Day - 79 | History | Great Revolt of 1857 | Mr. Kishore Kumar

Economic policies of British East India Company So, this is their action. So, this is their 100 years of action. So, this 100 years of action should have culminated as a reaction from our side, right? That reaction was this great revolt of 1857. Before that, nothing happened, right? In those places, little by little, revolts took place. But, the reason we see this revolt is because this shook the very foundation of the British East India Company. It shook the very foundation of the British rule. If they had let go a little, we would have gained independence during this 1857 itself. We could have chased the British away. If everyone had been a little more united. So, what are they achieving? What should we strive for? Why is this 1857 revolt so important? What are the causes that created this? What is its impact? We are going to see all of this in this video. So, not only that. In NCRT, only this revolt has been given. But, this revolt alone is not important to us. Other revolts are also very, very important. With respect to tribal revolt. With respect to peasant revolt. I have given you information on tribal revolts. So, keep that information as a base. Work on it and study it. But, other than that. I will try to give you comprehensive information on peasant revolts in subsequent classes. So, now in this class. Great Revolt of 1857. We are going to see the causes of tribal revolts. So, first of all. In the Great Revolt of 1857. You can read about it in the PDF. But, as usual. We are going to see the larger picture. So, what are the problems? Who all were discontented? What happened? Why did this happen? We are going to see all of this. So, first of all. British India Company. India. British East India Company. During the 1757. They have conquered. Are they conquering? To conquer. They took some decisions and policies. What are those policies? First of all. For their conquest. For political conquest. They took some decisions for political conquest. Then, they took some decisions for administration. They took some decisions for administration. Then, they took some decisions for economic exploitation. All of this together. Then, they took some decisions for religious reasons. Religious reasons. So, all of this together. Discontent. Discontent on all sides. All sides. What do you mean by all sides? The political conquest. The kings there. They are affected. They have subsidiary alliances. Subsidiary alliances. Then, there is the doctrine of lapse. Doctrine of lapse. Then, they are not going to recognize the titles. They are not going to give pensions. Then, they say that you don't have titles anymore. You can't be called a king anymore. So, what happens with all of this? We have gradually lost our political authority. We have lost our political power. We have lost it to the traders. The British are suffering a lot. The Indian princes are suffering a lot. They are in resentment. If we get an opportunity, will we not go back to the political authority? They are suffering a lot. First of all, they are in resentment. What happens next? Because of this administrative setup, they are bringing certain things. What is that? We have already seen it. Three pillars. Civil services. Army. Police. Judiciary. Who can be in the higher post? It can only be the Europeans. There are people in the middle class and upper class. In the princely states, they would have had good positions. Like ministers, finance ministers, and so on. Because of them, the next generation will not get a good posting. No matter how talented you are, how far can you go in the army? You can only get a subedar. Your salary is only 60 to 70 rupees a month. This is a big resentment. In the middle class and upper class communities, this is a big resentment. Their administrative policy. In this administrative policy, the police, army, what do they do? They make them natives. Without this, in the judiciary, they talk about the rule of law, which is not understood. It becomes complex. The law process has become more complex. It becomes complex. After that, it becomes costly. It becomes complex and costly. Because of this, everyone is affected. Because of their administrative policies. Next, their economic policy. What is their economic policy? Their economic policy is to exploit India. Simple. Profit, profit, profit. That's all. They do everything they can for that. So, in all the existing sections, they make it difficult. Even in economic policies. First of all, peasants. How do they make peasants suffer? By charging more land revenue. Higher land revenue with respect to Rayathwari settlement. First, we will come to this. Permanent settlement. Permanent settlement, Rayathwari settlement, Mahalwari settlement. In all these, higher amount of charges. So, they have been exploited. Exploited. First of all. In this settlement, what they do is, Peasants are divided into two categories. Landed community. Landers. Landers, Talukdars, Mirasdars. These are a category. Tenants. The people who own the land. These people. The rights of the tenants, were taken away overnight. They do not own the land. The people who own the land, do not own the land. The people who own the land, the Samindars, Talukdars, Mirasdars, they own the land. Now, because of this, they have become virtually poor. Virtually, they don't have anything. Don't have anything. They have become exploitation. They have become a victim of exploitation. Tenants are being exploited. If you ask if the Samindars lived well, they don't live well. Because, the highest amount of land has been fixed. After that, there is a sunset class. Sunset class. There is a sunset class. At the same time, because it is fixed at the highest level, all the Samindars, Talukdars, Mirasdars, all those who could not pay their land revenue before the sunset class, they have started losing all their land. Money lenders and other rich people, land aristocracy, they have started giving to them. So, the old Samindars, they are also resented by the Britishers. They are the reason for all these problems. Because their prestige, land is not just land. There is a need to collect that land. For example, there is the Mansabdari system. In the Mansabdari system, what