【70集】世界历史40小时大合集-中英cc外挂字幕-Epic History P67 - 拿破仑的元帅苏歇、内伊、苏尔特。

Explore Eastern and Western Philosophy to Understand the Mysteries of the Universe Terror Belli Decus Pagis Terror in War Ornament in Peace The words engraved on every French Marshal's Bato In France the title of Marshal or Maréchal dates back at least to the 13th century It represents the highest possible position of military authority Authority symbolized by a Marshal's Baton The title was abolished during the French Revolution as incompatible with the egalitarian spirit of the age But in 1804 Napoleon established a new empire and revived the ancient rank This is Epic History TV's guide to Napoleon's Marshals All 26 have been ranked according to our own evaluation of their achievements as Marshals With expert guidance from Lieutenant-Colonel Rémy Porte former Chief Historian of the French Army So far we've met Marshals Pérignon Brune Sérurier Kellerman Grouchy Moncey Poniatowski Jourdan and Bernadotte Generals Augereau Leferbe Mortier Marmont Saint-Cyr Oudinot Victor Murat Bessières Macdonald Masséna 6 Marshal Suche Louis-Gabriel Suchet was born in Lyon the son of a prosperous silk merchant Plans to join the family business were derailed by the French Revolution Suchet an ardent Republican joined the cavalry of the Lyon National Guard In 1793 he was elected to lead a volunteer battalion And at the Siege of Toulon he distinguished himself by helping to capture the British commander General O'Hara He also made friends with a young Major Bonaparte Suchet went on to serve under Napoleon in his first brilliant campaign in Italy fighting at Lodi Castiglione and Bassano Transferred to Masséna's divisio He led his battalion with distinction at Arcole and Rivoli was wounded twice and promoted Colonel It was in Italy that Suchet learned the most valuable lesson of his career For troops to be effective they must be properly paid clothed and fed - something the French Republic consistently failed to achieve Despite proving himself to be an excellent organizer and reliable in battle Suchet never quite made it into General Bonaparte's inner circle He went on to serve as a highly effective Chief of Staff to General Brune and then to Masséna in Switzerland and was with Joubert in Italy Who died in his arms at the Battle of Novi Suchet was promoted to General of Division and in 1800 he was given command of the left wing of the Army of Italy With Masséna besieged by the Austrians in Genoa the defense of southern France fell on his shoulders In a brilliant independent campaign held the Austrians near Nice Then chased them back into Italy taking 15 000 prisoners Despite this impressive record Suchet was not on the list of Marshals created by Napoleon in 1804 Worse in 1805 he was effectively demoted Being given command of a division in Marshal Lannes' Fifth Corps Nevertheless it was a role he performed with great skill His division distinguished itself at Ulm and Austerlitz And the next year led the attack in Napoleon's crushing victory over the Prussians at Jena The next year in Poland his division saw hard fighting at Ultausk but was then held back to defend Warsaw and missed the great battles of Eylau and Friedland Napoleon showered General Suchet with rewards - money titles but still no marshal's battle In 1808 Suchet's division was sent to Spain where he would spend the next six years His first role was to support the siege of Talargossa Then on Marshal Lannes' recommendation Napoleon gave him command of the Third Corps and made him governor of Aragon Suchet found his troops to be poorly supplied ill-disciplined and low in morale Their first battle together against General Blake's Spanish army The battle ended in a humiliating defeat at Alcañiz Suchet found the drummer who had started the panic and had him shot in front of the entire corps He then reorganized his troops and restored discipline and pride With two quick victories over the Spanish He also faced a guerrilla war in Aragon a popular insurgency driven by hatred of the French invader Suchet drew on his French experience of fighting counter-revolutionary insurgents in the Vendée and realized that only by winning over the civilian population could he make progress He made it his first priority to ensure his own men were properly paid and fed - something almost unheard of for French troops in Spain He enforced discipline and made sure that requisitioned supplies were paid for He told his troops I will look after your well-being and by your discipline you will give security to the inhabitants You will care for the government of King Joseph through your conduct He told the Spanish people "My troops will not impede your harvests nor overcrowd your cities They will live in the countryside ready to protect you " Religion and the clergy will be respected Crucially Suchet also promised protection from the many Spanish guerrilla bands who behaved no better than bandits His practical and humane approach won respect and brought results The guerrillas could never be completely defeated but Suchet made Aragon the safest and best-run region in occupied Spain He extended French control of eastern Spain with a series of successful sieges at Lérida Mequinenza and Tortosa In June 1811 he captured Tarajona For this victory Napoleon finally awarded him his Marshal's Baton – the only one earned in Spain Then he moved south He defeated a larger