【70集】世界历史40小时大合集-中英cc外挂字幕-Epic History P62 - 拿破仑的元帅们

War's terror peace's ornament Terror in war ornament in peace The words inscribed on every French Marshal's bato In France the title of Marshal or Marechal dates back at least to the 13th century It represents the highest possible position of military authority Authority symbolized by a Marshal's baton The title was abolished during the French Revolution as incompatible with the egalitarian spirit of the age But in 1804 Napoleon founded a new empire and restored the ancient rank That year he selected 18 of France's finest generals and made them Marshals of the Empire Eight more were created in the years that followed The Marshals outranked everyone in the new empire except for Napoleon's family princes and state ministers They came from every background sons of aristocrats and innkeepers Professional soldiers and those who learned on the job Old school republicans and Bonaparte loyalists The youngest half the age of the oldes And though Marshal was a civil title not strictly a military rank the men known to the army as the Big Hats They were arguably the most extraordinary diverse brilliant and flawed group of military commanders in history The most favored were showered with titles and wealth But the price was also high Half were wounded three were killed or died of their wounds Two were executed This is Epic History TV's guide to Napoleon's Marshals All 26 have been ranked according to our own evaluation of their achievements as Marshals With expert guidance from retired Lieutenant-Colonel Rémy Porte former Chief Historian of the French Army More than 2 000 French generals served in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars Many were brilliant leaders A few probably deserved to be Marshals more than some who were Any selection can only be difficult and highly subjective But here's our pick of 12 of the bes Bertrand Napoleon's faithful aide-de-camp who commanded the IV Corps at the Battle of Leipzig Closel a veteran commander of the war in Spa Dessay Napoleon's close friend killed at Marengo at the age of 31 Prince Eugène Napoleon's adopted son a hero of the Russian retreat Gérard one of Napoleon's best corps commanders by 1814 was made a Marshal by King Louis-Philippe in 1830 Goudin whose infantry division bore the brunt of the fighting at Auerstedt in 1806 died of wounds near Smolensk in 1812 Juneau who first served with Napoleon at Toulon in 1793 likely took his own life after losing favor in 1813 Lassalle the Hussar general one of the finest light cavalry commanders of the Napoleonic Wars was killed at Wagram at the age of 34 Maison who told his division on the morning of Leipzig that they must win that day or all be killed was made a Marshal by King Charles X in 1829 Nansouty the heavy cavalry commander who died of wounds and exhaustion at the age of 46 Saint-Hilaire hero of Austerlitz died of wounds sustained at Aspern in 1809 Van Damme whom Napoleon once said if I had to invade hell I'd want him commanding the vanguard And now Napoleon's 26 Marshals ranked in order of mer 26 Marshal Perigno When Napoleon created the first 18 Marshals four were honorary Marshals recognized for their past service to France Perignon was one of these A former officer in the Royal Army he had gained fame during the Revolutionary Wars fighting the Spanish on the Pyrenees front He later served as ambassador to Spain After a brief retirement he was sent to Italy and commanded the French left wing at the disastrous Battle of Novi Where the army was defeated by Suvorov's Russians and Perignon was seriously wounded and captured His appointment as Honorary Marshal in 1804 was a political move by Napoleon to gain acceptance for his new empire By emphasizing continuity with the Revolution by rewarding its military heroes Perignon never held active command as a Marshal but served as Governor of Parma and later Naples His eldest son Pierre was a cavalry officer who was killed at Friedland in 1807 Perignon retired in 1813 but refused to support Napoleon when he returned from exile in 1815 and was stripped of his Marshal's baton His rank was later restored by King Louis XVIII 25 Marshal Brune Brune was another Marshal whose appointment owed much to politics As a fiery Republican and former close ally of revolutionary leader Georges Danton his support was politically useful for Napoleon Brune joined the army during the Terror the most extreme period of the Revolution His political connections ensured rapid promotion and he was sent to help suppress a counter-revolutionary revolt in Bordeaux In 1795 as a 30-year-old Brigadier General helped Napoleon disperse a Royalist mob in Paris with the famous whiff of grapeshot Brune then served with Napoleon in