senior secondary biology ECZ syllabus reproduction in human beings 2

welcome to eagles concept living room in this video we are taking you through a senior secondary biology and the topic is production human beings [Music] reproduction is simply the process by which an organism produces its offspring and it is also known as uh greedy okay so we are saying uh reproduction also has other names such as procreation and breeding so now human beings and other animals they produce by the type of section of a reproduction called sexual production so this one it's uh it involves the combining of genetic information uh between two different individuals two different sexes okay so in humans uh reproduction typically involves sexual intercourse between a man and a woman but my words i am saying sexual intercourse and not sex there is a difference between these two so sex is just the state of either being male or female but sexual intercourse this one involves the penetration of the venice into the vagina either for primarily for for reproduction and secondarily for pleasure okay so that's sexual intercourse the penetration of the vagina of the penis into the vagina primarily for reproduction but also at times it is for just pleasure okay so during sexual intercourse the interaction between the male and the female uh reproductive systems results in what is called fertilization of the woman's over by the man's spam okay let's look at the female reproductive system so the female reproductive reproductive system is usually internal we can't see it from the outside only a smaller part can be seen okay so here is how it looks like so we've got the vagina here which is an opening to the outside that can be seen by the eyes they move what the cervix which is known as the neck of the nutrients they move what are the uterus itself this is the uterus okay which is uh where the baby will develop then we have uh the wall of the uterus we have the endometrium the endometrium is simply the lining of the uterus and uh we have the corpus jump which is just a part of the holy ghost okay now the movie that here is a tube-like structure they know where the ovaries the one that produces the eggs or the over okay so but the ovaries here uh the ones uh which produces the water uh the eggs okay so what usually happens now here is during sexual intercourse the vagina will receive the spams that's why this one is also known as the death canal so if you receive the sperms the sperms will pass through all the way and it goes to them over that layer where it can meet the egg and fertilization opens okay so quickly let's just try to look at the functions of these things that we have seen so we are saying a lot in the open tube uh like the name uh suggests it's a tube and it is on average about 12 centimeters long and as ends that are final shape so these ends collect the egg after ovulation so ovulation is simply the production of an egg then there is also some syria which tend to move the egg by a process called various doses okay so this peristalsis is just a rhythmic contraction and relaxation movement kind that causes the egg to move again they may have the utils so the ucs is also known as the womb uh it is made up of voluntary muscles okay and its lining is known as the endometria okay so now i also have the cervix which is the opening of the uterus okay which separates the vagina from the uterus then the vagina like we say this one is a muscular tube which allows the sperm to enter the female as well as the baby to exit it is lined with divorce secreting cells for lubrication okay let's also look at the male reproductive organs so the male reproductive organ this one is more of external than internal okay so most of the man's reproductive system is located outside of his body and is composed of the following organs so we have the venice the scrotum and uh so we have the venice the scrotum and the testicles okay however this system also contains some nano structures okay now these organs that we have just listed they have got the general functions which can be as follows the first one is to produce maintain and transport the spam so the function is to produce maintain and transport the spam then also to discharge spam within the female reproductive tract then also to produce and secrete neurosex hormones and here we are talking about the test of steroids okay so the male 1 sex hormones it's usually the taste of steroids okay let's look at uh the male reproductive system the way it looks like so this is what we we are having here we have the penis here then we have the urethra inside here okay so along the penis here but in front here usually the foreskin which gets to be removed during circumcision okay then inside here uh we have the testicle so the testicles there the two of them okay then outside we have the scrotum so the function of the scrotum here is just to hold the the testicles in place okay then just around the testicles we've got the epididy dynamics okay so got the epg diamonds okay so uh and of course we have another tube called the vast difference okay so these other things are just uh trying to show the other parts of the body that primarily these are the things that we do these days okay so let's look at the functions of the external parts of the male sex organ so here we're talking about the penis this one already said the venice system is this one is used for depositing the sperms into the vagina and it contains a foreskin this four skin gets to be removed during circumcision usually for hygiene purposes and also some do believe it increases uh it increases the sexual performance of a male in bed so those are just some of the reasons but primarily it's for hygiene purposes