Spanish force at Sahuntum Then captured the great city of Valencia along with 18 000 prisoners and nearly 500 guns Napoleon rewarded Suchet with the title Duke of Albufera But the overall situation in Spain was deteriorating steadily The partisans became better organised and supplied The British navy was able to land troops on the coast for diversionary attacks while Napoleon withdrew more and more units for his own campaigns in Russia and Germany After King Joseph and Jourdan were defeated at Vitoria Suchet had no option but to pull back towards the French frontier leaving behind several well-supplied garrisons On Napoleon's abdication Suchet remained undefeated Still holding the French frontier When Napoleon returned from exile Suchet went to meet him in Paris It was the first time they had met in person in eight years "Marshal Suchet you have grown greatly since we last saw one another " the Emperor told him He entrusted Suchet with command of French forces in the south - an important independent command for which few men were better suited Suchet dutifully kept France's enemies at bay until news arrived of Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo Following the Second Bourbon Restoration Suchet was dismissed and retired to his country estate where he died in 1826 He was still held in such esteem in Aragon at a mass was held to pray for his soul in the Cathedral of Zaragoza Suchet was a brilliant commander widely regarded as the best administrator in Napoleon's army He was also one of the few who thrived with the responsibility of independent command He never had the opportunity to prove himself on the war's decisive battlegrounds But when Napoleon in exile on Saint Helena was asked to name his best general he replied That is hard to say but it seems to me that it is Suchet 5 Marshal Ney Michel Ney was the son of a cooper from Lorraine a German-speaking region of France on the eastern frontier His father wanted him to become a clerk But the young Ney impetuous and headstrong joined a Hussar regiment instead He soon distinguished himself as a fine horseman and fencer and was a senior sergeant by the time of the French Revolution When war broke out Ney was made an officer and became an aide-de-camp to General Lamarche His reports describe Ney as active brave and a skilled tactician Ney served in the Netherlands and along the Rhine fighting at Valmy Germantown and near Vindon He was seriously wounded once and captured once Fellow officers nicknamed Ney the Indefatigable His men preferred Le Rougeau the ruddy or red-faced The 30-year-old Ney was now a proven brigade commander Despite refusing promotion more than once regarding himself as unqualified In 1799 following glowing reports from General Bernadotte he finally accepted the rank of General of Division In 1800 Ney and his division played a major role in General Moreau's great victory over the Austrians at Hohenlinden This brought him to the attention of France's new First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte with whom he'd still never served When they met in Paris they warned each other Napoleon entrusted Ney with the delicate task of imposing his Act of Mediation on Switzerland which he carried out with swift efficiency In the same year Ney married Aglée Louise Auguier a friend of Josephine's daughter Hortense now Napoleon's stepdaughter bringing him closer to France's future imperial family In 1804 Napoleon proclaimed a new empire and Ney was made a Marshal The next year he was leading the Sixth Corps into war against Austria He was accompanied by Colonel Henri Jaumini a Swiss officer and military theorist Ney had quickly recognized his talent giving him a job as his aide-de-camp and helping to publish his work Jaumini would gain fame as one of the great military thinkers of the 19th century and served Ney well as his Chief of Staff on several campaigns During the advance against the Austrians Jaumini urged Ney to disregard orders from Marshal Murat that would have let the enemy escape Their decision was vindicated when the Sixth Corps won a brilliant action at Elchen which closed the trap on General Mack's forces at Ulm Ney's corps missed the Battle of Austerlitz but was in action against the Prussians the following year There had already been signs that Ney's aggressive instinct which made him a brilliant tactical leader could also get him into trouble At the Battle of Jena Ney ignored his orders and charged straight at the Prussian lines becoming cut off His troops had to be rescued by Marshal Lannes' corps A furious Napoleon remarked "Ney knows less about soldiering than the last joined drummer boy " Ney was again criticized by Napoleon three months later when his foraging raids into East Prussia seemed to provoke a Russian offensive The winter maneuvers culminated in the horrific Battle of Eylau which Ney's corps reached only as darkness fell That summer Bennigsen's Russian army launched a surprise attack hoping to encircle and destroy Ney's Sixth Corps near Guttstadt Yes outnumbered four to one they executed a brilliant fighting retreat and escaped the trap A week later Napoleon caught Bennigsen 's army at Friedland Ney led a crucial attack on the enemy That man is a lion said Napoleon watching his advance The Sixth Corps' attack shattered the Russian left leading to one of Napoleon's most decisive victories For all his flaws Ney had proven