Pieter Zeeman biography || dutch physicist

Pieter Zeeman was a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in physics with Hendrik Lorentz for his discovery of the Zeeman effect. Pieter Zeeman was born in Zonnemeer, a small town on the island of Shalwenduwevland, Netherlands, the son of Reverend Catharinus Forandinus Zeeman, a minister of the Dutch Reformed Church, and his wife, Wilhelmina Wurst. Pieter became interested in physics at an early age. In 1883, the Aurora Borealis happened to be visible in the Netherlands. Zeeman, then a student at the high school in Zierikzee, made a drawing and description of the phenomenon and submitted it to Nature, where it was published. After finishing high school in 1883, Zeeman went to Delft for supplementary education in classical languages, then a requirement for admission to university. He stayed at the home of Dr. J. W. Lely, co-principal of the Gymnasium and brother of Cornelis Lely, who was responsible for the concept and realization of works. While in Delft, he first met Heike Kamerlinghans, who was to become his thesis advisor. After Zeeman passed the qualification exams in 1885, he studied physics at the University of Leiden under Kamerlinghans and Hendrik Lorentz. In 1890, even before finishing his thesis, he became Lorentz's assistant. This allowed him to participate in a research program on the Kerr effect. In 1893 he submitted his doctoral thesis on the Kerr effect, the reflection of polarized light on a magnetized surface. After obtaining his doctorate he went for half a year to Friedrich Kohlrausch's institute in Strasbourg. In 1895, after returning from Strasbourg, Zeeman became private dozen in mathematics and physics in Leiden. The same year he married Joanna Elisabeth Lebray they had three daughters and one son. In 1896, shortly before moving from Leiden to Amsterdam, he measured the splitting of spectral lines by a strong magnetic field, a discovery now known as the Zeeman effect, for which he won the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics. This research involved an investigation of the effect of magnetic fields on a light source. He discovered that a spectral line is split into several components in the presence of a magnetic field. Lorentz first heard about Zeeman's observations on Saturday, October 31, 1896 at the meeting of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in The next Monday, Lorentz called Zeeman into his office and presented him with an explanation of his observations, based on Lorentz's theory of electromagnetic radiation. The importance of Zeeman's discovery soon became apparent. It confirmed Lorentz's prediction about the polarization of light emitted in the presence of a magnetic field. Thanks to Zeeman's work it became clear that the oscillating particles that according to Lorentz were the source of light emission were negatively charged, and were a thousandfold lighter than the hydrogen atom. This conclusion was reached well before J. J. Thomson's discovery of the electron. The Zeeman effect thus became an important tool for elucidating the structure of the atom. Shortly after his discovery, Zeeman was offered a position as lecturer in Amsterdam, where he started to work in autumn of 1896. In 1900 this was followed by his promotion to Professor of Physics at the University of Amsterdam. In 1902, together with his former mentor Lorentz, he received the Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of the Zeeman effect. Five years later, in 1908, he succeeded van der Waals as full professor and director of the Physics Institute in Amsterdam. In 1918 he published some experiments on gravitation, the ratio of mass to weight for crystals and radioactive substances in the proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Academie van Wetenschappen, experimentally confirming the equivalence principle with regard to gravitational and inertial mass. A new laboratory built in Amsterdam in 1923 was renamed the Zeeman Laboratory in 1940. This new facility allowed Zeeman to pursue refined investigation of the Zeeman effect. For the remainder of his career he remained interested in research in magneto-optics. He also investigated the propagation of light in moving media. This subject became the focus of renewed interest because of special relativity, and enjoyed keen interest from Lorentz and Einstein. Later in his career he became interested in mass spectrometry. In 1898 Zeeman was elected to membership of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in Amsterdam, and he served as its secretary from 1912 to 1920. He won the Henry Draper Medal in 1921, and several other awards and honorary degrees. Zeeman was elected a foreign member of the Royal Society in 1921. He retired as a professor in 1935. Zeeman died on October 9, 1943 in Amsterdam, and was buried in Haarlem.