【生肉】艾布拉姆斯坦克歷史

在冷戰期間,蘇聯在發展戰艦技術的前幾年就在西方。 他們製造了一系列較為難以辨認和擊中的低調設計。 美國和西德國,現在的盟友, 合作製造了新一世紀的戰艦, 將加入最新的科學發展。 1969年,他們花費了超過400億美元, 他們的計劃超乎預算, 國會拒絕了。 但美國仍然需要新一世紀的戰艦。 1972年, 雙方都被要求製造新設計。 美國幾年來都沒有新的戰艦, 而軍方需要將當時的資訊融入新的戰艦, 讓它們有更好的發射能力, 更好的機動性和可靠性。 我認為軍方做了一個非常聰明, 非常聰明的工作, 就是管理設計。 第一件事他們做的, 就是找來一群熟練的, 經驗豐富的戰艦, 然後問他們, 你們想要的新一世紀戰艦是什麼樣的東西? 就像把一個小孩放在甜品店裡一樣。 得到這些東西, 是一個非常困難的, 而且很強烈的要求。 世界活動也會在設計上 1973年10月, 中東戰爭是世界第二次世界大戰以來 最大的戰爭對戰。 以色列武裝部隊 與英國聖多利亞戰艦 和最新的美國簽證對戰。 以色列軍人和以色列軍人 與現代的蘇聯T-62戰艦對戰。 中東戰爭證明瞭 戰艦仍然是現代戰場的主要武器。 美國軍隊現在比任何時候都更努力 設計一個新的主要戰艦。 對於美國戰艦設計師來說, 這場戰爭給了他們一個獨特的機會。 他們密切追蹤了 武裝部隊的強弱和弱點, 並將結果帶到設計桌上。 另一個影響戰艦的整體設計的因素 是新的最高隱祕的 英國聖多利亞武裝, 軍隊稱為伯靈頓。 1978年, 成功的伯靈頓武裝的 在軍隊的亞伯丁證實場上舉行。 有兩種基本的戰艦子彈。 一種是電子能量, 核心力量, 將彈珠推進武裝, 非常有效。 另一種是反彈珠, 稱為化學能量珠。 煙燻的金屬 從彈珠的前面散發出來, 成為手掌大小的彈珠, 將彈珠燃燒 通過幾公尺的鋼。 我們如何擊敗它們? 伯靈頓武裝成功了。 12月12日,1976年, Chrysler被宣佈成為 新合約的贏家。 他們擊敗了General Motors, 通過設計減少成本的彈珠, 並且加入了 一臺革命的氮氣渦輪引擎。 這是戰艦設計的新時代的開始。 我非常記得 我們贏得的宣佈。 我踏上了決賽桌, 我仍然感受到 戰友們的熱烈掌聲, 並且知道 戰友們選擇了我們的團隊 來參與這場比賽。 這場比賽的結束 非常難以形容。 但真正的贏家 是美國軍隊。 在兩年之間, 他們在戰機技術方面 進行了神奇的前進。 1978年, 這臺新一代的戰機 踏出了製造線。 M1亞伯恩的超級戰機出生了。 這臺戰機非常有印象。 如果與M60相比, 這臺戰機是我們當時的頂尖戰機。 它更低, 更有彎度。 它的設計看起來更兇狠。 它的裝甲不僅是鋼製的, 而是用來擊敗 更多的彈藥。 它的導彈控制系統 跟M60相似, 實際上是更優秀的。 尤其是與一臺 1500馬力的戰機結合, 這隻怪物 更快地移動, 更快地生存, 並且至少 比前代更可怕。 這臺恐怖的戰機出生後, 戰場將再也不再是一樣。 1980年, 新的Abrams M1超級戰機 進入軍事服務。 但最初的日子 很麻煩和爭議性。 它是世界上最高科技的 戰鬥機器, 但許多人懷疑 它的戰鬥能力。 在80年代後的 越南時代, 美國軍隊的信心 非常低。 新的Abrams M1戰機 成為了 雷根防衛的重要標誌, 並成為了 防衛費用增加的 在這個時代的 冷戰遊戲和 電子戰鬥, 新一代的戰鬥機 需要了 完全不同的 艦隊訓練方式。 新的 國家訓練中心 成立了 選擇對抗力量。 那裡, 現實世界的戰鬥遊戲 與 美國軍人 扮演了 蘇聯軍人的角色。 威廉·海德納 參與了這些訓練。 你可以買一套 蘇聯的戰鬥機, 包括 完整的訓練套件, 如何使用那些戰鬥機, 當然,當他們的訓練員 出席教授 國家X 如何使用 這些新的戰鬥機 和軍事戰鬥機, 他們被教授了蘇聯的 訓練方法。 如果我們 去戰鬥, 除了 歐洲中線 對抗 你仍然可能 使用相同的裝備 和 相同的策略。 我們被稱為 克里斯諾維亞人, 來自 克里斯諾維亞的 虛擬城市或 虛擬國家。 我們穿著 穿著 穿越的速度更快,射擊的速度也更快 你的膝蓋轉向和高度不一致 訓練要更激烈 必須的槍擊技術 正確的位置拍攝 所有這些都必須做好 才能控制這艘戰艦 因為速度很快 我們就像一個家庭 你的艦隊是你的家庭 你經歷著同樣的事情 你體驗著 下一個人的一切 不像 他有一輛Mercedes 我有一輛Pinto 或者某些東西 你都相等於其他人 無論你的等級 Abrams有四個隊員 船長坐在上面和後面的槍擊人 在主要艦艇的空間 左邊有載具 駕駛人坐在船的前面 現在駕駛人 必須專注於開啟按鈕 習慣了速度 因為很多駕駛人 在晚上的採訪 或是在晚上 會駕駛得很快 在道路上 他們會失去 他們所在的位置 你必須跟他們練習 正確的航道 讓他們能保持 穩定的航道 讓船員能射箭 並且保持 在道路上 載具人必須專注於 他的位置 他必須能夠 開啟那扇門 在載具人被開槍之後 拉開 載入 啟動 我們要等三秒 三到四秒 這就是我們想要的 當你發射了幾圈後 你會看到 褲子在地上繞來繞去 再加上機械槍 附在地上的磚頭 我能感受到溫度 透過零件靴 穿進我的普通靴子 所以 其實在冬天 因為很寒冷 船長擁有六個望遠鏡 能提供360度視野 望遠鏡的問題是 當然你能夠 探索和戰鬥 但是你仍然無法掌握 整個景觀 看著你的艦艇 左邊和右邊 加上他們擁有 他們稱之為 指揮官的獨立觀察器 你擁有自己的 溫度系統 你可以左或右轉 這讓你更容易 看著艦艇內部 而不是看著外面 但是老人家像我一樣 更喜歡看著外面 在M1 Abrams 槍手使用了 暖氣錄像系統 加上雷射測量器 為了非常準確的發射 但是設計師決定 不加入自動彈匣系統 裝載了一百多個部件 這能夠如此可靠 作為一個人 操控和彈匣 自動彈匣 這艘新艦艇 擁有許多其他 創造性的特質 自從它的創造出發 任何航空母艦 最擔心的就是 它會被燒死 或是會死亡 因為彈匣彈匣 被炸毀 一些嚇人的圖像 告訴我們 以前的航空母艦 你會被火焰擊中 它會把你燒死 就像一把燭 它會把你燒死 或你會被火焰擊中 電子能源擊中 它會飛到你的航空母艦 像一個乒乓球般飛來飛去 然後把你半個 帶到另一端 為了保護航空母艦 Abrams最有創新的一項 就是炸彈屏幕 M1的保護 在擊中時 是因為炸彈屏幕 被裝載在彈匣上 並且鎖上很厚的金屬門 如果被擊中 在彈匣後面的彈匣 有炸彈會被燃燒 這些門會阻擋炸彈 以防萬一炸彈 炸彈會爆炸 而不進入航空母艦 為了夜視 司機使用了 像星星般的雷射燈 這讓航空母艦 能夠迅速和成功地 儘管夜空暗暗 或在日間的戰鬥場景下 有塵埃和煙霧 Abrams的航空母艦 最早是60噸重的 它們是由燃煤氣體引擎啟動的 能夠飛行45公里的時速 引擎更加安靜 而且更容易維持 沒有煙霧簽證 使航空母艦更難被偵測 最早的航空母艦 有105毫米彈匣 但在80年代中期 它們被更強勁的 由德國製造的120毫米主要彈匣 Abrams將最新的 進步技術所提供的一切都融合在一起 但它仍然有它的批評 它被批評為燃煤氣體 輸出太重 會導致新的戰鬥場景 價值4.3億美元 太昂貴了 在冷戰期間 Abrams成為歐洲 由共產黨導致的 在1982年9月 在德國的NATO戰爭中 Abrams成為了戰略代表 Abrams的驚人準確度 證明瞭它在電子戰爭世界 是一名狩獵者和殺手 它成為了武裝戰爭的轉折點 我們知道我們有一個勝利者 在NATO戰爭期間 大概三到四年 我認為是在80年代中期 戰車可以在地面上 飛行25到30公里 而你正在戰鬥 當它能夠展現這種能力 那就是我認為 軍事專家 肯定意識到 這是一輛精彩的武裝戰車 實際上是一輛震撼車 我們不知道 它是如何對抗敵人 在80年代末 冷戰快要結束 而戰車仍然在戰爭中不受測試 一切都快要改變了 Abrams的火焰聖祭 將會發生在非常不同的戰爭中 一場將會改變美國外交政策的戰爭 這就是我們今天帶來的 Gulf War M1 Abrams的重量 在美國軍事部隊中 最大的運載戰車 C-5 Galaxy 只能運載一艘艇 M1 Abrams的超級艇 將會回歸現代的奇蹟 超過十年 Abrams仍然不受測試 在戰爭中 評論家批評了 它的高生產成本 並質疑了 它的電子戰鬥系統 但是Abrams 正準備進行試驗 Beginning in 1980 Iraq and Iran had fought each other in a long and bloody war Hundreds of thousands of people lost their lives or were horribly mutilated In 1988 this brutal struggle came to an end with Iraq's victory