himself one of Napoleon's finest tactical commanders and was rewarded with the title Duke of Alchingen In 1808 Ney commanded a corps during the invasion of Spain He spent more than two years in the Iberian Peninsula And like most of Napoleon's marshals found it a bitter and frustrating experience In 1810 he joined Marshal Masséna for the invasion of Portugal But deeply resented being placed under his command He criticised every decision helping to create a poisonous atmosphere at French headquarters The French advance on Lisbon came to a halt at the lines of Torres Vedras During the subsequent retreat Ney once again demonstrated his brilliant tactical skills fighting a series of rearguard actions that kept Wellington's troops at bay But Ney's fury at what he considered Masséna's disastrous leadership boiled over into open insubordination He was relieved of command and returned to France But he did not remain in disgrace for long Napoleon knew Ney's worth in battle and that the army adored him He was needed in Russia and was recalled in 1812 with command of the Third Corps As the Grande Armée advanced deeper into Russia Ney was always near the action leading attacks at Krasny and at Smolensk where he was wounded in the neck Amid the slaughter at Borodino Ney led his corps in attack after attack against the Russian earthworks When they were finally taken and he was told that Napoleon would not send in his reserves to follow up their hard-won gains he exploded with anger What business does the Emperor have at the rear of the army Since he will no longer fight himself let him return to the Tuileries and leave us to be his generals It was typical of Ney's lack of restraint But his blind faith in the Emperor did not survive Russia Henceforth he'd fight only for France It was during the retreat from Moscow that Ney ensured his place among the legends of military history Just two weeks into the retreat the Russians routed Davout's rearguard at Vyazma and Ney and Third Corps took over Ney was not only an instinctive tactician and apparently immune to fear or fatigue He could inspire or bully other men into superhuman feats of bravery and endurance A French officer later recalled I can still see him at the spot where the fighting was hottest Speaking to the men indicating to the generals what positions they should take up animating all hearts with the confidence that flashed from his glances He had an effect on me that I can't even begin to describe At Krasny when the rearguard became cut off from the rest of the army Ney angrily rejected Cole's offer to surrender And led his men in an astonishing forced march across enemy territory crossing the frozen Dnieper River at night personally pulling men from the river when they fell through the ice Surrounded by Cossacks and down to 800 fighting men they formed a square and kept moving Ney was more than a hero to the army he was its lucky charm News of his escape caused rejoicing throughout the army Napoleon himself remarked What a soldier The army is full of brave men but Michel Ney is truly the bravest of the brave Ney led the rearguard for the rest of the retreat And according to legend he was the last man to cross the Niemen River into Poland His leadership helped many thousands of soldiers to make it back alive Ney was awarded the title Prince of the Moskva and continued to serve throughout 1813 though his relations with the Emperor and Marshal Berthier in particular were increasingly strained At Lützen Ney was moved by the conduct of his young conscripts who bore the brunt of Blücher's surprise attack But fought back bravely helping to secure victory Napoleon then placed Ney in command of three army corps consisting of 84 000 men But the plan for him to attack the enemy's flank at Bautzen failed Poorly written orders caused delays allowing the Coalition army to escape Ney fought in the Emperor's great victory at Dresden but ten days later at Denevitz his limitations as an army commander were horribly exposed He threw himself into an attack and lost control of the battle and was badly beaten by Bernadotte's Army of the North Ney was devastated by his defeat but Napoleon kept him in command of his northern wing At the gigantic four-day Battle of Leipzig he commanded the northern sector holding the line until a shoulder wound on the last day forced his return to France He rejoined the army in 1814 and fought in the defense of France commanding the Young Guard and personally leading a bayonet charge At the Battle of Montmirail In April Ney as outspoken as ever was among the first to confront Napoleon with the reality of his position and force his abdication Ney was celebrated by the restored Bourbon monarchy as France's greatest soldier but he could not hide his contempt for the returning aristocrats who treated his family with disdain When the king's niece made his wife cry Ney confronted her shouting I and others were fighting for France while you sat sipping tea in English gardens In February 1815 Napoleon escaped from exile on Elba and landed in France Ney was horrified by the prospect of civil war And promised the King that he would bring Napoleon back to Paris in an iron cage But he soon saw that the army was flocking to Napoleon's banner When Napoleon appealed to him directly as the hero of Borodino Ney made the fateful decision to join the Emperor once more When Napoleon advanced into