Art & Culture - Post Mauryan- Sculpture-Mathura vs Sarnath -Stupa Art-Bharhut,Amravati,Dhamek (1)

Here, we have seen so many schools of sculpture. We have understood sculpture only during post-Mauryan times. I have told you about so many sculptures. I have explained to you about three types of sculptures. One is Gandhar art. I have explained about Gandhar. After Gandhar, I have explained about Mathura. We have understood Mathura art. Apart from that, we have also seen Amravati art. I have also told you that when I will go further in Gupta's time, during post-Mauryan times, I will tell you about Sarnath school. Right? I have told you about Sarnath school. Now, we have to understand that. So that, whatever sculpture was there in post-Mauryan age, that should be completed. We should not have any problem in sculpture. Sculpture should be our side. Right? Sculpture and soup should be completed. Only then, we will approach the temple. Right? Now, see. If I tell you that Sarnath school is there. Now, we were seeing Sarnath school. Why do we call it school? Are you able to understand? It means that there is uniformity in that art. Do you understand? You will get to see uniformity in that art. That is why we call it school. Right? In that, the characteristics will be almost same, common and unique. It will differ from others. That is why we call it school. Right? Now, if I talk about the region of Sarnath school. So, which region do you get to see it? We get to see it near Bihar. Bihar means that we get to see it in Sarnath. Where is Sarnath? It is Bihar. Right? So, we get to see it in Sarnath. Where is it? We will see it in Bihar. Right? Now, if I talk about the sculpture here. Right? How is the sculpture? So, if I talk about the sculpture, you will get to see it very similar to Mathura art. Similar to Mathura sculpture. Right? Mathura school. But, what is the difference? Now, it will not be very similar. Otherwise, it will be in the same school. Why am I saying this separately? The difference here is that the one in Mathura, and if I take the one in Sarnath, Right? So, one thing that you will get to see in common, is that the sculpture here used to be more decorative. Right? This was more decorative. You will get to see less decoration in this. Right? You will get to see less decoration in this. Right? Is it clear? Here, they used to wear drapery. The clothes they used to wear. Where? In Mathura. This drapery used to be there. Right? This was drapery. It was not transparent. Right? It was not transparent. You will not get to see transparent. But here, the drapery that they used to wear, how was it? It was transparent. Right? This was a difference. Plus, here, the halo they used to make, Right? They used to make it very decorative. And how did they make the halo? The halo they used to make, they did not have much ornamentation. In this, there was a lot of ornamentation. Here, how is the ornamentation? It is less. Is it clear? Here, the ornamentation is less. Here, the ornamentation is more. You should know this. Right? Here, there is a very famous example. There is a standing figure of Tara. It is called its masterpiece. In Sarnath school, it is very famous. I will tell you the example. Standing figure of Tara. Right? You will get to see its masterpiece. This is a masterpiece. You will get to see it very finely. Right? So, the main difference is that in this, the sculptures were a little simple and transparent drapery was worn. Is it clear? In which region is it made? I have told you this. It was developed in the Bihar region of Sarnath. Here, you will get to see transparent drapery on the images of Buddha. It generally covered both the shoulders. Right? Transparent drapery covering both the shoulders. Right? Both the shoulders of Buddha. Right? You will get to see it covering both the shoulders. Apart from this, in HALO, you will get to see very little ornamentation. In Mathura, I have told you that you will get to see a lot of flora and fauna. Right? There, the decoration was more focused. Right? There, I have told you that in HALO, too, a lot of ornamentation was done. In Mathura. But here, not so much. Right? Apart from this, in Mathura, you will get to see a little bit of folding. Right? You will get to see a little bit of folding. Most of all, I have told you that in Gandhar, you will get to see a realistic folding. In Mathura, I told you that you will not get to see any folding. But, you will get to see a little bit of it. Here, you will not get to see the folding in the clothes. Right? Here, you will not get to see the folding. Right? Is it clear? So, when was this made? And, in Mathura, when was it developed? It was developed in the time of Kushana. And, when was this sculpture made? It was developed in the time of Guptas. Which one is earlier? This one is earlier. After this, this one was born. This one is of later phase. Did you understand? So, you know these many points. You should be able to understand one difference. Right? Is it