Saddam Hussein the Iraqi dictator built up a formidable war machine supplied by both the West and by the Soviets Iraq was left with huge debts Hussein accused neighboring oil-rich Kuwait of lowering oil prices On August 2nd, 1990 the Iraqi dictator gave the order for Iraqi forces to invade Kuwait Saddam Hussein was confident that the West would not respond but he had badly miscalculated President Bush Senior acted quickly and put together a coalition of Western and Arab states committed to the overthrow of Saddam's rule in Kuwait A vast army began to deploy in the deserts of Arabia The Iraqi army had a considerable array of tanks mostly purchased from the former Soviet Union Among these were a thousand modern Russian T-72s We certainly didn't underestimate and we thought there was going to be a very formidable enemy The feeling was that this could be a terrible fight with tremendous casualties and it could go for a very long time Half a million Americans and other allied troops began to arrive in Saudi Arabia in an enormous military build-up along the Iraqi border The operation Desert Shield was led by General Norman Schwarzkopf After a decade of development and training the M1 Abrams was about to be put to the test in real battle combat Latest model the M1A1 was urgently deployed to the Gulf Evolutionary in design the new version had upgraded computerized gunnery The stabilized gun mount enabled it to fire reliably while traveling at high speed over rough ground The combination of maneuverability longer range and night vision would give the crews the opportunity of defeating any tank in the Iraqi army The Abrams tank crews needed to acclimate to the desert and for five months engaged in simulated training in preparation to take on the Iraqis' Russian T-72s Dan Miller captain of Iron Troop had spent five years on war games training to fight on the central plains of Germany We trained to fight the Warsaw Pact So when we were discovering that we were going to Saudi Arabia it was surprising It wasn't so much that we were concerned Hey, we trained to fight these guys Now we're gonna go fight the Iraqis But hey, at least we're gonna get in there and get in the fight Because that's soldiers typically don't want to ride to the sound of the guns That's typical reactions We just went out into the desert and spent the next five months camped on our tanks in the desert waiting We were out there through the holidays and through Christmas and New Year's and right up into the new year We spent a lot of time maneuvering in the desert practicing especially with me coming out of basic training I couldn't tell a tank cannon from a 50-caliber machine gun I didn't know any of this stuff But spending those five months out in the desert really gave us a chance to hone our skills The tactics were gonna change the long-range gunnery We knew that We're shooting across a flat plain In different formations than we ever moved before on a scale of vehicles that had not been done before On January 16, 1991 the air war against Iraq began Over succeeding weeks the high-precision aerial onslaught pummeled Iraq's military infrastructure But Iraq's huge army estimated that about one million men remained undefeated on the ground Some commanders argued that Iraq could be defeated by the air campaign alone But President Bush Sr. decided on a short sharp and decisive ground action determined to keep casualties to the minimum The commanders now maneuvered men and machines into position The new and unproven Abrams main battle tank was placed right on the front line For the men who would crew these tanks the battle ahead stirred very different