and also uh so that males cannot easily transfer the human panilloma virus into the female during sexual intercourse and this enables the female to have cancer okay then we also have the squat and like i said this is a pouch like cycle skin that hangs behind the venice and it contains the test that was all the the justice okay so now these tests they usually operate uh one of the functions of uh of this quarter is that it has a protective function and acts as a climate control system for the justice okay for normal development of the water of the sperm the testis must be at a temperature slightly cooler than the body this is how come for males you observe that uh when you touch your your squatter it's usually colder it's colder than the rest of the body okay so it's called that and the rest of the of the body so that is one of the function of the scrotum okay so let's talk about now the testes themselves so the justice uh over organs about the size of very large bodies that lie in this water so the testes are responsible for making this door sterile and for producing spam okay the epidermis uh as you saw it this one is its function is carrying and storing the sperms that are produced in the test so the testes produces the stem so these guys they produce the spam then the spam is being now uh stored and transported by the epic dynasty okay the epic diamonds also brings the sperm to maturity because as the stem is being produced by intestines it is actually much worse so in order for it to mature it has to be matured by the epididymis okay now that we have looked at the male sex organ and the female sex organ let's see how uh uh which process is now occur in these that will really bring about uh reproduction of new organism so we can look at the menstrual cycle now we know that the female counterparts they are blessed by a uh a unique process called the menstruation uh the demonstration period okay so some administration some call it a period but this one is simply the removal the periodic shedding of blood uh from the female and this blood comes out by the vagina so we just want to understand what this is all about and what it is composed of so okay the menstrual cycle uh it is a 20 28 day uh period cycle okay so it involves uh the following stages usually they're just four pages so between the first day uh from one to five days that is for on average usually others they can even go up to seven days but from the first day to the fifth day here okay uh the period uh the lining of the uterus sheds so the endometrium so what happens is this now uh the body is designed the female body is designed in such a way that when an egg has been produced the ovum has been produced that prepares the woman for possible pregnancy so should it happen that the woman is not pregnant then that egg is no longer needed so it has to be broken down and the lining of the uterus also has to come out so the shedding of the the lining of the uterus which is the endometrium plus the the remains of the egg will come out to the vagina in form of so that is what we call menstruation or simply period so now this one it differs from woman to woman but on average it takes about uh for other women it's just three days it is done for others four days others five but others it's prolonged it can even go up to seven days or so that is acceptable but if it goes beyond that then it means it is more cheap no more so now from one to five days uh that is now uh the first phase of the period which is called the menstrual phase so from the menstrual face what happens now is that the new egg mature ones okay so the new egg much was the lining of the uterus begins to thicken in redness for the implantation okay so this is the period from six days to uh four days so even if you are trying to make sure you don't have sex if you are not ready to get pregnant during this period because uh any sexual intercourse will definitely result into pregnancy okay then we have now uh from 13 basically from 13 14 15 this period is very sensitive because that is the ovulation water period so in the ovulation period here now ovulation is the production of the egg so the egg is there so if also you have sex in this period here if you have sex in this period you are likely to get pregnant impact this is the time that a woman is very ready for pregnancy because the egg has just been produced okay so this one is called the ovulation period and specifically on the 14th day of the cycle okay then from there we've got also this phase from 16 so what's number one with this phase here which is the master of s then uh this other phase then over the village the ovulation phase then we've got this last phase here from 16 to about 28 days which is known as the luteo trails okay so in this phase here what happens is that the egg travels to the uterus if it is not fertilized it dissolves uh the lining of the uterus continues to thicken okay so if it is not stabilized during this period the ovulation period then it will travel to here so probably this time uh is the time some other people want to call the same period so the safe period is usually after the ovulation period now this period here is not is not standard for every woman it's not standard for every woman so if you are relying on this one as a woman you need to be counting your days because uh not every woman begins to menstruate at the same time so someday begin at the first day of the month someday begin at the last day of the month so your period cycle begins from the day that you begin to shed your periods okay so those are some of the things and you can know these things some of the signs as you begin you know the rising of the tempers the formation of the crumbs and the