the Netherlands in June to confront Wellington and Blücher's armies Ney commanded his left wing But he made a series of mistakes Against Wellington's troops at Quatre-Bras he was too cautious when held the advantage Two days later at Waterloo Napoleon left much of the tactical handling of the battle to Marshal Ney It was a mistake On his own initiative Ney launched a series of mass cavalry attacks too early and failed to launch any coordinated attacks on Wellington's position until late in the day He had four horses killed under him and personally led the last doomed attack by the Imperial Guard Ney's courage that day was awe-inspiring But his decisions helped cause the French defeat In the aftermath Ney spurned several chances to flee France and was arrested for treason by the restored monarchy A military court refused to pass a sentence so his case went to the Chamber of Peers With the King's allies demanding that an example be made of Ney The outcome of his trial was never in doubt Five of Ney's fellow Marshals were among a large majority who voted for the death penalty On December 7th 1815 he was marched into the Luxembourg Gardens in Paris Soldiers when I give the order to fire aim for the heart he told the firing squad Wait for the order it will be my last to you I protest against my condemnation I have fought a hundred battles for France and not one against her Marshal Ney was among the most inspirational battlefield commanders in history A born soldier and brilliant tactician unless his fiery temperament got the better of him He lacked the confidence for high command but under the Emperor's supervision he proved one of the Grande Armée's greatest combat leaders 4 Marshal Soul Jean de Dieu Soult was from a small town in southern France and enlisted in the Régiment Royal at the age of 16 He became a tough and capable sergeant and during the buildup of the Revolutionary Wars he joined a new battalion of volunteers as their drill instructor Soults self-confidence and demeanor soon earned him an officer's commission The unit went into action against the Prussians in 1793 In a brutal baptism of fire half the battalion became casualties though Soult's own conduct was praised After a spell on the staff of General Osch he joined General Lefebvre's crack vanguard division Soult learned much from Lefebvre a future fellow-marshal Serving first as his chief of staff and later as his best brigade commander Soult's rise from sergeant to brigadier-general took less than three years In the process he won a reputation as an organized and decisive commander and a brilliant tactician He also began a bitter long-lasting feud with another rising star General Michel Ney In 1799 Soult established himself as one of France's best divisional commanders fighting under Masséna's command at the Battle of Zurich He was then put in charge of three divisions to pursue General Suvorov through the Alps proving his ability for high command In his report to France's new First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte Masséna wrote For judgment and courage Soult has scarcely a superior The following year Soult and Masséna were besieged in Genoa Soult led a series of daring raids on the Austrian lines until he was shot in the knee and captured He was robbed and spent days in agony in a filthy hospital An episode that may explain Soult's later reluctance to lead from the front Upon returning to Paris Soult was given a hero's welcome by Napoleon His rewards included an honorary rank as Colonel-General in the Consular Guard plus command of troops assembled at Saint-Omer for Napoleon's planned invasion of England Soult the old drill instructor imposed strict discipline and trained his men hard earning the nickname Bras de Fer – Iron Arm Even Napoleon wondered if he was being too severe to which Soult replied " Those who can't handle what I myself endure will be left behind in the depots " Those who can will be fit to conquer the world In 1804 Napoleon proclaimed his new empire and Soult received his Marshal' s Baton The next year his impeccably drilled troops became the Fourth Corps The largest corps of the Grande Armée and marched east to take on the Third Coalition That December at Austerlitz Napoleon entrusted Soult 's corps with the main attack on the enemy center As he issued his final orders to his Marshals the Emperor turned to Soult last and said "As for you Soult I only say act as you always do " The Fourth Corps' attack was the decisive blow of the battle though its success owed much to Soult's exceptional divisional commanders Saint-Hilaire and Van Damme With victory secured Napoleon hailed Soult as the foremost strategist in Europe However it was observed that Soult was now less inclined to expose himself to enemy fire taking a more managerial approach to command though his planning organisation and tactical instinct remained superb The next year Soult's corps played an important role at the Battle of Jena and in the pursuit of the defeated Prussian army that followed In the brutal winter battle at Eylau his troops held the center of the line Soult's relationship with Napoleon was excellent And the Emperor often sought his advice much to Marshal Berthier's annoyance In 1808 Soult was ennobled as the Duke of Dalmatia and later that year led a corps in Napoleon's invasion of Spain When the Emperor returned to France he entrusted the pursuit of