clear? Now, we have seen this. We have seen this. The sculpture is of later phase. Right? After that, what did I tell you? What else is left? If we see here, Now, see. After that, what have we completed here? Our sculpture is complete. Right? In sculpture, we have covered this whole topic. Right? We have completed the cave architecture. We have completed this too. Right? Apart from this, your stupa. We have seen the stupa in the time of Mauryan. In the time of post-Mauryan. In the time of post-Mauryan, the main contribution that took place. Right? The main contribution that took place in the time of post-Mauryan was in the time of Shung. Right? In the time of Shung dynasty. So, we have to see that. In the time of Shung dynasty, what is the contribution? We will see that. Their contribution. Along with that, we will see one more stupa. We will see one of Amravati. What was the contribution of Amravati? Right? Amravati. You will get to see this. Amravati. Apart from this, apart from Amravati, we will also get to see that the stupa of Barhut. We will understand the stupa of Barhut. We will know a little about Barhut. Right? What is the stupa of Barhut? So, Amravati is the main one. And this is Barhut. You have to see two more. Rest, you have already read about Sanchi. Right? We have understood about Sanchi. Right? So, what we will do now? In the time of post-Mauryan, we should know a little about Barhut and Amravati. So, we will pick this up. And we have to solve this too. Right? So, we will do this. This one. Which is ours. Right? Now see here. Right? Here. Understand here. See. Here, you have to see the development of Sanchi. I am saying Sanchi. The development of the stupa. In the time of post-Mauryan, in the time of post-Mauryan, this was seen in a large scale. Along with this, there was a lot of decoration here. Right? The decoration had increased. Right? The decoration had increased. Here, you know, after the death of Mauryan, who had taken over here? Here, Shung had taken over. Right? Shung had taken over. Kanwa had taken over. Right? Apart from that, you will see Kushan. Right? You will see Kushan. Right? And you will see the Indo-Greeks. What did they do? They took over. Right? Who? Mauryan. Right? Remember, one is from the Indian side. One is from the Indian side. And the other is a foreigner. This is a foreigner. And this is from the Indian side. Right? He was a Brahmin. He was Shung. Right? Pushyamitra Shung had taken over after the death of Mauryan. Right? He is a foreigner. What I have written here, Kanwa, Kushan, Indo-Greeks, and apart from that, what did I tell you? From the Indian side, Shung had taken over. And after that, after Shung, here at the end, you will see a Satvahana. Right? So, after Satvahana, you will see Ikshavaku, Vakatak. Right? Satvahana, Ikshavaku. Right? Ikshavaku, then Vakatak. In their time, Buddhism flourished. Right? So, all their contributions. So, now, we will see a Satvahana, whose Amravati school was developed. And we will see a little bit of Shung's contribution. Rest, there is not much of his. So, Kushan's contribution is more in sculpture. Right? In sculpture. His contribution is not in stupas. But, yes, there is a stupa of Peshawar. Right? There is a stupa of Peshawar. He had contributed in that. In fact, it is said that it is the biggest stupa in the world. Right? He was trying to bring it in the 8th wonder. Right? But, he did not succeed. Right? Rest, you can see a stupa of Peshawar. That is also very big in size. If you see. Right? First, a stupa of Barhut. Right? We will see a stupa of Barhut. Right? I will tell you one thing. The real one, the real stupa that you know. Right? It is the real stupa. The portion of the real stupa that I told you about, what was it called? It was called Medhi. Then, there was a dome on top of it. Right? There was a dome. Right? There was a dome. On top of it, there was a Harmika. And, on top of it, there was a Kshatriya. Right? And, what we used to do here? We used to walk. This was the way Right? It was like this. It was called Medhi. It was a structure like this. But, after this, what did I tell you? There used to be a gateway. Right? There was a gate. Right? There used to be a gate. There was a gate. And, there was a gate behind it. Right? We used to call this Duran. And, what was this? We used to call this Vedika. Right? And, what was there in between them? This was Pradakshina Path to walk around. Right? This was Pradakshina Path. Right? Now, what did I tell you? In this Duran and these railings, you will see a lot of decoration. Decoration? What do we see? We see sculptures. It is believed that when King Ashoka made these stupas, these stupas were simple. Right? They were simple. They were not very decorative. They were not very decorative. But, what happened later when Shung came? At the time of Pushyamitra Shung, these railings and these Vedikas, you will see a lot of decoration. This decoration that we see today, this sculpture that we see today, it