Ancient Egyptian Civilization : History, Mythology, Mummies & Pyramids - प्राचीन मिस्र की सभ्यता

Namaskar Friends, I'm Soumya Choudhury and I welcome you all on the platform of Success Plus Kerala. So friends, in today's video we are going to talk about Ancient Egyptian Civilizations. In India like Egypt, we know it as Mishra Nation. Here, one of the oldest civilizations of the world was born and it is now extinct. If we talk about the four oldest civilizations of the world, they were civilizations settled on the banks of rivers, which were called River Valley Civilizations. India's Harappan Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization or Sindhu Ghati Civilization was settled on the banks of Sindhu River or Indus River. China's Hongho Valley Civilization was settled on the banks of Hongho River. Mesopotamia's Tigris and Euphrates River Civilization was settled on the banks of Euphrates River. And the world's longest river, settled on the banks of the Neel River, was the Egyptian Civilization, which is called the Mishra Civilization. So these were the four civilizations. We are going to talk about the Egyptian Civilization. In this video, we will talk about the history of this civilization, its society, its culture, religion, architecture, economy, and all those aspects that will help us understand the life of the people of this ancient civilization. So let's see. If we talk about Egypt today, which is the Arab Republic of Egypt today. It came into existence in 1952. And this is how you see it. Its geographical location can be seen in the north of Africa. You can see a country of the shape of a trapezium. And we have read a lot about this country. We have read its entire history. How was the political history here from 5000 BC to 1952? How was the center of civilization? This Egypt was ruled by its own people. After that, it came under the influence of external invaders. And then many great emperors ruled over it. We talked about that. And then finally, in 1952, how was it established as a republic state from a monarchy under a revolution? We talked about that here. So here we learned its entire political history. Apart from that, many things about Egypt are famous. Like pyramids. Egypt's pyramids, which are wonders in themselves. We read their mystery in this video. Apart from that, people of ancient Egypt, who used to preserve dead bodies. They had a religious perspective in this. Why did they do it and how did they do it? We talked about that here. What is the secret of mummification? Apart from that, we have also read the ancient Egyptian religion. We have also read which deities were worshipped here. What is its history? What are its beliefs? And what kind of rituals and traditions did these people follow? So we have already read these things here. And you will find many more things about Egypt in the playlist. If you want some small factual information about the country of Egypt, then it is like this. This is its flag. This is its geographical location. Its official name is Arab Republic of Egypt. There is a Republican form of government here. Its capital is Cairo. Currency here is Egyptian Pound and Dheni. The official language here is Arabic. According to the population of 2021, it is about 11 crore. Its area is a little more than 10 lakh square kilometers. So this is a factual information about Egypt. And this is its map. If you zoom in, then you will see it like this. Egypt shares borders with the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. It shares borders with Libya. It shares borders with Sudan. It also shares borders with Israel. Its Sinai Peninsula. Now let's talk about Egyptian history. The timeline of Egyptian history, which we read completely in this video. History from here to here. Pre-dynastic period. In which no dynasty ruled. Which can be seen from about 6,000 BC or 5,000 BC. So we saw that. And then we saw that the early dynasties. When the two kingdoms of Egypt were united. The period of the early dynasty starts from there. Then the old kingdom comes. Then the intermediate period comes. The intermediate period was the period in which the kingdom had lost its power somewhere. It was lost. And the kingdom was basically weak. So there were three kingdoms here. Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom. In which a total of 31 dynasties of native Egyptians ruled. 31 dynasties ruled. After that, in the coming time, it came under foreign rule. Like it came under Persian rule. Then it came under Greek rule. Then it came under Roman rule. Then it came under Islamic rule. Then it came under the influence of the Britishers. And finally, in the year 1952, it became a free country. A revolution took place here. And after that, it became free from all kinds of foreign influence. And it became a republic state. Monarchy also ended here. So we read these things in that video. And here we will talk about this period. We will talk about this period from here. But we will talk more about their political history. And more than that, we will talk about their society and the structure here. If we talk about Egypt, then it is famous for its pyramids, mummifications and pharaohs. And there is a lot of talk about them. Many stories are made. Many conspiracy theories are also made about pyramids, mummies. When I talked about pyramids, I told you what kind of conspiracy theories are made. So this civilization is a very interesting civilization. The civilization of Egypt. There are a lot of things in it. Their secrets are unrevealed now. Because of this, it becomes more interesting. So if we talk about its period, it ruled for about 30 centuries. 