the painting of the abdomen you can know that i'm about to start attending by using those uh various signs okay let's just look at another view of the mainstream cycle it's all like we said uh here these are the three phases here okay so phase one we are calling it demonstration uh so the thickened uterine lining was uh falls away so the body can start preparing in you new one okay so that is it the menstrual face like i said others can even go after three days so from about three to seven days this one is really acceptable you can keep on attending in these days it's normal okay then phase two this one is called uh the folliculia for peculiar phase so in here the hormones from the creation of follicles on there over usually just one follicle will mature into an egg then we go to phase three which is the ovulation now ovulation here it's actually the mature egg is released from the follicle and is ready for fertilization so now here this is uh a period where even the the the uh a woman is very the sexual they are at their peak during this population phase okay and uh yeah this is a period where pregnancy is uh guaranteed so pregnancy guaranteed okay then from there if atonal fertilization has not occurred then it will proceed to the phase four which is the nautio phase so if there is no fertilized egg your body will prepare to shed its thickened lining and the cycle will begin again so as it prepares here it's just prepared it's just prepared so probably this is uh this is a period where you can even consider to to have some sex despite not being ready for pregnancy okay then finally this is the ovulation uh ovulation where the egg has been produced okay now let's look at the concentration of hormones so all these processes that are happening in the female they are regulated by what by the hormones so the hormonal concentrations at each phase are different for example when we look at uh therefore development here so during menstruation you can see that the body called stimulating hormone fsh is actually low okay then here you can see this yellow line the levels of ostrogen here they are stimulated by the luteinizing hormone so here it is very high okay so the luteinizing hormone level here as you can see it is also very hard and finally in the neutral phase the levels of progesterone they they actually rise okay so these are the changes of the hormones during this cycle okay now we are still talking about the menstrual cycle so what are some of the factors that can disturb the menstrual cycle now the amount of blood which every woman sheds is different from woman to woman and is dependent on a lot of factors among us which is diet okay so some women that eat nicely and those that have poor diets they will definitely share different amount are shared different amounts of blood okay now the menstrual cycle can be disturbed by main factors among which may include the following so uh the use of birth control fields so those they can disable your menstrual cycle okay then pregnancy pregnancy definitely stops your cycle so during redness no woman is able to attain or to administrate okay then also we have a polycystic ovary uh syndrome so this is the hormonal imbalance uh from nowhere some women even become suspicious thinking they are pregnant or not but uh that is just due to polycystic ovary syndrome another one is uterine fibroids so there are some women that have body some fibroids so fibroids these are non-cancerous growth in your uterus that can make your periods longer and heavier than usual so the fibroids okay let's look at fertilization and implantation because we say uh during sexual intercourse the sperm and the fertilized egg they spam and they're over they change to meat so the fusion of the spam and that over is known as the stratalization and in the process it is it forms what is known as a zygote okay so now when spams are received in the vagina here it travels all the way into the fallopian tube so in the fallopian tube there it meets the egg so when the sperm makes the egg the egg gets the fertilized now when during sexual intercourse and medium spells are produced a million stems are produced but only one gets to fertilize an egg so when the egg is redlined it closes up the other sperms will not be able to enter okay so once the zygote has formed so on day one there uh the zygote has formed then the divers will begin to divide by the process of mitosis okay so here we can see fertilization then mitosis so mitosis now you see the sperm carries a haploid number which is the 23 chromosomes so half the number of chromosomes in the body is 23. so the sperm carries 23 and the ovum also carries 23. so once they fuse together they form 46 so a thyroid contains 46 which is called the diploid so diploid number of chromosomes is 46. okay then it will begin to divide by mitosis so it will first divide into two then secondly into eight uh into four then from four to eight and so on and so forth until it forms a mature fertilized cell which will be called a blastocyte then the blastocyte will be attached into the lining of the uterus and this will mark the beginning of pregnancy okay let's have another view of fertilization and implantation so like i said at this stage here we have our fertilization okay then after this we are now going to form a zygote so here division begins so here we have now division begins we have one here now it has divided into two from two it divides into four into a from four into eight and so on and so forth until the blastocyte is attached to the uh lining of the uterus which is uh the endometrium so the attachment of the blastocytes into the lining of the uterus is what we call implantation so implantation is the attaching