emotions My personal fear was that I would make a bad decision that would get my guys hurt or killed I was more worried about that than I was about personal fear of getting hurt or whatever You just don't think it's going to happen to me We were prepared for anything And I really wasn't too concerned with anything at all when I was on my tank Just being away from it was scary to me My biggest fear going over there was that I was going to be called on to kill people I'd find myself in some village in Iraq somewhere gunning down children armed with RPGs or something like that I don't think 18-year-olds 19-year-olds think about the danger to themselves I can't get hurt But the tank's critics remained vocal Many believed that the Abrams would simply jam up in the sands of the desert Under Saddam's threat of engaging the coalition in the mother of all battles the young tank crews led their M1s onto the battlefield The latest version of the Abrams tank incorporates steel-encased depleted uranium armor and is protected against nuclear, biological and chemical warfare M1 Abrams Super Tank will return on Modern Marvels For five months the coalition forces had practiced, patrolled and maneuvered in preparation for battle Desert Shield would soon no longer be an air war For the Abrams crews the days of simulated combat were over - Nothing on the air - The Iraqi army had been worn down by constant attacks from the coalition airstrikes Conscripts stuck out in foxholes in the desert front line had little will left to fight Only the elite Republican Guard was ready and eager to take on the West with a force of 100,000 men and 1,000 tanks At 4 a.m. on February 24th 1991 the ground war was launched Operation Desert Storm Marine divisions first attacked from the south quickly penetrating what was known as the Saddam line They made rapid progress towards Kuwait City slowed only by the sheer numbers of prisoners on the battlefield Bad weather and smoke from the oil fields the Iraqis had set up and on fire obscured the desert And everywhere the mines exploded adding to the chaos William Miller's cavalry troop was given a deadly mission to seek, find and engage the enemy American cavalry is armed heavily enough to fight for information We don't have to employ a stand-off look develop information and send the report back I can make you shoot at me that tells me where you are and I can either kill you myself or pop back, report higher and allow a higher level commander to pass a whole division through to come and kill you That's the role of American cavalry That's what we did that day On February 26th the first major tank engagement took place The Battle of 73 Easting began with well-dug-in units of the Republican Guard The Abrams tanks of Eagle Troop 2 armored cavalry led the assault by using their thermal visioning to identify the Iraqi tanks For the Abrams its first shooting war had phenomenal results It is a busy, busy battlefield and you just, you don't realize to me it seemed like it was four or five hours but it was really probably about an hour and a half engagement from start to finish with about 25 minutes of real serious, intense, two-way range They're shooting at us We're shooting at them They're bringing mortar rounds in on us Typically the Soviets when you would put them under artillery their doctrine was to close with you as fast as possible That's exactly what I did with Iron Troop was I said, okay, let's advance faster so that we could get in amongst them so eventually between our counter-battery fire the fact that we were getting too close for them to use it it took another tool out of his box that he could use against