is believed that it was made at the time of Do you understand? So, you should know what was done at the time of It was made decorative. In fact, this railing and this Duran, it is also believed that this railing and this Duran and this Vedika that you see, who added it? It was said that it was added by Shung. It was added Earlier, we did not get to see these Duran. What did we get to see? We could see only that stupa. You should know that it was said that later, at the time of what did Shung do? He made them flourish a lot. He made them contribute a lot and develop a lot. You should know Now look at this stupa which I call Barhut stupa. Barhut See this stupa has not survived at present. If we talk about its survival, we do not get its survival. It has been destroyed a lot. We get to see only and that too has been kept somewhere in Calcutta's museum now we will get to know more details about this railing let me show you here see this barhut stoop as I told you this is not survived at present what we get to see at present we get to see remains we get to see only remains in this what we get to see is railing plus we get to see its surviving gate it has a surviving gate what we get to see is barhut it is said that the finest stoop of that time was barhut barhut stoop was more beautiful than barhut its railing and gate where are they kept at present we get to see in Indian museum in Calcutta where is it? Indian museum where is it? at Calcutta here if we talk about railings what we get to see here we get to see birth stories of Lord Buddha it has been depicted different life events of it has been depicted and one thing to remember this barhut stoop it is related to Hinayan faith means the representation of Lord Buddha how he would have been represented you get to see symbolic representation means he would have been represented by a lotus or stoop but they don't use human figure this Buddha he was shown by symbols he was shown it is believed this one no one knows but it is believed that initially it was made by Ashoka initially it was made by Ashoka later it was improvised by Shung later it was improvised by Shung later it was improvised by Shung later it was some people say it was made by Shung some people say it was made by Ashoka later it was made by Ashoka some people say He is made by Shung ok so You get to see The image of Yaksha and Yakshani will be seen at the time of Mauryan period. And Mauryan period is just immediate. It is not that Mauryans were making another sculpture and they started making another one. No, they were continuing their legacy. So what I have told here is that in this sculpture of Barhut, we will see the image of Yaksha and Yakshani. The image of Yaksha and Yakshani. Where is it being seen? It is being seen there. And mostly we see the images of Yakshani. Where is it being seen? It is being seen in the railings, in the gates. The image of Yaksha and Yakshani. Is it clear? You should know this. And the panels in which the sculptures are made, how are they seen? They are seen in narrative form. In narrative form. What does it mean in narrative form? It means that they are telling something. Storytelling type. If you see in the panels, you will see some kind of storytelling type. Here is the Jatak panel. Here is the Queen Maya Devi. When she dreams that there is an elephant in her womb. She has placed a lotus flower. It means that she was telling about the arrival of Buddha. So, what do we call that? This is the thing of that time. Those things have been shown. Are you getting me? So, you should know this. We don't get to see the stupa. But we can learn a lot from the railings. We are getting to know that it is the time of Hinayan faith. Why am I telling about Hinayan faith? Because when we are seeing things there, we get to see the symbolic representation of Buddha. We don't get to see the human representation of Buddha. So, we get to know that it is the time of Hinayan faith. Here, we are getting to see the images of Yaksha and Yakshini. And we get to see the sculptures in narrative form. How are the sculptures? We get to see the sculptures in narrative form. Narrative form means that the sculpture will be in the panel. In the panel depiction, you get to see the story. We get to see that. Here, they don't leave the space empty. They utilize that space. They utilize the maximum of that space. This is the unique feature of that place. In this space, they make as many sculptures as possible. In the sculptures, you get to see many foldings. For example, they are making a girl. You get to see many foldings in the hands, in the feet. Even in the animals, you get to see many foldings in their hands and feet. You get to see many foldings in their hands and feet. You get to see foldings in the narrative form. In the narrative form, you get to see foldings in both the forms. You get to see Yaksha and Yakshini. Keep these things in mind. In the sculptures, you get to see foldings in the hands. In the sculptures, you get to see