The Hidden History of the Arch of Gallienus in Rome

The Arch of Gallienus stands on the site of the ancient Porta Esquilina, one of the 16 main gates of Rome's Serbian Wall, constructed in the 4th century BCE. This gate was an essential entry point into the city, connecting to important roads like Via Labiscana and the Via Tiburtina. For centuries, it served as a major entrance, used by merchants, soldiers, travelers that were arriving from the east. In the 1st century BCE, Emperor Augustus rebuilt and reinforced the gate, enhancing its significance. The Esquiline Gate held considerable historical value. It was frequently mentioned by Roman poets such as Livy and Ovid, who notes its role in Rome's daily life. Victorious armies marched through it after significant battles, returning to the city in triumph. It also led to the execution grounds on the Esquiline Hill, where criminals and enemies of the state were put to death. Moreover, the gate was a military focal point, often targeted by invading forces. By the 3rd century CE, the empire was besieged by foreign invaders and plagued by internal political struggles. In 262 CE, Marcus Aurelius Victor dedicated the gate to Emperor Gallienus and his wife, Sauronina. The surviving inscription reads, To Gallienus, the most clement Principe, whose unconquered virtues is only outdone by his pietas, and to Sauronina, most holy Augusta, Aurelius Victor, the excellent man, dedicated this, in complete devotion to their numina and majesty. A large blank space above the inscription indicates that a portion of the text, likely mentioning Gallienus' father, Emperor Valerian, was lost. Holes for the metal fixing used to attach to marble slabs are still visible. The arch, made of Travertine stone and standing at 8.8 meters tall, is simple compared to other Roman triumphal arches. It features a single archway, framed by Corinthian pilasters and basic moulding, indicating that it was a symbolic dedication rather than a grand military monument. The arch was originally part of a larger structure. There were similar arches besides the Esquiline Gate, likely for pedestrian traffic if these were demolished during the Renaissance. Their marble was repurposed for church and palace decorations. In the Middle Ages, the arch symbolized Rome's power. After the city of Viterbo submitted to Rome, two keys from Viterbo were hung on the arch, as a reminder of his defeat. These remained in place until 1825. Despite its modest appearance, today the Arch of Gallienus remains one of the few surviving gateways of the ancient Rome. It represents a tumultuous period in Roman history and serves as a reminder of Gallienus' effort to stabilize the empire during his reign. He was ultimately assassinated by his own officers in 268 CE. For more videos like this, like, subscribe and share. Thank you.