31 dynasties ruled here. When it was unified around 3100 BC. And finally, in 332 BC, Alexander captured it completely. Until then, the Egyptian civilization was going on somewhere. The Egyptian civilization's cultural tradition was going on. After that, it came under the influence of foreign religion and culture. And then you see a different kind of Egypt. So we will also see the period when the pyramids were made during the old kingdom. And we will also talk about the expansion of the new kingdom. We will also talk about military conquest. We will discuss all these things. Which is called Egyptology. That is, the history of Egypt. If we talk about the source of information, where do we get all this information from? So archaeological sites where excavation took place. And through excavation, we find out what kind of civilization lived on these sites. What kind of pottery was found here. What kind of monuments were found here. What kind of pyramids were found here. We get information from them. Apart from that, we also get information from the hieroglyphic writing. We also get information from the hieroglyphic writing. What kind of people were they? How did they live? Now let's finally talk about the history of ancient Egypt. If we talk about Egypt, people started settling down here around 6000 BC. They started settling down. They started living in a civilized manner. And you know that the out-of-Africa theory, which tells about the migration of Homo sapiens. It says that Homo sapiens was born mainly here. And then it happened in Africa. So it happened in Africa. So obviously, it didn't take long for them to reach Egypt. Homo sapiens had reached Egypt 1.5 lakh years ago. But at that time, they were nomads. And the way they lived, they expanded from one place to another. And most of them were hunter-gatherers. So they didn't settle down. The process of settling down happened mainly around 6000 BC. And two kingdoms were formed here over the period of time. Kingdomship came in Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt. Now if we talk about Egypt, which part is called Lower Egypt? The upper part. And the lower part, the northern part is called Lower Egypt and the southern part is called Upper Egypt. And why is that? Because the Nile River flows from the south to the north. So the people of Egypt thought that this part is high. That's why it's Upper Egypt. And the lower part, where the Nile River falls in the Mediterranean, is Lower Egypt. So Upper and Lower Egypt had become two kingdoms. And that's why this civilization was born. So this is where we start talking about this civilization. Around 3100 BC, there was a king named King Menes. He was later called Pharaoh. Pharaoh was the king here. He had a title of Pharaoh. So he used to take the title of the king here. So what did Pharaoh do? He united the northern and southern kingdoms. He won and united them. Because of this, Egypt became a big kingdom. And the unification of Egypt happened around 3100 BC. Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt were united. From here, you can see that Egypt's kingdomship or early dynastic period starts. Now, the pharaohs who used to be here, who used to be kings, they used to claim that the falcon god Horus is one of their descendants. He is the king appointed by them. He is their king. It is their right. It is their birthright to rule over people. Because of this, people accept their rule. That's why they used to make such claims. The kings here used to do this. Because of this, people used to respect them. And their aura was like that of a falcon. The king was considered like a god. So these things were done by these people. So the king had a lot of importance and respect. To keep his record, he used to use hieroglyphic writings. Symbolic writings. He used to make different types of symbols. I will talk about this later. How he used to represent numericals, numbers, alphabets. So for that, he did not have alphabets. He did not have a number system. So he kept things in such a way that each of these symbols had some meaning. So he used to write things like that. With this, his historical records used to be kept. These things were done. In this, he had everything. How people had to pay taxes. How much grain they had. He needed everything. He needed alphabets, numbers. So everything was done here. I am talking about the early dynasty period. From 3100 BC to 2575 BC. Then came the old kingdom period. The period between 2575 to 2150 is called the old kingdom period. And this old kingdom period is sometimes called the age of pyramids. Why is it called the age of pyramids? Because at this time, the huge pyramids of Egypt were being built. In this, most of the pharaohs associated themselves with their important god Ra. And this was an important period. Huge pyramids were built here. In this old kingdom period, he had a huge empire. And he built huge pyramids here. Huge pyramids, including the Great Pyramid of Giza. Three pyramids. These were built by his pharaohs. Huge pyramids were built. And these pyramids were also