Italy fighting in several of his famous early victories He won a reputation as a fierce divisional commander and enthusiastic plunderer of Italian towns and churches In 1798 he commanded the French occupation of Switzerland While extorting 200 000 francs from the wealthy Swiss communes – the equivalent of several million dollars today It was said that Brune's personal carriage was so full of gold when it left Switzerland that it immediately broke down The next year he achieved his most important victory while commanding French forces in Holland by defeating an Anglo-Russian army at the Battle of Castricum and saving France from invasion But a brief disastrous campaign commanding the army of Italy convinced Napoleon that Brune was unfit for high command Instead he sent him to be ambassador to the Ottoman Empire where in 1804 he learned that he had been made a Marshal But Brune's lack of delicacy combined with a towering sense of self-importance did not make him a successful diplomat He was recalled to France but as Governor of the Hanseatic Ports he again made a mistake drafting a treaty with Sweden that failed to mention the French Emperor Whether a deliberate insult or an act of incompetence Napoleon was furious and Brune was fired Brune spent the next seven years at his country estate He bitterly opposed the return of the Bourbon monarchy in 1814 and rallied to Napoleon when he returned from exile the following year But in the turmoil following Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo Brune was cornered by a Royalist mob in Avignon murdered and thrown into the River Rhône 24 Marshal Sérurier Sérurier was one of the four Honorary Marshals that Napoleon wished to recognize for past service In contrast to Brune Sérurier was a professional soldier of the old school a veteran of the Seven Years' War and a stern disciplinarian This background was not necessarily an asset during the French Revolution when any officer who had served in the Royal Army was viewed with suspicion But Colonel Sérurier's training and diligence soon became recognized assets to the new French Republic By 1795 he was a general serving with Napoleon in Italy where his stand against corruption and looting earned him the nickname "the Virgin of Italy " Sérurier was a reliable if unremarkable commander who achieved an important victory at Mondauvy at a crucial moment in Napoleon's rise to fame The following year he accepted the Austrian surrender at the end of the long siege of Mantua Two years later fighting under General Moreau's command Sérurier and his division were cut off by the Russians and forced to surrender Released on parole he was back in Paris in time to support Napoleon's coup d'état on 18 Brumaire Sérurier then retired from active command But Napoleon remembering his past service made him an Honorary Marshal and Governor of Les Invalides the retirement home and hospital for old soldiers There shortly before the fall of Paris in 1814 Sérurier oversaw the burning of more than a thousand captured flags and standards to prevent them from falling into Allied hands 23 Marshal Kellerma Kellerman was another Honorary Marshal the oldest at 68 and renowned throughout France as the savior of the Revolution A career soldier from a middle-class background he had served with distinction as a cavalry officer during the Seven Years' War At the beginning of the Revolutionary Wars he was a general commanding a frontier army during the greatest crisis when it seemed foreign invasion was about to extinguish the Revolution and restore the Ancien Régime But at Valmy in September 1792 Kellerman's Army of the Centre held its ground And with a ferocious artillery barrage they persuaded the Prussian army to withdraw Valmy was not a stunning tactical victory but it was a turning point in history that saved the infant French Republic When the Revolution took a more radical turn even a war hero like Kellerman became suspected of Royalist ties and spent a year in prison under the threat of the guillotine Acquitted and restored to command he was poised to launch a new offensive in Italy when he was sidelined first by General Schreyer then in favor of a rising new talent General Bonaparte Kellerman later specialized in army administration and training a role he continued to perform under Napoleon while also entering politics and serving as President of the Senate His son General François-Étienne Kellerman followed in his father's footsteps serving as one of Napoleon's best cavalry commanders 22 Marshal Grouchy When Napoleon returned from his first exile in 1815 he created one last marshal for the upcoming campaign - Emmanuel de Grouchy Although now infamous for failing to come to Napoleon's aid during the Battle of Waterloo up to