【黑科技】世界垂直起降戰鬥機回顧與展望

歷史上所有的直升降機 Avro Canada VZ-9 AvroCar 看起來像個飛蛾 Avro Canada VZ-9 AvroCar 是美國軍事祕密項目 早期冷戰期間開發的 它的扭軸形狀 使用渦輪引擎的排氣 駕駛一輛圓形渦輪 其中一名飛行員 試圖平衡在沙灘上 組合了一架飛機 一架飛機 和船的飛行員 並組合了飛機 以節省發展費 兩架扭軸引擎 在飛機的 兩邊下方 但缺電 阻礙了它的 直升降機 Bell X-14 根據Model 65的標準,Bell的X-14具有輪胎裝置的引擎 使用可移動的排氣管,而不是一個可調轉的設計 X-14最受歡迎的是給NASA提供了多年充滿資料的 VTOL系統 尼爾·阿姆斯特爾甚至飛過它來訓練月球運行員 Short SC-1 Short SC-1是英國第一極端的VTOL輪胎 並且是第一極端的VTOL輪胎 Short SC-1被測試了超過10年,在1971年退休 提供了許多資料,影響了後來的VTOL設計概念 Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig Rolls-Royce的Thrust Measuring Rig是一架1950年開發的VTOL輪胎 主要是測試輪胎引擎的扭動 並且研發了控制輪胎的技術 四個輪胎伸出輪胎 一個在雙側,一個在前面和後面 通過這些輪胎,壓制輪胎的扭動和扭動 因爲它缺乏任何輪胎或輪胎 它被命名爲Flying Bedstead Harrier Jump Jet 可能最有名的VTOL,Harrier Jump Jet 是由英國製造商Hawker Siddeley的一家航空戰機 後來被美國製造商McDonald Douglas購買 儘管1960年代有很多相似的設計試煉 Harrier是它時代唯一的運行航母 能夠實現VTOL的運行 Harrier有鼻子,翼端和尾端的空隙 可以用來引導輪胎的一些扭動 這讓飛行員可以移動飛行器 左,右,前,後 全都在抬高地面 Hawker Siddeley P1127和Kestrel Prior to the Harrier Hawker Siddeley developed the P1127 and Kestrel FGA-1 experiments Testing began in 1960 But due to an unacceptably small payload and low engine thrust the P1127 was not considered to be a serious strike aircraft Later improvements such as swept wings and more powerful engines led to the development of the Kestrel A coalition made up of military pilots from Britain, the United States and West Germany was commissioned to evaluate the craft which eventually became the prototype for pre-production Harriers Snecma Koliopter One of the stranger VTOL aircraft ever produced the Snecma Koliopter, or Beetle in French was a single-person aircraft with an annular or donut-shaped wing design surrounding a turbojet core Deflecting vanes in the engine exhaust controlled the craft during takeoff, hover and landing and four fins mounted just above the landing gear steered it while in horizontal flight Soon after its public introduction the Koliopter attained celebrity status when French bachelorettes famously donned papier-mâché Koliopter hats and the vehicle showed up on the pages of comic book magazine Tintin Desault Balzac V The Desault Balzac V got its name because its serial number happened to be the same as the telephone number of a well-known Parisian movie advertising agency It was built from a prototype Mirage III and had eight Rolls-Royce lift engines installed in pairs around the craft's center of gravity On its 125th flight in 1964 the Balzac crashed during a low-altitude hover killing pilot Jacques Pignet The aircraft was rebuilt but ultimately abandoned after a second fatal crash the following year Desault Mirage III V Another French aircraft based on the Mirage III the Desault Mirage III V had eight small vertical lift engines straddled to its main engine Its most notable achievement was its high speed And today, the Mirage III V holds the record as the fastest VTOL aircraft in history. Doña Do 31 The West German-built Doña Do 31 was the first and so far only vertical takeoff jet transport ever built. The program's chief test pilot, Drury Wood, was a former U.S. Marine and called the Do 31's 10-engine design an honest, straightforward, conventional configuration with no bad habits. After the program was cancelled due to lack of funding, Wood said This is or was the only vertical takeoff and landing jet transport in the world that would fly backwards, sideways, take off, and land in its own shadow. And I am the only pilot in the world who ever did that. Another German VTOL experiment was the EWR VJ-101, the first VTOL aircraft to break the sound barrier. It was a tilt-jet aircraft that had rotating engines in nacelles at each wingtip that could swivel from horizontal to vertical orientations. It also had two additional lift jets installed in the fuselage to provide extra power during takeoff. The Lockheed XV-4 Hummingbird was the first VTOL prototype for a surveillance aircraft, carrying target acquisition and sensory equipment. It was designed and built in the 1960s, but after several tests, both prototypes were destroyed in accidents. Commissioned by the U.S. Army around the same time as the Hummingbird, the Ryan XV-5 Vertifan was a jet-powered vertical and short takeoff and landing experimental aircraft that was proposed as a surveillance and rescue aircraft. It could