my guys In just 23 minutes of combat nine lone American tanks had taken on and wiped out all 38 Iraqi armored vehicles They had cut a three-mile swath of destruction and taken out Iraq's most capable armor I knew that the M1 was doing well from the first round we fired at a real target I shot my first round and my gunner shot his first round at 2,900 meters popped a turret off a tank and went up in explosion and I'm going, yeah, this is neat stuff You know, that round really will blow a turret off In the darkness the Iraqi gunners fired wildly at the muzzle flashes from American tanks on the move But burning Iraqi vehicles made the battlefield so bright that Steed's thermals whited out a temporary blindness which made the tank vulnerable to enemy fire We could see the damage that had been wreaked It had burned out hulks It had turrets flipped over You had shell-shocked Iraqis Steed was then ordered to stop and round up some Iraqi prisoners ahead of him The rest of the battalion had driven off They were gone And my platoon leader was somewhere behind me which I had no idea where he was He stopped and signaled the Iraqis trying to surrender Just then, a burning Iraqi hulk silhouetted his tank Hidden in the burning battlefield just a thousand yards away a lone T-72 crew sighted the illuminated Abrams an unbelievable target The T-72 had a perfect sight on the most vulnerable part of the Abrams the side of the gun turret The enemy's autoloader swung into action with a deadly 125-millimeter heat round It was almost surreal It was kind of dreamlike in a way I'm sitting there looking at my front watching, keeping an eye on the prisoners keeping an eye on the vehicles on my right and left The round came in the left side of the tank My loader got hit in the legs He crawled over to the side By the time Steed regained consciousness the fire extinguishers had worked but the tank was still an easy target and in danger of exploding Steed's first concern was for his gunner My gunner was trying to come up in front of me because the black smoke was pouring out of the vehicle I was trying to get him under control so that we could get up on top and see what's wrong I reached down in there to get him I turned around and noticed my blast doors were open I was concerned about ammunition being cooked up I tried to push it shut I was able to close the door get it re-secured We got him out I had a long spaghetti cord so I could still talk on the radio So I was talking to my commander explaining to him that we'd been hit and giving him a status on my people And then I went back to the tank trying to get it started because we needed to ride out of there All the warning lights everything was lit up It would turn over but it wouldn't drink So at that point we started how are we going to get out of here Steed and his injured crew were in serious danger After hiding from the enemy at the rear of the tank for nearly an hour one of Steed's platoons sighted the stricken Abrams and came to their aid I was kind of pissed I was pissed I was in a position that caused this to begin with And it was fair to say that I wanted to continue to do more to keep that from happening to somebody else With his wounded crew safe Steed insisted on taking command of the tank and he returned to the battle For his heroic action Tony Steed was later awarded the Bronze Star for Valor It's been obvious since tank warfare began to me but you don't stop a rolling tank in the middle of a battle area or not POW wagons So that changed the SOP real quick like now within the platoon within the unit within the battalion new orders were issued so that that wouldn't happen