrication is making individual parts and it is goes back and forth between both right and then both of them also have their own sometimes you keep on doing that fabrication there itself there also you have energy and there also you have waste like this and then also some of the times these vendors who are actually supplying here they may also do a supply here as well for something that kind of a thing so to the they may bypass the material processor so the material processor might be something like there are activities that you can put it as mining okay uh purification agriculture Etc so all of them might be providing you with different type of materials or other raw materials to go into the assembly process and then from here again it goes into finished goods okay this goes into what he called as in another way to think about it is outbound Logistics okay so this is storage so we have something called Storage storage is denoted by a triangle usually in the this one then you have also something called distribution Etc like this okay so this is part of this once the distribution is done then you have something called use which is done by the customer right sometimes after the use it may go to disposal it may go into the some part of it may go into the environment some part times we will go into what you call as reverse Logistics okay so some aspects may get recycled it gets reverse Logistics and it may go back to the vendor or it may go back to the preprocessor and all these kind of things here also the reverse Logistics you have energy being used here also you have energy being used okay and you may have waste here packaging waste and those kind of stuff here also you have waste so you can see that in all places you are gaining getting this energy it's all coming from the environment and this is coming from and all these waste that we talk about okay they are all going into environment okay I drew this diagram just to make sure that you guys understand that in each step we saw this here as a very large system but if you take each step into small small parts you can very clearly see that each one of them even though they have their own boundaries and other kind of things they continue to take each step takes energy and produces waste and it goes into the local environment so that's uh one other thing that you need to understand then based on which we also extend to like what we say here is the outbound Logistics what we call sometimes here also you can have Logistics in between okay you can have Logistics here okay that is inbound Logistics but very rarely people do this because lot of the time this primary activity happen where it is so the agriculture happen where the party field is and you don't carry the field around everywhere so this also is possible for you so the supply chain if you think about it that way you have something like suppliers and you have the organizational process processes and then you have the customer okay so the customer and the organization processes in a organization process to a large ex is in a way in this case is manufacturing right so this is called as customer relationship because the customer is buying the finished good from the organization that is making it so what happens is sometimes the customer gives a feedback and the feedback goes back to the customer so this is what we call as continuous Improvement Loops the Kaizen loops and customer may do whatever he want or she wants with that product okay they may use it they may dispos it they may give it back to someone else and same way you have what you call as a to the supplier this is also known as continuous Improvement Loops also known as Kaizen Loops okay so for the supplier also the manufacturer will tell you or tell the supplier what is good what is not working and that kind of things and using which the supplier will provide better materials so this relationship which is called as supplier relationships so the organizer and the supplier maintains a relationship which is called as a supply relationship and they have their own kaisen Loops continuous so this is focusing on focused towards getting better input materials okay that is what the Kaizen Loop of the supplier organization process happens this is focused towards ensuring customer satisfaction so the kaisen loop on the customer organization side is focused more towards ensuring customer satisfaction so now let us get into the concept of what we call as carbon footprint given you the ugly stuff of a footprint but what it is and why do we need to know about this so it is in a way it is the best estimate what is it okay what is it what is what what is carbon footprint it's the best estimate of full climate change impact of something it is the best estimate of the full clim climate change impact okay the key word is full climate change impact you're not talking about the smaller area you're talking about the global climate change of something what are the something something can be a process uh activity facility system Etc all of these things are part of that so this is the you have something a process or an activity or a facility or a system or Etc and you want to estimate the full climate change impact then carbon footprint is the best thing to do okay as I said earlier is carbon we usually talk about uh CO2 E I mentioned this earlier that's called carbon dioxide equivalent okay not just carbon because I mentioned to you guys earlier that CO2 and CH4 CH4 is methane if this is the reference gas with one methane was I think it was 24 or something like that so we talked about how this gwp can be used to calculate the carbon equivalent and so we are using CO2 e not just carbon right and what is footprint footprint is the total impact that's what we call as the footprint so carbon footprint means the total impact of carbon so the total impact of carbon equivalent or equivalence when I say carbon equivalence I'm talking about CO2 e so you're converting everything into the reference gas and using that and then calculating what is the carbon impact or carbon footprint of the total thing now let us talk about this is just a calculation or showing something so let's talk about the total climate change impact of all greenhouse gases caused by an item or an activity okay so here you have a sector different sector industry sector and here you have gas different type of gas and what is the activity associated with that sector is written here so the sector here is if you look into this this is electricity and heat is the first sector majority of that this is we can say the 31.8% okay so if you take the world greenhouse gas emissions ghg emissions okay so this is the ghg emissions okay in 2019 okay it is 49 .8 Gat tons of carbon dioxide gigatons is a billion ton G GT is gigatons stands for gigatons about 50 gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2019 this was the time this graph was updated the last point so electricity and heat about 32% of the total thing of which 11% is for the residential buildings 6 and a half% is for the commercial buildings agriculture and fishing is 1.9% which is this unallocated fuel combustion is about 6 and a half% Iron and steel industry uses 6.1% chemical and petrochemicals 6.1% non metallic minerals 3.1% non- ferous Metals 1.8% machinary 1.5% of which majority of this if you look into this this diagram shows that majority of it is associated with carbon dioxide CO2 very little of it you can see some sections very little of it is actually going to methane and nitrous oxide so that is the electricity sector then