that point Grouchy had a long and distinguished military career An aristocrat who embraced the French Revolution Grouchy served with distinction throughout the Revolutionary Wars fighting counter-revolutionaries in the Vendée and serving in Italy where he was wounded and captured at the Battle of Novi Under the Empire Grouchy distinguished himself as the commander of a dragoon division in Marshal Murat's cavalry reserve He was praised by the Emperor for his role in the Great French Charge at Eylau played a key part in buying time for Napoleon at Friedland and expertly covered the French right wing at Wagram For the invasion of Russia he commanded the Third Cavalry Corps and was wounded at Borodino He survived the horrors of the retreat but was so exhausted that it took him several months to recover He returned for Napoleon's 1814 campaign in France and was wounded twice more Grouchy was made a marshal at the start of the Hundred Days Campaign and commanded Napoleon's right wing at Ligny After winning the battle he was ordered to pursue the retreating Prussians to prevent them from joining Wellington's Anglo-Allied army Two days later as the Battle of Waterloo raged 10 miles to the west Grouchy made the fateful decision to follow his written orders rather than march to join Napoleon and has been widely blamed for the French Emperor's defeat ever since Grouchy's criticism is not entirely fair not least because Napoleon rarely encouraged his marshals to take initiative and often flew into rages if they deviated from his written orders Nor should one mistake obscure the distinguished record of one of the Grande Armée's finest cavalry generals Grouchy fled to America after Napoleon's defeat to escape Royalist reprisals but was pardoned and returned to France in 1820 21 Marshal Moncey Moncey ran away from home at the age of 15 to join the army After 20 years of uneventful service he had risen no higher than the rank of captain But then came the French Revolution Most French officers were aristocrats who although they did not actively oppose the revolution were still considered politically suspect The result was that three-quarters of them either fled the country or were dismissed from the army Moncey a middle-class officer with no strong political views reaped the benefit with meteoric promotion By 1794 General Moncey was leading the army of the Western Pyrenees to victory over the Spanish on what was admittedly a relatively minor front of the Revolutionary Wars In 1797 he was dismissed for alleged Royalist sympathies but was reinstated in time to support Napoleon's coup of 18 Brumaire By his own admission Moncey was a sensitive officer—honest honorable but lacking a ruthless streak or iron will to succeed Napoleon was aware of his limitations as a general but made him a Marshal in 1804 as part of his emphasis on continuity between the Republic and his new empire Moncey was appointed Inspector General of the Gendarmerie France's militarized police force and spent most of the rest of his career commanding reserve troops He only held a field command again In light of his successful record against the Spanish he was given command of a corps for the 1808 invasion of Spain operating in the south of the country with mixed results In 1809 he was replaced by General Junot and returned to France Moncey's finest hour came in the dying days of the Empire leading the National Guard of Paris in a courageous but doomed defense of the French capital In 1815 the restored King of France Louis XVIII ordered Marshal Moncey to preside over the Trial of Marshal Ney for treason Moncey regarded Ney as a hero for having saved so many French lives in Russia and refused to comply If I am not allowed to save my country or my own life then at least I will save my honor After a brief stint in prison Moncey was allowed to resume his military career becoming Governor of Les Invalides In which role he presided over the repatriation of Napoleon's remains from St Helena in 1840 At the end of the ceremony the 86-year-old Marshal Moncey announced And now let us go home to die 20 Marshal Poniatows Prince Joseph Poniatowski was the nephew of the King of Poland but his military career began as a cavalry officer in the Austrian army even serving as aide-de-camp to Emperor Joseph II himself In 1789 he transferred to the Polish army with the rank of Major General but could not save Poland from partition by its rapacious neighbors Russia Prussia and Austria By 1795 Poland had disappeared from the map swallowed up by its rivals After Napoleon's defeat of Prussia in 1806 Poniatowski decided that loyal service to the French Emperor was the best way to achieve Poland's restoration although he never fully trusted Napoleon's aims Sombre serious