of the blastocyte into the lining of the nutrients and this omaquity pregnancy let's look at the sample examination question from 2018 section a paper 2. so the question reads figure 3.0 summarizes the development process during sexual reproduction in human beings so as you can see here from the shape you can tell this is the spam so the spam and this one is there uh the the edge or the ovary uh the oven so the the egg and the spam here process one is fertilization so this is here you can tell to say this is a zygote okay so this one is a zygote okay then this one is a egg the female egg so this is our egg there then fertilization occurs it forms as i got then as i got now process two here begins this one will be definitely mitosis okay so this one is mitosis which is a type of cell division okay then mitosis is continuous also there it continues so process two mitosis process three mitosis and it will continue until a blastocyte is done watching is formed now i should also mention something here that uh what happens here is that when one egg is fertilized by uh by the sperm it forms a zygote now if this zygote splits into two equal halves then identical twins will be formed okay but if uh two different eggs we have fertilized by spam then we are going to have uh nine identical twins called the fraternal twins so the siamese greens which are also called the identical twins are as a result of one fertilized egg being split into two uh equal halves okay we continue with our question now they are saying identified cell are the cells labeled n and d p okay so n here we know that this one will be over which is the egg so this is the oven or egg then we go to p p is as i got so this one the zygote which is simply a fertilized [Music] life so that is a zygote the name process one and two so process one this one is fertilization like we are saying that is fertilization okay so process one is fertilization okay fertilization and process two is cell division to be specific mitosis so cell division can be specific mitosis okay so that's what it is suggest the part of the female reproductive organ in which process one takes place so this one is watching so fertilization takes place in the parochial tube so fertilization will always take place in water okay explain what happens at stage era for identical twins to be produced okay so now at stage era the zygote divides into two identical cells having exactly the same genetic materials okay so this zygote will actually divide into two identical cells having exactly the same genetic equality materials okay now the question d describe two situations which can result in infertility and cause process one not to take place okay or deliberately skip this one and answer it at a later stage as we look at these things okay now like we have said implantation marks max at the beginning of pregnancy but as readiness is developing there are some healthy risks that are associated with the pregnancy or the development of the whitening of the fetus so what are some of these risks so number one we are saying some women experience health problems during pregnancy these complications can involve the mother's health the fetus is health or both so even when women who wear health before getting pregnant do experience these complications so these complications may cause a pregnancy to be deemed a high risk pregnancy therefore it is very important that during pregnancy you go for things such as antenanto so that you can regularly be checked by your teeth by your doctors now what are some of these risks okay number one is high blood pressure so high blood pressure is also called hypertension this occurs when the utter is carrying blood from the heart to the body organs are narrow so this causes pressure to increase in the arteries so in pregnancy this can make it hard for blood to reach the placenta and once blood does not reach the placenta then we are going to have a problem because the baby and the mother are connected by the placenta and through the placenta the baby literally does everything now if the blood is not reaching there then the baby will not will not receive the oxygen and the nutrients okay then reduce blood flow can also slow the growth of the fetus and place the mother at greater risk of protein labor and preeclampsia okay so women who have high blood pressure before they get pregnant who continue to have it but others can develop it once they have a baby so the kind of bp that develops due to pregnant uh due to pregnancy is called gestational hypertension this one goes away once delivery is done the second problem associated with pregnancy is anemia so we know anemia is having uh lower than the normal number of healthy ready blood cells so there are issues of insufficient oxygen and so on and so forth so women with pregnant related anemia may feel bad and weak this can be helped by taking ion and folic acid supplements but also the utis urinary tract infections these are common in pregnant women however it's urinary tract infections so they have to be treated okay okay now utis is a bacterial infection in the urinary tract you may have a uti if you have pain or burning when you use the bathroom fever tiredness or shakiness and urge to use the bathroom often so pressure in your lower then urine that smells bad or looks cloudy or reddish nausea or back pain so if you think you have a uti please you need to visit the doctor so that uh you have safe delivery so utis can make your delivery uh complicated okay another mentor another thing that can happen uh which is a problem during uh pregnancy mental health conditions okay so some women experience depression during or after pregnancy so symptoms of depression as far as law or side