again At dawn the following Iraqi army appeared to be withdrawing to the north towards Basra But the tanks of the Republican Guard had dug in behind a six-mile ridge of high ground The Abrams would face its toughest opposition yet In the largest armored conflict since World War II The Abrams was about to play a major role in one of the great tank battles of the 20th century The Battle of Medina Ridge Three versions of the Abrams tank are currently in service The original M1 model dating from the early 1980s and two newer versions designated M1A1 and M1A2 M1 Abrams Super Tank will return on Modern Marvels The largest single tank engagement of the World Wind War of Desert Storm took place on the fourth day of fighting at Medina Ridge on February 27, 1991 The M1 Abrams tanks of the US 1st and 3rd Armored Divisions now faced off against 300 T-72 tanks of the elite battle-hardened Republican Guard Despite smoke and sand the thermal sights could identify the Iraqi T-72 tanks long before the enemy could see them Even where they had been dug in behind several feet of sand the Iraqi tanks could be picked out Incredibly, the Abrams was able to hit the T-72s at 3,500 yards well before the Abrams was visible through the optical sights of the Soviet-made tanks When the Abrams used a depleted uranium round it could destroy a T-72 with a single shell The Iraqi tanks exploded in a sheet of flame The Iraqi tank crews tried firing back at the Abrams tanks when they could see them but they were out of range After five months of waiting in the desert Loader Sheehan Miles was prepping his tank when he was ordered into action We were supposed to cross the border at midnight And as I was prepping the tank and getting everything ready around 11 o'clock in the morning all of a sudden my platoon leader comes running back across the assembly area yelling, everybody get ready we're leaving now And on five minutes' notice we loaded everything up in the tank as quick as we could and got in and moved out So when it came time to fire it in combat of course the ammo door was clogged with sand And I couldn't open it And the breech was filled with sand And the main gun wouldn't fire And meanwhile, you know, we're People are shooting at us And nothing was working And after I hit the circuit breaker I'm halfway back into my position When the gunner fired And it went off that time And practically knocked me out of my seat Under cover of darkness The Abrams' superior gunnery range And night weapon systems Were decisive At Medina Ridge When we first came into contact The Red Platoon Had actually identified the targets And we were then given the OK to engage And we were told at that time That there was nothing in front of us But enemies So we pulled up online And started engaging targets Our weapon systems Can reach out and touch at a distance And our sights were much better Than the Soviet-made tanks And I wasn't scared at all Or threatened by any other vehicle On the battlefield I was just so intrigued, you know I was looking around This is the first time I've ever been away from home I was actually in combat I felt so distant During the Battle of Medina Ridge The Abrams' gun had proved superior To that of the T-72 It was like a turkey shoot And with their tanks being shot up The Iraqi resolve to fight began to fade By the end of the battle Only four Abrams' tanks Had taken direct hits But due to the durability of its armor All crews survived For the majority of the Abrams' crews Tank warfare was long-range and impersonal Loader Gene Benson, however Had a rare face-to-face encounter With an Iraqi soldier of the Republican Guard He was wounded So as