【Kings and Generals】英法戰爭：布汶戰役 1214

在討論歷史時,我們有時會過於強調戰爭和戰爭的角色在於政治和社會結構的下層 但有些戰爭確實是對歷史的歷程的決心 其中之一是布維尼戰爭,在十二月四十四年時,三個歐盟的偉大力量在這場戰爭中戰鬥 在歐洲和法國的戰爭中,他們在後世紀的政治和社會結構上形成了卻也較少顯著的影響於歐洲的其他國家 這段視頻的贊助者,Field of Glory II Medieval,是一款深入歷史上精確和專業的研究 高中時期的高戰略戰略遊戲,由十四世紀到十二世紀 這是歐洲整個島嶼的沉沉沉沉時期,因此是山上之夜的盛行日 從頭到尾的軍人,在緊密的組織上駕駛著重型馬車,並提供了殘酷的訴訟 掌握戰爭,並將你的選擇軍隊和其名稱的將軍帶到勝利 從歷史上精確的戰爭規則中抽出你的軍隊,並允許所有選擇和變化 在那個時代的任何一刻都可以提供給那個國家的真正的將軍 重生歷史的場景,覆蓋了那段時期的關鍵進程在極端的層面 這包括了時代的傳奇戰爭,如哈斯汀,布維尼,瀑布,以及許多其他 選擇從歷史上的戰爭規則中選擇,或是選擇現實的戰爭情況 或是創造你的戰鬥,以隨機地圖來製造 它可以製造無數種類型的歷史上真實的戰爭地圖,以現實地圖來製造 可以用Slytherin的容易使用的PBEM3伺服器來對抗AI或人類對手 在這個視頻中,我們使用了Field of Glory 2的古代的精彩戰鬥引擎和美麗的音樂 這個遊戲是必玩的,因此支持我們的頻道和購買它 通過連結在描述中的最佳策略遊戲開發者 隨著英國的征服,由諾曼底皇帝William 在1066年哈斯汀戰爭中結束,英國和法國的皇帝們 深深複雜在一起,作為諾曼底皇帝,英國皇帝們必須向法國皇帝們賠償 當時的禁忌法律,在1135年,隨著Henry I的死亡 英國王國進入了兩世紀的國際戰爭,也叫做安奈克 這個戰爭結束在1154年,Henry II升上英國皇帝的位置 Henry II是法國葡萄牙家族的一位成員,他從他的父親Geoffrey 和他的母親Empress Mathilda的諾曼底皇帝的眷屬, 英國王國的女兒和姐姐 在1152年,Henry II也與Eleanor結婚,是阿基丹皇帝的女婿 她的婚姻覆蓋了大部分的西方法國,因此當Henry II到英國 成為英國皇帝時,他已經是法國帝國最偉大的領袖 法國皇帝們早已失去了卡羅來西亞王子們享受的權威和榮譽 在10世紀中,皇帝權力正在減弱 葡萄牙王國自987年開始擔任皇帝,但他們直接控制了少數部分的王國 一個區域集中在巴黎的首都和幾個鎮 剩下的王國由強勢的皇帝和王子統治 他們經常對權力和影響爭辯 既然半個皇帝是葡萄牙王帝的領袖 兩族之間的矛盾很快就開始了 在1159年,Henry II開始延伸他的影響到更遠的島嶼 他攻打了特魯茲帝王,被法國皇帝Louis VII拯救 後來發生了一世間的低頻鬥爭 在卡佩的宮殿和布蘭塔吉尼特的宮殿之間 他們統治了所謂的安徽帝國 Henry成功地將他的一名兒子放在葡萄牙皇帝的寶座 他幾乎成功讓他的兒子成為法國帝國的領袖 但他經常要對抗他的反對派兒子 他們會建立聯盟與法國帝國的Louis VII和他的兒子Philippe II 在1199年,Henry的最年輕兒子John登上了皇位 隨著他的老兄Richard Lionheart的死亡 為了維持皇位,他首先必須擊敗他的兒子Arthur 支持法國帝國的Philippe Philippe是一個謙虛的政治家和外交官 他想利用Arthur作為一個陷阱 來弱化法國的種族主義 將他們的土地分散 在1200年後的和平中 Philippe放棄了Arthur的支持 並確認了John的頭銜和財產 但他取得了John的領袖位置 在1202年,新的戰爭發生在兩位皇帝之間 隨著一場內部婚姻爭鬥在Aquitaine的皇宮 John和一個Lousignan家族的皇帝 這場戰爭的結果 是Arthur的神祕死亡 和Philippe的監禁Normandy, Anjou, Maine和Brittany 將John在法國的財產牽涉到Aquitaine Philippe也會在1209年在Auvergne延長他的影響 英國皇帝拒絕了早前的戰爭的結果 在1206年,他已經在不成功的嘗試中重新採取他的法國土地 他很快就開始尋找敵人 以擴張法國皇帝的力量 現在我們要承認聖羅馬帝國的存在 在1197年,在Hohenstaufen家族的Henry IV死亡後 在1197年,英國皇帝給了Velth家族的Otto IV 以Pope Innocent III的支持 這引起了兩家家族之間的戰爭 這將會給Guelph和Gibberline的兩位政治家族命名 在1208年,Hohenstaufen家族的首領Philippe,皇帝在Swabia被殺害 令Otto在德國沒有太多的反對 他對他的立場感到震撼 皇帝反對了聖羅馬帝國和希臘王國 意圖弱化聖水和取得他自己的南意大利皇帝 但他的行為很嚴重 他遭到聯邦交通和德國王子的反對 在1211年,他選擇了年輕的Frederick II,希臘王子 和前皇帝Henry IV的兒子為新皇帝 Both the Plantagenets and the Capetians had their stake in this struggle for power Otto was also supported by the English monarchy as he was related to them and had lived at their court While Philippe supported the young Frederick to contrast his rival Someone else who had been excommunicated was King John of England after a dispute with the Pope on the nomination of the Archbishop of Canterbury Although it had little effect in the internal policies of the state and it was soon resolved in 1213 it gave Philippe of France an excuse to invade his rival In 1213, he assembled a fleet in Normandy which was destroyed in the port of Demme by the Earl of Salisbury and raided the lands of the Count of Flanders who had refused to join the prepared invasion John thus formed a league against the French king He was joined by Otto of Velf who came to his help not only on the grounds of friendship with the Plantagenets and to undermine the French support of his rival but also because he hoped that a grand victory against the King of France would rally the rebellious princes to his banner The Count of Boulogne, Renault and the Count of Flanders, Ferdinand also joined the league as they had historical ties to the English monarchy and economy and the latter had an active dispute with the king regarding the ownership of some towns Their strategy was to attack the Kingdom of France in a two-pronged assault from the east and the south which would have converged on Paris In February of 1214, John of England sailed to La Rochelle accompanied by mercenaries as the barons of England had refused to join him and he sent his half-brother William, Earl of Salisbury to Flanders with money to assemble a mercenary army there John campaigned in Poitou and Anjou in the spring