stiffness in the body and arms. I have already explained the narrative relief. You get to see many events in the life of Lord Buddha. You should know these features. Barhut is related to Akash. You don't get to see the stupa, but you get to see the remnants of it. You should know the exam point. If you read the book, you will get to know the Jatak story. You will get to know the Jatak story. Once you read the book, you will understand. I just told you the essence of what you should know about Barhut stupa architecture. What is the period and what is the essential feature. Along with the narrative form, you get to see Yaksha and Yakshini. Along with that, Lord Buddha has a symbolic representation. You will get to see stiffness in the body. You will get to see bending in the arms. You will get to see folded hands. You will get to see awkward position of the feet. You will get to see all these things. They didn't leave the spaces. They used to decorate and keep all the spaces. You should know this. It is in the narrative form. It is in the storytelling form. I explained all these features to you. Now see. I will show you the sculpture of Barhut. Barhut stupa. You won't get to see anything here. You will get to see this. You will get to see only the panel. Like I told you. You will get to see the remains. You will get to see the decoration in the panel. You will get to see the sculpture. This is the stupa. In fact, I will share one thing with you. The earliest known panel related to Buddhism and stupa is of this period. You will get to see the panel of Barhut. This is the earliest panel related to sculpture in India. You should keep this in mind. Is it clear? This is the earliest stupa railing which has survived till now. You should keep this in mind. Which stupa? Remember this one. Which one? Barhut. I told you that it is kept in a museum. That is why it looks like this. It is kept in a museum in Kolkata. Where is it located? When was it built? I told you that it is around 100 B.C. Where is Barhut? It is in Satna district, Madhya Pradesh. It is said that initially it was built by King Ashoka. Later, it was improvised by King Sung. The railings are of the earliest surviving gates. The earliest railings of stupa are believed to have survived till now. In fact, it is older than Sanchi. I am telling you this. Why? As I told you, after Sanchi, it was King Sung who had built Toran. Before that, he must have built this. He must have built this. After that, he must have built the one in Sanchi. Okay? You should know this. Now, look here. The sculptures here. Let me tell you one thing. If you look at these sculptures, you will see people wearing dhoti. This is a very common thing. Do you understand? All the characters here, you will see them wearing Indian dhoti. But there is one sculpture, where you can't see them wearing Indian dhoti. They are seen in uniform. We can understand that they are Indo-Greek soldiers. Do you understand? But why are they shown in Buddhism? Because they may be followers of Buddhism. So, they are shown as a symbol of Buddhism. Do you understand? Look, this is also a railing. This is also a railing. This. But when was this built? You can see this toran here. This is also said to have been built during the Sunga era. But it is possible that this is the earliest, the one in Barhut. You should know this. Where is it? Both are in Madhya Pradesh. Okay? But this is surviving. That is not surviving. We can see that. Okay? Remember this. Okay? I have already told you all these things. You should know the exam point. Okay? So, let's move on to Barhut. We have already studied the main things. I have already told you the structure. I have already explained to you the structure and its function. Okay? Now, what do we have to see? The last stupa we are going to see is Amravati Stupa. Okay? I have already explained everything about Amravati Stupa. I have explained everything to you. Okay? I have explained to you how it works. It is in three structures. Initially, Ashok had it built. Later, he had it renovated. I have explained everything to you. Okay? Now, I will tell you the stupa of Amravati. Let's understand that. Okay? Amravati Stupa. Stupa. Okay? You should understand one more thing from here. This Amravati Stupa. There is one more question here. Tell me the contribution of Amravati School of Art. Did you understand? If you are asked the contribution of Amravati School of Art towards Indian culture, then you should know whose name should be written here. Okay? If I talk to you about the Amravati stupas here, why were they built? You should know that these were marble stupas. Right? These were marble stupas. Okay? I had told you about three schools of art in sculpture. This is stupa art. Okay? This is stupa art of Amravati. What have we studied about Amravati? We have seen the sculpture art of Amravati. How was the sculpture? I had already told you about it. You will get to see it. How were they? Those ones. They were in narrative