a part of the Seven Wonders in the ancient period. And not just one or two places, but pyramids were built in a lot of places. Pyramids were built here. If you look at the banks of the Nile River, you will see a lot of pyramids here. So these are the pyramids. They were built in the age of the old kingdom. Not just in the age of the old kingdom. In the age of the old kingdom, huge pyramids were built. Then they were built in the middle kingdom and in the new kingdom. In the new kingdom, there were small pyramids. And in the old kingdom, there were huge pyramids. So this is the age of pyramids. Then came the intermediate period. And that was the first intermediate period. Which was between 2181 to 2055 BC. And you can find this time in different places. But this is roughly the time. And that is why it is written as C. Around. This time was going on. And in the intermediate period, the pharaoh lost his power. The pharaoh was weak at that time. And there was drought in Egypt. The economy of Egypt and the life of the people here along with the economy of Egypt. It was mainly dependent on the Nile River. So if it ever dried up, the rain decreased. The flow of the Nile River decreased. So there were problems here. What happened at this time when it dried up. The king had less money left. And one of the big reasons for the lack of money was that. They built big pyramids and spent a lot. And because of spending, their treasures were empty. Egypt was a little weak. The pharaohs were weak. Because of this, the local leaders took control of different areas. And because of that, the states were divided somewhere. The ultimate power of the pharaoh was no longer there. And there were some foreign invasions here. There were some famines and some diseases. Because of which some independent states came into existence. So the first intermediate period. In a way, you can understand that it was the end of the old kingdom. After that, you will see that around 1938. There was a pharaoh here named Mentuhophet II. He reunited the country. He reunited the whole kingdom again. And this period starts from here. The Middle Kingdom. You can see that the Middle Kingdom started from 2555 BC to 1786 BC. Here the state was reunited again. At this time, other ways of work were done. Prosperity came again. The work of art began to be done a lot. The work of art was done. Pyramids were being built again. Here the Karnak temple was also built. There is a very famous Karnak temple here. So that Karnak temple was built. Which represents the Egyptian gods. So this big temple was built in that period. During the Middle Kingdom. Pyramids were also built. But in this period, not as big pyramids were built as in the old kingdom. But after that, the second intermediate period also came. Once again, the power of the pharaoh became weak. And Egypt was again divided. The spheres of influence were different. The local leaders and governors came under their control. And here some different kingdoms came into existence. Like the Kush Kingdom came. The Kushite Kingdom came to the north. And in Upper Egypt, different people took control. So things started happening like this. After that, the New Kingdom came into existence. Which came between 1560 to 1085 BC. Here the 18th dynasty started ruling. Under Amhose I. Who was the first ruler of the 18th dynasty. He again united Egypt. Until now, 18 dynasties had ruled. And the video I told you about political history. In that, I talked about every dynasty. But it is not important for us to study each of the 31 dynasties. It is important for us to understand them. That's why I am not telling you the individual history of each dynasty in this video. In this era, there was a female pharaoh. Her name was Hatshepsut. She ruled for 21 years. And she is known as the first female ruler of Egypt's history. There is a lot of talk about Cleopatra. When she ruled under the Romans. Before the Romans. So it was Cleopatra. But before Cleopatra, there were many pharaohs and important women. Who ruled over Egypt. Among them, there was Pharaoh Hatshepsut. Who ruled for 21 years. And in this era of the New Kingdom, there was another pharaoh. His name was Akhenaten. Akhenaten had started a new type of religion. Although the religion was the same. But he tried to make it a monotheistic religion. And he said that there is a god named Aton. You will consider him as the supreme god. And you will worship him more. So he tried to adopt a monotheistic approach. But it didn't work. Until Akhenaten was alive. People believed him. Because he was a powerful man. He was a pharaoh. His words could not be disobeyed. But later, the priests and other people. Restored the old system. Restored the old religion. And it continued to be the same. So this period. This 400-500 years of the New Kingdom. Many small pyramids were built here. Big pyramids were not built. But many pyramids were built in numbers. At this time, the empire was also expanded. Because this was the period of the New Kingdom. He did a military campaign here. He did campaigns up to Nubia and the Euphrates River. So if you look at the New Kingdom. So in the 15th century BC. The empire spread from here to here. And this part. Kainan. Today, where Israel is settled. Palestine is settled. He had control up to here. He had control up to Syria. So he had a good expansion of his