you have the building sector okay building sector also has a lot of this so you can see each sector this sector has you can see one portion of this is going to carbon dioxide and whereas some sector of it you can see that this is actually going to the it's actually coming to the you can see that it's coming to the methane CH4 aspect so by the type of gas also we can calculate so majority 74.1% of it is carbon dioxide then next is 17.3 is methane and then the nitrous oxide n2o is 6.2% and F gases F gases is the we have mentioned about fluorides okay sf6 and those kind of things that's 2.4% but remember the sf6 was 24,000 times more potent than CO2 so the 2.4% even though it looks small looks small but large impact okay that is the one aspect of it and similarly manufacturing and construction you can see that it is using 12.7% transportation is using 14.3% then fugitive emission is 6.8% industrial process 6.1% agriculture is about 12% land use and Forestry 3.3% waste is 3.3% so across different sectors how is the outlay of the energy is there and then where is it actually going to when you talk about transportation is going to Road air shape Etc then you can see that uh the industrial process is cement is one of the major consumers of this one and then in agriculture you can say livestock and manure consumes some part of it and Agriculture and soil consumes remaining of it so this kind of a thing which was created by the world Resource Institute have allows us to now monitor the by sector wise the energy usage which activity it is being used for and what gas it is actually emitting so this allows us to so knowing this gas allows us to do gwp based estimations okay gwp is as I told you global warming potential based estimate ation so now let us talk about the major concept called direct versus indirect emissions so what are these direct emissions of an item this is critical for us first we need to find out so this is associated with with manufacturing process what is manufacturing process I mentioned to you guys earlier you have inputs and you have a transformation process and you have outputs so if the output is Goods physical Goods if that is so then that is called as the manufacturing process process if it's a physical good the transformation process becomes manufacturing process right then also other one is transportation of item or Goods to the retailer that also is part of the direct emissions of the system now the second one is indirect emissions okay what are indirect emissions so the simplest way to understand it is everything else so the direct emissions we can think about it as here is a Volkswagen factory so direct emissions are associated with this the factory so here is an example okay I have given an image of paper Clips okay here is paper clips why did I do this let's take an example offices in the factory use paper clips made of steel let's say made of steel that were mined that were mind and have their own carbon footprint okay so this paper Club even though it appears to be simple but it was mind so it was like how ecofriendly was the mining okay okay was there any deforestation okay large amount of blasting Etc okay Transportation the source of heat and light Etc so all of these things together determines the how eco-friendly okay or what is the carbon footprint of that particular or paper clip so then because that paper clip is used by the factory office offices in the factory that accounts for indirect emissions now let us talk about or let me try to give you some context of the numbers so all of you guys had some issue when I talked about the burning of the fuel so this is you can see this is a p okay chickp this is also known as garbanzo okay Garbo beans or Kabul Chen in Indian terms Indian language okay so if I burn okay as we mentioned earlier 1 G of CO2 e would be produced if we burn a p sized blob of gasoline okay I wanted you guys to remember that 1 G so this 1 G is associated with if you burn one of this this much is will give you 1 g equivalent of carbon dioxide now next one is 1 kilog that me now scale to 1 kilog of CO2 e carbon dioxide equivalent okay would be produced if we burn two cups of gasoline okay this 1 kilog is this okay or let me put it this way these are the this is one cup this is one cup so two cups if you take this much of gasoline burn it then you will get 1 kg of carbon dioxide equalent now the third one is 1 ton of CO2 e would be produced if we burn 60 gallons of gasoline so what is 60 gallons of gasoline everybody had this question the answer to that it is imagine a fish tank a normal home aquarium they're typically 60 gallons so if you take a home aquarium full of gasoline and burn it then you produce one ton of carbon dioxide equivalance so now you may have an understanding of what we talk about these numbers okay we mentioned it in the previous class but now you can actually get a physical sense of what we are talking about okay now let us take some Global facts as part of this okay the global facts is some of the numbers is these numbers will help you to put things in into perspective the average the average carbon footprint footprint okay that is tons of CO2 e per year average carbon footprint per person okay per individual that we looking at let us take USA first USA is about 14.44% emission is 1.91 tons of carbon diox o side then I also want to put something else into perspective one of the most everybody now talks about UAE Dubai and Etc there they are also growing like crazy so that is 21.75 so this is the average carbon footprint per person that is tons of carbon dioxide per year now another data you need to know is World Green House gas ghg okay emissions are 37.4 billion tons okay the billion tons is also known as GT which is gigatons okay billion tons of carbon CO2 e the carbon dioxide equivalent per year in 2023 okay in 20 23 the total emissions is 37.4 37.4 billion tons of carbon dioxide okay this was an increase was an increase of 410 million tons that's mty so compared when compared to 2022 so if we compare with 2022 then the increase was 410 million tons the 2023 emissions is 37.4 billion tons or gigatons okay then the global average the global average carbon footprint footprint is approximately 4.7 tons of CO2 e per year year per person so the globally if you take all countries across and we calculate it it's about 4.7 tons of carbon dioxide equalent per year per person so with this numbers you can what we will do today is so that completes our current presentation which gives you a preamble of how the carbon footprint and how you can use this carbon footprint to compare different countries different processes different across the globally who is doing good who is doing bad whether we are increasing our emissions decreasing our emissions so carbon footprint actually gives you one very comprehensive way of comparing different type of emission so for example if you look into this slide you can see that we are now comparing in this case comparing comparing countries okay so across the globe every country now have a carbon footprint and you can say who is emitting more who is emitting less Etc like that so with all these things we can now say that we have the foundations or the fundamentals of what is carbon footprint and how it is required what why it is important and why we need to take this forward for doing a global comparison thank you for your patient hearing we will continue in the next class how to calculate some aspects of how to calculate this carbon footprint of simple systems thank you [Music] [Music] [Music]