with the goal of drawing the French army from the eastern border Philippe decided to defend his territories by leaving a third of his men under his son Louis to confront John in the Loire Valley while he would head for Flanders to raid the region In Anjou, John's army was confronted by Louis' detachment while they besieged Rochelle Moine The English monarch retreated either because of cowardice or because he had reached his goal of splitting his enemy's forces but suffered some casualties in his retreat At the start of June the Emperor finally arrived in Flanders with his small army as only four German nobles had joined him but he was soon joined by the Dukes of Brabant, Limburg and Lorraine the Counts of Flanders and Boulogne and the mercenaries of Salisbury By the 26th of July the French king had just arrived at the Flemish town of Tournai with his army while the Allied army was encamped 12km south at the castle of Motagne The French army numbered approximately 1,300 knights 300 light cavalry and 4,000 to 5,000 infantrymen The Allied army was composed of 1,500 knights mostly from Flanders and Hainault and 7,500 Flemish foot soldiers and mercenaries As Philippe's scouts had reported the position of the enemy army he decided the following day to turn back to not remain encircled and to defend his heartland On the morning of Sunday the 27th his army departed in good order along the old Roman road between Tournai and Lille with the carts in front followed by the infantry and the cavalry in the back He also sent a contingent of knights from Burgundy and Champagne to cover his retreat The imperial camp received the news of the French retreat and a council of war convened and decided to attack at once taking advantage of their superior numbers and hoping to cut part of the army off at the village of Bouvines where the river Lamarque flowed They marched at once along a single road through a forest which greatly prolonged the marching column Philippe knew that his enemies were on the move but he was unsure if they were heading to Tournai or towards him as it was forbidden by the church to fight on a Sunday While he was having a meal in the village of Bouvines he received the news from his rearguard The count of Flanders with 1200 knights and squires had led the vanguard and engaged in small skirmishes with the Burgundian knights The French king and his commander, the Bishop Guérin recalled his infantry who had crossed the river and positioned his troops with himself at the centre with a right wing composed of only heavy and light cavalry and a mixed left wing The allied army had failed to surprise the French and their long marching column meant it took a considerable amount of time to draw up for battle The Flemish and Aenoean knights under the count of Flanders composed the left wing In the centre the emperor was positioned with his few knights and half of the infantry where a cart with the imperial insignia was located while to the right Salisbury's mercenaries were positioned in a circle to cover the count of Bologna's cavalry The battle started soon after noon on the south side A contingent of light cavalry was sent out by the French to probe the Flemish lines Some of the knights took the bait starting to skirmish with the light cavalry and finding success Then the knights from Champagne charged against the disordered lines killing many of the unarmoured horses and taking a number of knights captive The count of Flanders attempted to save his men charging into battle with his retinue but he was met by the full force of the French right wing who broke the enemy line and encircled the enemy knights in a fierce melee The heavier armoured French knights managed to best their Flemish counterparts in the duels that ensued after a cavalry charge and after a few hours of battle the Flemish ranks were thinned until their commander was forced to surrender