empire. And he made the world's first big empire. You can say this. After that, a pharaoh named Ramses II. Made many monuments here. And started making different types of monuments here. Temples etc. Like in the old kingdom. Pharaoh's tomb. It used to be in the shape of a pyramid. Now it was in a different shape. Like this, temples etc. Monuments etc. started being built here. They had some such figures. Now after this, the third intermediate period came. Now all three kingdoms are over. Old kingdom too. Middle kingdom too. New kingdom too. Now the third intermediate period will come. And after that, the late period will come. In the late period, the Egyptian rule will not remain under the Egyptians. Basically, the foreign rule will be established here. This was the time when the pharaoh lost his power again. There was drought here. Famine came. Foreign invasions happened. Some pharaohs thrived. But most of them became weak in the coming period. After that, a Kush kingdom was established. This was the southern kingdom. If we talk about the Kushite dynasty. The Kushite kingdom was here. It was almost here in 700 BC. So you can see that the rule of the Kushite kingdom was established. And it was a little bit of an Egyptian kingdom. But it was a little different from the previous dynasties. They ruled. They ruled for many years. And here the pyramids started to be built again. Big pyramids also started to be built in this period. After that, the foreigners of Libya and Nubia gained freedom. They became separate from the Egyptian rule. They declared themselves separate. They declared themselves independent. So the third intermediate period went like this. After that, in the third intermediate period, the Egyptians clashed with the Assyrian Empire. The Assyrian Empire was a very powerful empire. The Persians finished it later. So Assyria was going on here. So the Assyrians controlled up to here. They also controlled the area of Judea and Israel. Then they did their military campaign in the area of Egypt. Because of this, Egypt came under their control. So in 771 BC, the Assyrian ruler Isa Hodon drove the Kushite king Taharqa from Memphis and destroyed the city. Memphis city is here. Memphis city lies here. He destroyed it, which used to be the capital. After that, the Assyrians appointed their governors here. And Egypt came under the control of the Assyrians. After that, the situation is like this. The late period starts. The late period starts around 656-332 BC. What happens in this is that the Persians had established a rule in the area around Persia. This was the Persian Empire, which had emerged as the most powerful and largest empire in the ancient world. Here, there was a king named Cyrus the Great. Cyrus II had established the rule of this empire from here. We have read the history of this empire completely. When he expanded this empire, he defeated the Assyrians and destroyed them. He took Persia under his control. After that, Cyrus's son, whose name was Cambyses II, ruled in 530-522 BC. He campaigned for Egypt. For the first time, he came under the control of the Persians. He came under the control of the foreign rule completely. So, when Cambyses, in 525 BC, defeated the pharaoh, Shemte Tichus III. I am not able to pronounce his name correctly. I am sorry. He defeated the pharaoh in the Battle of Pelisium. After that, Egypt became a part of the Persian Empire. And for a long time, Egypt remained a part of the Persian Empire. This continued till 332 BC. Now, this happened. At the time of the Persians, there were many revolts here. When Jaxes became the king, Darius became the king, there were many revolts here. But those revolts were suppressed well. Because the Persian rule was very strong. The Persian army was very strong. So, because of this, Egypt remained a part of Persia for a long time. After that, in 332 BC, the king of Macedonia, Alexander the Great, we call him Sikandar in India, he defeated the Persian army and conquered Egypt. He also established a city called Alexandria. And you know how big an empire Alexander had won. It was won by one person. It was the largest empire in the world at that time. After that, its record was broken by the Mongol ruler, Genghis Khan. So, he established his rule from Macedonia. What did he do first? He won over the Greek city-states and united them. After that, he gradually defeated the Persians in various battles. The entire empire of Persia was destroyed. It came to India. And this part of Persia also came under his control. The part of Egypt, which was under the Persian rule, he defeated it in 332 BC. So, this whole part, you can see the whole map, in deep brown color, whose map was this? This was the map of Alexander's empire. But when Alexander died, he had no heir. He had no son. So, this empire was divided. And this empire was divided between its governors, its commanders, including Seleucus Nicator and Ptolemy. So, under Ptolemy, this area, which was ruled by Egypt, was given to Ptolemy. Seleucus Nicator got that area, which was border-sharing with India. And this empire of Ptolemy, he ruled over this area for a long time. Ptolemy and his descendants ruled over it. And the last ruler who remained as a representative of the Macedonians, as a representative of Ptolemy, was Cleopatra VII. Sorry, I said 4. Cleopatra VII, who lost to the Roman ruler