the British army to Marshal Soult The British nicknamed Soult the Duke of Damnation and he harried them through the mountains of Galicia to La Coruña But in battle he could not break their lines or prevent their escape by sea Soult then marched south and occupied Porto where rumors began that he was considering crowning himself King of Portugal Whether the rumors were serious or not in May the British and Portuguese took Soult by Surprise and drove him out of Portugal with heavy loss in men and supplies This was the most ignominious chapter of Soult's mixed record in the peninsula – five years that saw sparks of brilliance but also missed chances and shocking avarice and a reluctance to cooperate with other commanders Later in 1809 Soult replaced Marshal Jourdan as King Joseph's chief military advisor and led French forces to a crushing victory over the Spanish at Ocaña He then oversaw the French occupation of southern Spain Appointed governor of Andalusia Soult administered the region with cold efficiency From his headquarters at Seville though avoiding harsh measures where possible He lived in royal style and notoriously looted Spanish churches on such a scale that he soon amassed one of the great art collections in Europe worth an estimated 1.5 million francs He was increasingly distant and even his aides found him hard to like Soult's character was hard and above all egotistical one wrote He shows little interest in the people around him In 1811 with Marshal Masséna's army stalled outside Lisbon Napoleon ordered Soult to provide support Like many of Napoleon's long-range interventions in Spain the objectives were unrealistic Yet Soult marched north with 20 000 men capturing Badajoz But withdrew upon hearing of an enemy landing near Barrosa Two months later he marched north again to relieve Badajoz which was now under siege by the enemy and met Beresford's larger army en route at Albuera Soult launched a flanking attack that threw the enemy into confusion but he failed to follow up his advantage and left the tactical handling of the battle to others He was not present to inspire his troops and his army suffered a bloody defeat The next year Wellington's victory at Salamanca forced Soult to abandon his palace in Seville and retreat to Valencia Though that autumn he had the satisfaction of re-occupying Madrid and pursuing Wellington's army back to the Portuguese frontier In 1813 Napoleon summoned Soult to Germany where he fought at Lützen and supervised the main attack at Bautzen But when news arrived of the disastrous French defeat at Vitoria Napoleon sent Soult back to Spain to take charge Soult inherited a demoralized and disorganized army He quickly imposed order turned it around and launched an attack It was an impressive feat but his mostly young conscripts were up against experienced well-led troops Two attempts to relieve the besieged garrison of San Sebastian failed Soult began a fighting retreat through the Pyrenees Mountains back to France Despite the limitations of his demoralized conscripts He ensured Wellington's army had to fight every step of the way counterattacking whenever possible and offering resistance till the end even as Napoleon's empire began to collapse The last battle of the campaign was fought at Toulouse a bloody and unnecessary one as Napoleon had abdicated four days earlier Under the Bourbon Restoration Soult became an unpopular War Minister Like Marshal Ney he initially opposed Napoleon's return from exile But he saw which way the wind was blowing and rallied to the Emperor Napoleon made several questionable appointments in 1815 One was to appoint Soult as his new Chief of Staff replacing Marshal Berthier Not only did this waste Soult's command abilities Since his new role was merely to implement Napoleon's orders Soult also inherited a complex staff system of Berthier's own devising Crucial errors resulted during the Waterloo campaign With orders going astray and commanders unsure of their role Soult's warning not to underestimate Wellington's army was dismissed by Napoleon You think that because Wellington defeated you he must be a great general I tell you that he is a bad general that the English are bad troops And this will be over by lunchtime Following Napoleon's defeat Soult lived in exile until 1819 then returned to France under a political amnesty After the July Revolution he served as a Reforming Minister of War and three times as President of the Council of Ministers effectively France's Prime Minister He also became the Grand Old Man of the French army elevated to Commander-in-Chief with the exalted rank of Marshal-General of France Soult died at the age of 82 in the same town where he was born now known as Saint-Aman-Soult Soult's record as a Marshal was mixed - a brilliant and intelligent organizer whose ability to deliver a master stroke or inspire his troops to victory waned over time Yet he was one of the few Marshals that Napoleon could trust with a large independent command – a quality he needed desperately but found in short supply Suchet Ney Soult - join us for the final part of Napoleon's Marshals as we reveal our top three coming soon Brand new to the Epic History TV store – Manga Marshals We have ten of the best available as mugs and stickers in the merch store now Check the video description for a link Thank you to all 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