New Frescoes and Altar Unearthed in Pompeii's House of Phaedra

Covered by volcanic ash released by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, Pompeii offers a unique snapshot of Roman life, frozen at the moment it was buried. Recently, archaeologists have revealed newly discovered residence in this ancient city. This small yet beautifully decorated home was found during excavations at the Insula Dei Casti Amanti in Pompeii's central district and showcases an array of stunning frescoes. The residence has been named the House of Phaedra after the mythological queen of Athens who is depicted in one of the vibrant paintings. The fresco illustrates the tragic tale of Phaedra and her stepson Hippolytus whom she falsely accused of assault after he rejected her advances. Other paintings depict mythological scenes such as a symplegma or an embrace between a satyr and a nymph, a divine couple possibly Venus and Adonis and a damaged mural likely portraying the judgment of Paris, the famous Prince of Troy. Despite its modest size, the house decorations rival those of more opulent residences in the area, demonstrating a cultural appreciation for rich artistry even in smaller homes. Racy scenes like these adorned residences across different social classes and public spaces in Pompeii and were not considered scandalous or embarrassing. Unlike many Roman homes, the House of Phaedra lacks a traditional atrium, which is an open central courtyard surrounded by enclosed rooms featuring an impluvium, a shallow pool for collecting rainwater. This absence may indicate a shift in architectural styles during the 1st century AD. However, adjacent to the two excavated rooms in the back of the house, there was a small courtyard with a pool. It appears that some construction work was in progress there, indicating that the house was likely in the midst of renovations when the catastrophic eruption of Mount Vesuvius occurred. At the entrance to the courtyard, archaeologists discovered a small lararium, or domestic altar, richly decorated with painted floral and animal motifs. Above the altar, a large bird of prey, likely an eagle, soars while clutching a palm branch, symbolizing victory and divine protection in Roman culture. Below, two snakes frame a column-like altar, adorned with offerings such as pine cones, figs, and dates, symbols of fertility, prosperity, and rebirth. In the background, two shrubs bearing yellow and red berries are illustrated, with sparrows depicted flying among their branches. Inside the lararium niche, archaeologists found ritual objects left by the household's occupants. These include a ceramic incense burner, a lamp with traces of ancient fire, and remnants of dried figs and aromatic plant branches, the last offerings made before the disaster struck. These ritual items highlight the significance Romans placed on religious practices in their daily lives. Such offerings were meant to appease household gods or express gratitude and were thoughtfully prepared with meaningful items. Additionally, small colored marble fragments were found on the altar, including one that may depict the face of Silinus, the companion and tutor of the wine god Dionysus. Excavations also uncovered a quadrangular marble base near the altar, featuring a hollowed space containing an iron knife with a handle ending with an eyelet hook. The knife was likely used in domestic sacrifices or for cutting offerings. The frescoes, altar, and ritual items create a vivid picture of daily life intertwined with spirituality, revealing how the family showed blessings, protection, and favor from their gods. These discoveries also illustrate the sophistication of Pompeii's ordinary residences and how art permeated almost every aspect of the city inhabitants' lives. The excavation and restoration of the Insula dei Casti Amanti is part of an archaeological project that seeks not only to discover and preserve, but also to bring these findings closer to the public. A system of elevated walkways has been constructed to allow visitors to observe the excavation and restoration efforts.