moods loss of interest in fun activities etc etc so this isn't really good because a mentally a mentally disturbed mother will not take care of herself and the baby and this can bring about a lot of problems at giving birth okay another problem is obesity and weight gain so uh recent studies suggest that the heavier a woman is before she becomes pregnant the greater her risk of weakness complications including uh preeclampsia okay so still bad and cesarean so still death is where you you have uh a baby is not fully developed to be born and then you just give birth so uh look at stupid at some other time okay now what is health pregnancy and safety child birth so healthy pregnancy and so in most cases the best way to ensure that the baby is ready to be born and the mother's body is ready to bet her baby is to let liver begin on its own so in the last weeks of pregnancy the baby moves down into the pelvis the cell mix softens and the uterine muscle becomes receptive to oxytocin oxytocin which is a hormone okay now how to maintain a healthy pregnancy so number one you need to make sure you eat right okay the number two uh you need to get your vitamins uh so number three stay hydrated okay avoid certain foods such as alcohol and other foods that should be advised at the hospital okay then also you have to avoid alcohol as elia mentioned okay then you have to avoid smoking you have to at least be moving and exercising okay you have to get a flu shot now food can be a serious thing for a pregnant woman so you make sure that you are taken care of by a health professional okay then you need to get plenty of sleep about seven to nine hours that is advisable for a pregnant woman to get a lot of sleep okay then don't be stressing yourself make sure you are stress free okay what are some of the methods of birth control so methods of death control uh is simply any method used to prevent water pregnancy so there are many different methods of death control including the using of condoms iuds meaning this one means intrauterine device they insert it into the vagina then the death control pills the rhythm method this is where you just have to observe yourself period during your menstrual cycle in the safe period you cannot get pregnant then others they use uh vasectomy and tubal irrigation where your tubes are tied others they're using cuts okay now uh all these things have got their own coins and products so the best control fields for example they have to be used appropriately because if they come with their own watching effects so let's look at the benefits and possible risks of using contraceptives okay so the benefits the major benefit and probably the only non-debatable benefit of contraceptives is that uh you'll be able to plan your family nicely that's why they are also called family planning fields okay now what are the risks so contraceptives have different side effects among which may include uh disturbing the menstrual cycle weight gain and hormonal imbalance if you've noticed married women they have a problem with uh that my bellies so they have something about bailey's they have been advised here and they have to go for gyms so some of those dailies as a result of their uh the the best control method that they use and these fields that they use so that's the question even the contraceptive fields they've got times when they can be taken over those that can be taken during emergencies like the morning after fields and there are those that can be taken as a no more uh uh no more contraceptive feel for a long time so short term and then long term [Music] okay causes of infertility in human beings so like we said infectivity is the inability to become pregnant after one year of intercourse without contraception involving a male and a uh female a male and a female partner okay so in one year you're just having sexual intercourse with your partner without using contraception that you're not getting pregnant then that is an issue of infertility the only question is is it male or female infertility so mental infectivity this one the common cause of male infectivity is low production of the sperm so there are many causes of bloodstream production including stress and drug abuse or high temperature of the testis remember like we say the test is they need to be kept at a temperature slightly lower than the normal body temperature so if there's high temperature in your testis then this can cause low sperm production also if there is low testosterone production then you won't be able to produce a sperm that is powerful enough to penetrate the shell of the ovary okay there is also the case of female infertility so female infertility is the inability to consume either by fertilization failure or implantation trade so egg cell formation or ovulation may not occur due to a hormone imbalance the egg cell may not be able to pass to the uterine due to blockage of the game tube so treatment with hormones may be successful by trophy vitro fertilization and inflammation are often used to treat female infectivity okay so in conclusion let's just try to look at a sample question from 2017 so you can practice this one and give us your feedback so identify causes of infertility in human beings describe how a healthy pregnancy could be maintained describe safe child partner all these things add new notes and a pdf will also be sent into your inbox after this lesson now i would love to emphasize this sample question is uh paper 2 section b which is essay type questions so please write according to the guidelines that have been given i have been giving in other videos if you are watching us for the first time do not forget to subscribe to our channel and share the link thank you so much