Octavian in the battle. and after that the rule of Macedonians and Ptolemies got over. There was a battle in 31 BC and in some places it comes in 30 BC. So here it came under the Roman Empire. This is the Egyptian part. It was under them for the next 600 years. Now after this we will not read this because we have already read the history. Now I will just show you in the maps. Cleopatra was a very important writer. We will do a biography on him. There are many series on him. Then the Roman Empire was basically a part of Egypt. The Roman Empire was a very powerful empire. This became a part of it. After that in the coming time, the Roman Empire was also divided into two parts. The Eastern Roman Empire, which is called the Byzantine Empire, was a part of it for some time. After that, in the 7th century, the different caliphates of Islam won it. And Egypt came under the control of Islam. And after that, you can see that Islamic rule is seen in Egypt. Islamization of Egypt basically happened. The old culture, tradition, religion in Egypt has now changed. The influence of Islam came there. You know that the ancient religion was the Egyptian religion. Then when the Greeks came, it was influenced by the Greeks. Then it was influenced by the Romans. Then finally, the influence of Christianity and Islam increased here. Because of this, Egypt came under the control of Islam. And after that, it was under the control of Islam. It was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. And after the Ottoman Empire, it was under the control of the Khedive dynasty. It was under the control of the dynasty of Muhammad Ali Pasha. And after that, it was under the influence of the Britishers. And after being freed from the influence of the Britishers, in the year 1952, it was freed as a republic state. This is the thing. By the way, in 1922, it was freed from the Britishers. But it was just for the sake of freedom. It still had the influence of the Britishers. So, after destroying the monarchy here and plundering a military power, Egypt became a republic state in the year 1922. Now, let's talk about how life was in ancient Egypt. In the polity here, you can see that the absolute power was with Pharaoh. Pharaoh used to claim that he is the representative of God. And because he is the representative of God, he has the right to rule. And people should believe in his power. And they should respect him. So, in a theocratic manner, Pharaoh had the absolute power. Because of his religion. The king, Pharaoh, had the command of the land, the army, the irrigation system. He had everything. The surplus crop used to go to the royal state. He used to get everything. So, Pharaoh was very important. And here, Pharaoh was a male, but there was a lot of rule of females. There was a lot of oppression. So, the status of women was good in the royal families. They had respect, fame, and power. Now, when it comes to the fact that it was such a big empire, it is not that only a pharaoh or a king can administer everything. He used to appoint some officers with him so that he could assist them. And he used to represent them according to the different positions. He used to represent the king. He was given some rights in his area. But ultimately, the king used to get all the power. Now, if we talk about the time of the old kingdom, the system here was a little complex. It was an efficient administration, but it was complex. But that complex system has been made a little easier over the period of time. It is not that from the old kingdom to the new kingdom, the system remained the same. There were the same officers every time. They had the same autonomy. It was the same system. Things have changed in it. If we talk about the Egyptian society, it was divided into three classes. If we talk about the class, there was no caste system here. It was a class-less society. And you can also make a pyramid of it. In which the pharaoh was at the top. After that, the ministers and priests came in the first class. That is, they came in the upper class. After that, those people came in the middle. You can say that they were artisans. They were good, skillful workers, craftsmen, artists. These people came. After that, peasants and slaves and servants came in the third class. Those who were poor came in the lower class. So there were three classes here, upper class, middle class and lower class. In this, you can see that the pharaoh was at the top. He was powerful. To assist him, there were some ministers, some ministers who belonged to the royal family. The ministers were in the upper class. They had good power, good houses, palaces. And they had a lot of things. They also had a lot of rights. The priests took care of religious matters. They had to follow ritual traditions, tell people about things. And they were known as powerful intellectual leaders. Their job was to manage temples, to perform official rituals, to make sacrifices. Sacrifices to please the gods. The peasants had to do farming, to grow crops. They had to pay taxes. The government, the pharaoh, used to construct irrigation systems for them. He used to build tombs and temples for them. Basically, he used to do development work. In return, he used to take tax from them. There were also slaves and servants. Their status was not very good. But there was one thing here. I have written a lot of things