form. Okay? You should know this. We get to see relics in Amravati stupas. Relics are available. We get to see relics here as well. If I talk about faith here, which faith stupa will you get to see? Which faith will you get to see here as well? We know that you will get to see Hinayana faith. Okay? Hinayana faith. Okay? Hinayana faith. You should know when Mahayana faith comes. It comes after the arrival of Sunga. And it was patronized by whom? This patronized stupa was made. We get to see it. It was made in whose time? It was made in the time of Satvahan. But after Satvahan, it was continued further. Ikshavaku, I had told you about it. Ikshavaku also contributed to it later. Okay? You should know this point. Okay? Ikshavaku. Okay? In Amravati stupa, if I talk about the panels here, you will get to see sculptures there as well. You will get to see sculptures there as well. But how will you get to see them? Just remember, I had already explained it in the narrative form. Just remember that. Whatever you have studied in Amravati School of Sculpture Art, whatever you have studied in Amravati School of Sculpture Art, whatever you have studied in Amravati School of Sculpture Art, you will add those features here. So, your work is done here. So, you should be clear about which features will come here. Okay? So, you should know this much about the things in Amravati. Here, the same thing will happen. How will Buddha be depicted? With his footprints, stupa, lotus, chakra, you will get to see symbolic representation. Okay? You will get to see different events of his life. But in the narrative form, you will get to know which things will dominate you here. In Amravati, you will get to know the narrative form and Hinayana faith will dominate you. And this is a very unique feature. You will get to see marble stupas here. The rest of the stupas will be the same as you have studied. Okay? So, you should know all these things. Let me show you how the Amravati stupas are. Okay? Amravati stupas. Look at this. You are getting to see some marble. Okay? Like this dummy. Can you see the marble dome? You can see the marble egg. Here, you can see the marble. Railing, toran, all these are the same things. The decoration will be in the narrative form. You know all these things. Look at this. It is made of marble. You have sculptures. You will get to see those. Okay? You will get to see the Hinayana faith. These are some models that are given here. This is a statue. It is not made of marble. But you will get to see this one made of marble. This has a unique feature. You should know this. Okay? How is it? Actually, it is like this. But it has marble. You should know this. How does it look? This is the Amravati stupa. Look at this. Forget the Kohinoor. Could we have the Amravati stupa culture? If you go and see about this, you will get to see these things. Amravati sculpture has things that you should know. What is the most important thing? Why did they use it? They used marbles. Along with marbles, we get to see relics. It is related to Hinayana faith. We get to see sculptures and panels. But Amravati uses Amravati art. You should know what they use. You should know. They use it in narrative form. This is Amravati stupa. Let's put it here. Let's see UPSC. If we get any content, we will understand it. Like this slide. The main part was solid dome. We don't get it now. What is there in Amravati stupa? Let's see. If we get something extra. You should know the region. This is the region. Characteristic of stupa. Buddhist architecture in India. This is Dhamek stupa. This is Sarnath stupa. This is Amravati stupa. Let's read what is written in Amravati. Amravati was the largest in the Andhra Pradesh region. First thing you should know you will get to see it in Deccan region. Where in Andhra Pradesh? What is written here? And is referred to an inscription of Now it is gone. I have already told you the main things. There is no need to take so much load. Whether you get it from somewhere or not. I have explained the main things. You should know what is the main feature in this. Let's see. In this, they have explained sculpture art only. I have told you. Remember this. This is marble of Hinayana faith. This is a panel. It is in narrative form. In narrative form, Lord Buddha has a symbolic representation and not human representation. These are the main points. We have seen Amravati school. We have understood Amravati stupa. We have understood all these things. We have completed stupa architecture. From here, stupa architecture has been completed. What is the meaning of complete stupa architecture? We have seen Barhut. We have seen Sanchi. We have seen Barhut. We have seen Sung. We have seen Amravati. We have seen Amravati. Let's see one more thing. What was the name of stupa? Sarnath stupa. Let's see that too. Sarnath stupa. Let's see about Sarnath stupa. Let's see. This is Dhamek stupa. Let's see. This is Dhamek stupa. We are talking about Sarnath stupa. Where is it located? It is