and brave Poniatowski proved to be an effective commander of the Duchy of Warsaw forces in Napoleon's service When war broke out with Austria in 1809 while Napoleon advanced on Vienna Poniatowski waged a brilliant supporting campaign against a larger Austrian army in Galicia For the invasion of Russia he commanded the Polish Fifth Corps He and his troops distinguished themselves first at Smolensk and again at Borodino leading the attack on the right wing Poniatowski and his corps performed heroically throughout the campaign motivated in part by their old animosity towards Russia But by the end of the retreat the Fifth Corps had been virtually destroyed Poniatowski remained loyal to Napoleon even though the disaster in Russia paved the way for the Russian re-occupation of Poland He rejoined Napoleon in Germany in 1813 and was given command of the Polish Eighth Corps On the eve of the Battle of Leipzig he was made a Marshal by Napoleon In recognition of his service and to inspire his Polish troops Poniatowski was the only non-Frenchman to receive this honour He and his troops fought with their usual tenacity and skill at Leipzig holding key villages on the southern front against the Austrian and Prussian onslaught At the end of the battle Poniatowski commanded part of the rearguard But their only escape route a bridge over the Elster River was blown up too soon Badly wounded Poniatowski tried to escape by riding his horse across the river but he was swept from his saddle and drowned He had been a Marshal for just four days In the short term Poniatowski's loyalty to France achieved nothing as following Napoleon's defeat Russia occupied Poland for the next century But Poniatowski's legend lived on - a model of Polish patriotism that inspired future generations 19 Marshal Jourda As a young French private Jourdan saw combat in Georgia during the American Revolutionary War But he then caught a fever that led to his discharge and plagued him for the rest of his life When the French Revolution began he was elected captain of his local National Guard unit Fought in the battles of Gemap and Honschauter and was quickly promoted to general In 1794 he made his name by defeating coalition forces at the Battle of Fleurus This was a crucial victory of the Revolutionary War which handed France control of Belgium for 20 years It was also notable for the French army's use of balloon reconnaissance The first effective use of an aircraft in military history Jourdan became a prominent politician under the Directory lending his name to a law that formalised France's policy of mass conscription As a committed Republican Jourdan refused to support Napoleon's coup on 18 Brumaire But his fame as the victor of Fleurus was enough to ensure he became a Marshal in 1804 Jourdan was on good terms with Napoleon's elder brother Joseph When Joseph became King of Spain in 1808 Jourdan went with him as his military advisor But the situation in Spain would prove beyond Jourdan's military skills to solve He faced stubborn resistance from the Spanish and Portuguese supported by the British and an equally stubborn refusal to cooperate from other French Marshals in Spain who were theoretically under Jourdan's command but repeatedly ignored his orders and openly questioned his competence Marshal Soult in Andalusia was a major culprit while Marshal Victor's disobedience at the Battle of Talavera directly contributed to the French defeat Struck by another bout of ill health Jourdan went home to recover Two years later he returned to Spain but at the Battle of Vitoria in 1813 He and King Joseph were outmaneuvered and decisively beaten by Wellington leading to the collapse of the Bonapartist Kingdom of Spain Jourdan never held a major command again but his 20 years of service and evident patriotism were widely recognized and respected He was made a peer by Napoleon a count by Louis XVIII and died in 1833 while serving as governor of Les Invalides Perignon Brune Sérurier Kellerman Grouchy Moncey Poniatowski Jourdan Eight down eighteen to go Join us for part two when we'll continue the countdown Coming soon Thank you to Call of War for sponsoring this video Click the link in the video description for your starter pack Then dive into the action with this free-to-play epic strategy game You'll face up to a hundred real players per map in a historically accurate setup Then it's up to you to dictate strategy set research priorities and launch your own offensives as you rewrite the history of World War Two Thank you to all our Patreon supporters for making Epic History TV possible Visit our Patreon page to find out how you can support the channel Get ad-free early access and help choose future 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