here. You can read them. But I will tell you directly. In the lower class, a person can also go up. Someone has the skill. Someone is so skilled that he can become a teacher, an artist, a doctor. He could also go to the middle class. He could also go to the upper class. It was a class division according to their ability. It is not that the peasant will remain a peasant all his life. He could become a good craftsman, a good artist. He had permission for that. The wazir and these people were mostly close to the pharaohs. They belonged to the royal family. It was difficult to reach here. But still, in the class-based society here, people of the class could shift from one class to another. According to their skill and ability. If you look at the status of women, their society was good. They did not have any kind of exploitation. Especially if we talk about the royal families, they had power. There were pharaohs and rulers here. If we talk about the society, the land property was given to the daughter from the mother. It is not that the father gives it to the son. Normally, in the ancient culture, the father's property was given to the son. But here, the land property was given to the daughter from the mother. So, the status of women here was very good. And the upper class women's clothing was different from the lower class women's clothing. Because they had a difference in their wealth. The upper class had jewelry, a good luxurious home, good furniture. The lower class did not have all that. So, their jewelry used to be normal. It used to be less. And in the middle class, merchants used to come. So, this is all. In the lower class, slaves, captives, free laborers used to come. They used to work in different places. They used to work in irrigation system roads and building projects. So, things used to run like this. The free labor class had a higher burden of taxes. They had to pay more taxes. Because of this, their situation was poor. They were poor. They had small houses. They lived in mud bricks homes. They had very little furniture. But it was a possibility that if there was an ambitious Egyptian, a free worker, a free laborer, and he had good skills, he could shift to another class. It is not that one class was assigned to another class. If he becomes an artist, he will automatically come to the middle class. And his situation will improve. It was not like caste system. In many civilizations, one person could not adopt another profession. So, it was not based on profession. It was based on skill. It was not based on caste or any social class. If we talk about religion, we have studied it in detail here. We have studied the history, beliefs, culture, traditions of ancient Egyptian religion. I had told you in detail what things used to happen here. Many deities were worshipped here. It was basically a polytheistic religion. There were many important deities here. Their face was like a human body. But their faces were different. Some had a tiger-like face, some had a cat-like face. Some were dog-headed, some were snake-headed. There were many important deities here. Osiris was an important deity, who was called the god of afterlife. He was a god after death, who would calculate what you have done in your life. Over the period of time, this religion has changed. How has it changed? I will tell you later. The important deities here were Isis, Horus, Thoth. These were important deities. Their faces were different. These were their deities. One of their deities was Sun God. His name was Amun-Re. He was called Sun God. I told you about Osiris. He was the god of underworld and the lord of afterlife. There was a time during the New Kingdom. There was a ruler named Akhen-Ton. Akhen-Ton said that he will worship He will not worship other deities. He believed that there is only one Supreme God. He tried to convert polytheism to monotheism. He tried to convert polytheism to monotheism. He tried to bring a reform in it. A new type of faith was born here. People did not like it. The priest said that Pharaoh is not doing the right thing. He threatened people. If you do not worship other deities, you will be cursed. You will have to suffer. Akhen-Ton was alive. He worshiped Aton more. He did not worship other deities. But when he died, Egyptians started to worship their old gods. The concept of monotheism was for a short time. Akhen-Ton's servant The mummification of Egypt was related to their religion. People believed that when a plant dies, it reappears in spring. When a plant dies, it reappears in spring. When a plant dies, it reappears in spring. Similarly, people believed that when a person dies, he goes to another world. He has a life after death. People believed that the soul of the body should be preserved. The soul can come and go. The concept of mummification was to preserve the body. The meaning of mummy is to save the tissues of the dead body. If you keep the dead body in a normal environment, it will decay. It will decompose. To save the dead body from decomposing, they used a scientific method to preserve the dead body. They used a special kind of lube to keep the dead body in a tomb. This was their mummification system. You can watch the video about the mummification system. The economy was mainly dependent on agriculture. Farmers used to farm well. You can see that farmers used to farm well. They had