winch a person into a compartment behind the pilots, but during a trial of its rescue capabilities, the prototype ingested a test dummy into one of the wing fans and was damaged extensively. Another one-man VTOL, the Williams X-Jet, nicknamed the Flying Pulpit, had a very compact and lightweight design. Essentially a jet-powered flying platform, it weighed 400 pounds and could fly for 45 minutes at a top speed of 60 miles per hour, or about as fast as a gazelle. It could move in any direction, accelerate rapidly, hover, and rotate on its axis. Bell Aerosystems Lunar Lander Research Vehicle The Bell Aerosystems Lunar Lander Research Vehicle was an Apollo-era program intended as a simulator for the moon landings. It was used to study and analyze the various piloting techniques needed to fly and land the Apollo lunar module in the moon's airless environment. Built of aluminum alloy trusses and shaped like a giant four-legged bedstead, the LLRV had a turbofan engine mounted vertically in a gimbal. The engine got the vehicle up to a test altitude and was then throttled back to support five-sixths of the vehicle's weight, simulating the reduced gravity of the moon. NASA's chief astronaut Donald Slayton said there was no other way to simulate a moon landing except by flying at the LLRV. Ryan X-13 VertiJet Between 1955 and 1958, the U.S. Air Force tested two Ryan X-13 VertiJet vertical Takeoff Fighter demonstrators. The VertiJet's lightweight design took off and landed in a vertical orientation from a mobile launch and recovery platform, eliminating the excess weight of landing gear. While the VertiJet was an improvement over other so-called tailsitters, it has since been regarded as a technological dead end for VTOL aircraft. VFW VAK-191B The VFW VAK-191B was a German VTOL nuclear strike fighter of the early 1970s. It had many similarities to the British Harrier, as both were built around a vector thrust engine with four rotating nozzles. The VAK-191B had noticeably smaller wings, however, with a wingspan of only about 20 feet, or one and a half Volkswagen Beetles. The Yakovlev family of aircraft was the Soviet Union's answer to Western-built VTOLs. The Yakovlev Yak-36 was a twin-jet engine demonstrator aircraft with a large intake at the nose and swiveling exhaust nozzles, and it made its first untethered vertical flight in 1963. The Yakovlev Yak-38, having almost nothing in common with the Yak-36, was Soviet naval aviation's only operational VTOL strike fighter aircraft. It was also its first operational carrier-based fixed-wing aircraft. It was produced from 1971 to 1981, and could fly at a maximum speed of 795 miles per hour, or four times the top speed of a Porsche 911. The Soviet supersonic VTOL aircraft, the Yakovlev Yak-141, has a single vectoring nozzle located just behind the center of gravity, as well as dedicated vertical thrust jets positioned just behind the cockpit. In 1991, funding for the Yak-141 dried up, and U.S. manufacturer Lockheed agreed to help fund the program, but it was eventually cancelled. Boeing X-32 The Boeing X-32 was a concept aircraft designed as part of the Joint Strike Fighter Contest in 1994. The contest's goal was to develop a low-cost multirole aircraft capable of direct lift propulsion for short takeoff and vertical landing, hover and transition between vertical and conventional flight, and the capability to approach a carrier at low speeds. The X-32 squared off against Lockheed Martin's X-35 demonstrator in a fly-off competition, but the X-35 ultimately prevailed, dealing a major blow to Boeing. Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Formerly the X-35, the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II is a family of single-seat, single-engine, all-weather stealth fighters undergoing final development and testing by the United States. Only one of the three main F-35 variants, the F-35B, is capable of short takeoff and vertical landing. The F-35 is the most expensive military weapons system in history, with an estimated lifetime price tag of $1 trillion, or the construction cost of 263 Freedom Towers. After years of setback and delay, the F-35B Lightning II reached initial operational capability on July 31, 2015.