Meanwhile, the centre of the two armies had drawn up for battle As the French infantrymen took position in front of the king and his retinue they were charged by Otto's mass of mercenaries and knights The French levies were not of the same quality as their mounted counterparts so they were thrown back The infantry line had been kept thin to spread it out and not be encircled So the German knights easily punctured it but they were met by the king's knights During the fight some of the German infantry managed to push through and nearly captured the French king But the French knights on the left wing counterattacked and routed the emperor's knights mopping up the infantry that had penetrated the line Soon the centre collapsed and the German knights sacrificed themselves to allow their emperor to escape from the battlefield Just the allied right wing was remaining They came too late to join the other two battle groups So here the pikemen had positioned themselves in a circle to cover the knights who launched sorties out of this small strongpoint After a few attacks the knights of the count of Boulogne were defeated and captured The dukes of Limburg and Bebrant and the Flemish militia seeing how the battle was going turned around even before setting up for battle The French knights attacked the fortress of Pikes a few times suffering considerable damage But by the end of the day the mercenaries were surrounded and beaten Each side suffered around a thousand casualties But the French army has taken a considerable number of soldiers prisoner including 131 knights and 5 counts with the counts of Boulogne and Flanders and the Earl of Salisbury among them The consequences of the Battle of Bouvines would be immense on the course of European history The great monetary and territorial losses for John angered the population of England with many barons rebelling against the English king They forced him on the 15th of June 1215 to sign the Magna Carta a document that granted a series of freedoms and rights to the freemen of England This document is important for the legal system being the basis for common law and granting some important rights such as the habeas corpus the right to not be arbitrarily arrested and establishing the concept that no man is above the law It also created a council of barons to judge the actions of the king and this was the bedrock on which the parliamentary monarchy that would later develop was based The French monarchy took another road having defeated his main rivals Philippe had limited the English possessions on the mainland to just the Duchy of Aquitaine He had also greatly expanded the territory directly controlled by the crown strengthening its authority It also led to the later incorporation of the County of Toulouse weakened by the Albigensian Crusades and the curbing of the influence of Flanders the richest and most populous region of Europe at the time The great success that Philippe had in consolidating royal power garnered him the nickname Augustus and he has been called the father of France as he set the course of his kingdom on that of centralization The defeat of Otto would be detrimental for him as he would no longer hold any power and he would soon die He would be the only emperor of the Welf dynasty and his death would pave the way to the ascension to the imperial throne of Frederick II, King of Sicily who belonged to the Hohenstaufen dynasty More videos on medieval battles are on the way so make sure you are subscribed and have pressed the bell button Please consider liking, commenting and sharing, it helps immensely Our videos would be impossible to make without our kind patrons and youtube channel members whose ranks you can join via the links in the description to know our schedule, get early access to our videos, access our discord and much more This is the Kings and Generals channel and we will catch you on the next one.