we're coming up to him I got my .240 on him You know, if he had a weapon Or anything like that I would be ready And I was already locked and loaded And ready to go But he had his hand up And he was waving, like, help me I almost grabbed my camera And took a picture of him You know, as opposed to shooting him But then I said, hey, no, you know We were told this is degrading And I said, okay, well, we'll just pass by him Close encounters with the horror of war Had a profound effect On the 18-year-old loader Sheehan Miles We did have one incident Where some trucks came Brushing through our position In the middle of the night And, you know, we did what you do When unknown trucks come rushing Towards your position in the middle of the night We shot them And one of them was a fuel truck And it caught the other truck on fire And that was full of people And they all came out running And they were on fire And we machine-gunned them And killed them all You know, again, that was tough to live with For a long time I was angry Because the way we prosecuted That particular mission You know, sending a tank company Down this crowded road That was already covered in burning And destroyed equipment The helicopters had fired up Just didn't make sense to me But, you know, I wasn't an officer And I'm not the kind of person Who makes those calls The destructive power Of the battalions of tanks was overwhelming In just over two hours 186 Iraqi tanks And 127 armored vehicles The cream of Saddam's forces were destroyed The battle was a turning point The Iraqi army was in full-scale retreat Towards Basra President Bush Senior Declared a cease-fire At midnight on February 28th After 100 hours of the ground war General Schwarzkopf and the coalition forces Had won a stunning victory Kuwait was now free After the war It was estimated that the Iraqis Had lost 3,700 tanks Over 20,000 men were killed And tens of thousands wounded Miraculously, during the whole conflict Only 18 Abrams had been disabled And just four knocked out By Iraqi anti-tank fire Not a single member Of an Abrams tank crew Had been killed by enemy fire The combination of the supertank's Advanced technology And the superior training And discipline of the crews Had won the day Twelve years later Saddam Hussein and his sons Must leave Iraq within 48 hours March 20th, 2003 America is again at war with Iraq And once more The M1 Abrams will prove itself A formidable weapon Within 24 hours of the start Of Operation Iraqi Freedom The 3rd Infantry's 7th Cavalry is rolling Unopposed across the desert Their destination, Baghdad In the first three days They move with breathtaking speed Covering some 300 miles Even the brutal sandstorms Barely slow their progress Iraqi pickup trucks Mounted with primitive missiles And automatic rifles Charge the tanks Their attacks are mostly suicidal There will be no spectacular Tank-on-tank battles in this war But not all Abrams will escape unscathed And one Abrams driver is shot and killed And the tank he is operating Falls into a river His entire crew perishes with him After days of intense aerial bombardment The M1 Abrams rolls into Saddam International Airport Enters the grounds Of a presidential palace And then moves into The heart of the city This is psychological warfare The army calls it Thunder Run After only three weeks The war is declared over And the legacy of the M1 Abrams Is secure We all know that the M1's strengths Are its armor, its maneuverability You can fire offensively or defensively It was just awesome After all that happened I would say that the Abrams Survivability A, you know, A number one It kept my crew from getting killed