surplus agriculture. Nile river was their boon. When agriculture became surplus, many people became craftsmen and traders. They became artists, craftsmen, traders, etc. They used to trade through the Mediterranean, Europe and Asia. They used to send their goods to other people. They used to bring their goods to other people. They used to bring their goods They had built huge pyramids in the architecture. People still don't know how they built those pyramids. They were great builders. They built pyramids, sphinx, religious tombs, and temples. Their religion inspired them. This is a sphinx. This is a stone pyramid. The stones used in the Great Pyramid of Giza are between 2 to 15 tons. The stones used in the Great Pyramid of Giza 1 ton is more than 900 kg. If you put a stone of 10 to 15 tons on a pyramid, the height of the pyramid is around 150 meters. Mathematics, equipment and science were not developed at that time. People here were very skilled in architecture. They were very knowledgeable about science and architecture. They were very knowledgeable about science and architecture. The temple they built in Karnak is amazing. The temple is 400 feet long and 175 meters wide. The temple is more than a football field. They built temples like this in the old kingdoms. The things that have happened here in the era of the Stone Age, so many years ago, almost 4,000-4,500 years ago, they are very visible and they are wonderful examples that people go to see even today. These are very important sites of tourism. So, they have made so many big objects of stone. They have made such statues. Here, many times earthquakes and all these things came, despite that, they are safe. Despite so many years, this is a great thing in itself. They also had knowledge of mathematics and medicine. For example, they had to do geometrical measurements of boundaries, till where to do farming, till where will the water come, till where will the Nile flood come, they practically did all these things with geometry. Apart from that, geometry and mathematics were used It was very important because the pyramids were made with very precise precision. You will not be able to find any shortcomings in the pyramids made with If there was any mathematical error in them, then it is possible that such big pyramids would have burst, could have fallen, but they have made them in a wonderful way. And if we talk about medicine, then in their writings, we get to know about how they used to treat illnesses, how they used to perform healing processes. There is also talk of magic, but apart from that, if you look at mummification, how they used to perform the process of mummification, that process itself tells us that they had a good knowledge of science, of medicine, of surgery, how to perform surgery, how to decompose the body, how to save those parts, which are important for them, how to save the heart, how to remove some other parts, so they knew all these things. Then if we talk about their writings, hieroglyphic writings, it was developed between 4000 and 3000 BC, in which through pictures they used to represent different signs, numbers, and you can say today's alphabets, they used to represent alphabets in this way. They didn't have alphabets, they didn't have numericals, they didn't have numbers, but still to understand things, they made their own language, which was symbolic, they understood things through pictures. A picture of eye could mean sight or eye. A picture of eye means to see. In that time, writers also used pictures to indicate sounds. To indicate sounds, they used different pictures. A picture of eye means to see. A picture of sound means sound. They used different pictures of animals, women, men. They used to make them in a symbolic way. They didn't write men, they used to make pictures of men. In this way, the number system has different symbols, which were later read over the period of time and their meanings were derived. They couldn't create an alphabetic system. Alphabetic systems were developed over a period of time. The first Egyptian book was written in 4000 BC. It was written on a papyrus plant. The leaves don't get dry easily. People used to trade the papyrus plant. Even today, you can find a book of 17 inches wide and 135 feet long in a museum in London. Egyptian writings survived because it was kept in a dry climate. Otherwise, it would have If it was in a humid condition, the leaves would have But they were preserved because of the climate here. You know that here is very humid. The things written in the beginning were mostly based on religion. In the Middle Kingdom, the story of adventures was written. They started writing stories in the Middle Kingdom. Thus, their theoretical writing developed over the period of time. This was Ancient Egypt and Ancient Egyptian Civilizations. Hopefully, you have understood political history, society, religion, culture, tradition, economy, and their writings. If you like the video, please like, share, and comment. Also, download the Success Plus Academy application. You will get a PDF of these videos as well as lectures. You can also access the premium courses of Success Plus Academy at an appropriate price. Along with the courses, there are many test series, SSC, UPSC, and UGC NET. You can join the test series at a very low price. 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