Barhut stupa. Barhut means Satna means MP. Sanchi means MP. Dhamek stupa is in UP. Where is it? It is in Sarnath. It is 13 km away from Banaras. This is the structure. This is the structure of stupa. You can see that it is made of sandstone. Let's clear the doubt. I am telling you this because I have seen this. There are many stupas which will be in current affairs from time to time. Like Peshawar stupa which was in news last year. You will have to do that when it is in current affairs. There are many stupas like this. But in our books, only Barhut and Sanchi are mentioned. In our books, only Barhut and Sanchi are mentioned. But I have told you because it is very important. There are many stupas in the world which you will have to visit when it is in current affairs. I am telling you about Dhamek stupa because I saw it when someone covered it. That is why I am telling you. I have told you where is Dhamek stupa located. It is located in Sarnath near Banaras. It was built around 500 BCE. Earlier this structure would have been commissioned by Emperor Ashoka. But it was replaced by 5th century BCE. By 5th century BCE. After 500 years, it was replaced by 5th century BCE. It was commissioned by Emperor Ashoka. It was commissioned by Emperor Ashoka. It was replaced by 5th century BCE. It was replaced by It is in Sarnath. which will indicate its historical importance. You should know was given in Sarnath so to show that there is a massive stupa written here dhamek dhamek means dharm so this word came from there you should know what is the shape of this it is solid cylindrical brick type cylindrical shape height and diameter but you should know what is inside it is cylindrical shape domal dome cylindrical dome if we talk about walls human figures word some scripts some inscriptions you will get to see some inscriptions written in brahmi script you will get to see so these things you should know what is the size structure just remember dhamek stupa is in Sarnath when it was made around 5th century it was made earlier here the structure made by Samrat Ashok was existing later it was made to promote Buddhist activities to commemorate a big stupa was made there got it so you should know it is mentioned in Hunsang's book you should know so you should read it there is nothing in it when it is in current you will have to read a lot of things so the main things I have told you about Sanchi whatever is written here you should read it I have told you about dhamek stupa while visiting Sarnath in 640 CE Hunsang recorded that colony had over 1500 priest and the main stupa was nearly 300 feet high got it now we are not able to see now we are able to see the current shape and its height is 43 meters and its diameter is 28 meters what Hunsang tells it was around 99 meters high original stupa but now it may be broken or damaged that is why you can see the size difference ok it is written here that the basement is same as the structure of Ashoka so he is telling the same thing the basement seems to have survived from Ashoka structure the stone facing is chiseled and displays delicate floral carving of Gupta origin got it if it is around 500 CE then you must be knowing that period of Gupta was going on so you must be knowing the carvings and floral design must have been done by Gupta so you can see the same now it is written here the Dhamek stupa is said to mark the spot of Rishipattan now you may not know and you don't have to pay attention to it just remember the historical importance that when five of his disciples were enlightened after that the first time he gave his message to five of his disciples was here here he gave the lesson of eightfold path through which we could attain Nirvana the first time he gave his sermon to his five disciples here so that's why you must be knowing clear so we have seen so many stupas from here we conclude that if stupa architecture comes then you can tell a lot what is your homework? your homework is to study the stupa of Peshawar at that time it was called Paraspar you can confirm and find the importance of that stupa it was made during the time of Kanishka I am giving you a hint King Ashoka was not there at that time when this stupa was made at that time King Kanishka was there from Kushan dynasty Peshawar was their capital he made this stupa at that time so you have to know about that here we have seen Barhut stupa we have understood Sanchi then we have seen Dhamek stupa Dhamek stupa I have shown you the structure then I have shown you Amravati stupa Amravati stupa ok the main features I have listed them generally as far as I know they have used red sandstone here you can see marbles ok so you have to check all these things do not blindly trust you have to open the book and check then I have told you about Peshawar stupa you have to find it and note it down in your notebook so we have completed the chapter on stupa along with that we have done stupa sculpture and cave architecture now the next topic is temple architecture ok