they do is, you can either buy it in cash or you can buy it in Zahira. All the Mansabdars, what they do is, they ask for Zahira. Because, to collect land, they have also equated it to their prestige. So, the prestige issue is over for them. Not only this, this is only for peasants. There are also artisans. How have they made the artisans suffer? They are already private traders. The East India Company officials are all private traders. So, all the East India Company traders are making them suffer. They are exploiting them. All this is for us. You have to sell it at the price I tell you. You have to buy the raw materials at the price I tell you. So, virtually, just like that, they have their trade secrets. What they do is, they ask for it openly. So, they are losing their edge also. With respect to manufacturing. Each one of them has their own trick of how to do the trade, how to manufacture it. They are breaking all those tricks. That's it. It's over. Not only this, their market is also getting empty because of the introduction of railways. For the traders, for the merchants, for the Indian merchants, the market is getting empty. The Indian market is also getting empty. So, all these problems, with respect to artisans, peasants, landowners, common people, apart from these, there are the shipoys. The next most important is the shipoys. These are the heroes of this great revolt. Not only them, all the civilians, the population, the shipoys, all of them are heroes. But, most importantly, the initiators are these shipoys. So, what is their biggest resentment? There are many resentments. Okay? So, first of all, let's see this shipoy in detail. Okay? Shipoys. There are many resentments. First of all, they are not treated well. If a senior officer calls an Indian, how do they call Indians? Because of their racial nature. Okay? Racialism. Calling an Indian officer is like calling a pig. It is very degraded. Actually, calling an Indian without any respect is very degraded to any self-respecting person. Okay? Because of their racial character. Racial. Racial discrimination, first of all. Secondly, they are mistreated. They are mistreated. Racialism, mistreatment. Third important thing is, Third is, there is no scope for upliftment. No matter how brilliant a soldier they are, they only can attain official level of subedar. They can only get promotions up to subedar. Okay? Next important thing is, there are Christian missionaries. They bring some resentments even to the soldiers. Because, they have to come to the barracks and humiliate their own religions. This is a big problem. Second important problem is, with respect to an actor. General services, establishment actor. General services, establishment actor. Okay, what is this act? Initially, Warren Hastings was there. He was in 1774, 1774, 1772, in Bengal. He was in Bengal, right? So, what happens in Bengal is, the army kidnaps the citizens of Bengal and recruits the soldiers from nearby Awadh. Because, they are not trusting the Bengal soldiers. Because, they have only recently revolted. Okay? We are fighting against them. We are ruling their Bengal. So, what do they already have? They have resentment. So, they won't listen to us. So, what they do is, they kidnap the soldiers of the subsidiary alliance. So, what they do is, they recruit a lot of people from Awadh. Rajputs. So, they recruit a lot of people. Okay? This happens in 1772. So, what he does when he recruits people is, he is allowing, because Warren Hastings, we have already seen, what we have seen, he is a member of a conservative organisation. British civilisation is not equal to Indian civilisation. He knows this. But, he respected the Indian civilisation. So, what he does is, he allows the soldiers to do their ritual rites. Okay? After that, what he does is, for example, Hindus. They don't cross the sea. Okay? In those days. Okay? They shouldn't cross the sea. If they cross the sea, they are considered as outcasts. They are outcasts. They are pushed out of their caste system. They are isolated. So, what happens is, he understands these kinds of feelings. After understanding, he thinks that no one should cross the sea. But, this General Establishment, this is only for Bombay soldiers. This is only for Kolkata soldiers. For Madras and Bombay soldiers, there is nothing like this. Okay? So, if you look at this side, in the General Services Establishment Act, who brings this? Dallhousie brings this. Dallhousie. So, what he does is, why all this? Because everyone wants parity. Whoever it is, from now on, new recruits. This word is very important. New recruits. Leave those who have been here till now. But, those who are going to be recruited after this, they have to go to all places. Only after getting the sign, they will be recruited. This is what he announces. This is stated in the General Establishment Act. So, for the soldiers who were already here, there is a resentment that they cannot make their own children soldiers again. There is a fear that this can be imposed on us anytime. These two things are there for these soldiers. Another important thing is, there is another act, which is called as Lex-Loki Act. Lex-Loki Act. What is this act? If the British convert to Christianity, it is an act to give their ancestral property to the Christian converts. Because, if the British missionaries convert to Christianity, what their parents can do is, they can say, you don't have my property anymore. You have converted to Christianity. Some people have become like this. So, when the British take this to the government, they put up an act like Lex-Loki Act. So, through this, they can go to the High Court and get the property from their parents. So, this is another resentment. To the people as well as to the soldiers. So, there are so many important resentments in everything. Everyone has these resentments. Apart from this, the fifth important reason with respect to soldiers and their supplies is, the capture of power. Capture of power. I have already told you. Soldiers have patriotism. They have a nationalistic feeling. What is a nation state? We saw this in the previous videos. So, nationalistic feeling. Indians. We are all Indians. But, we have the local and we are sons of soil feeling. So, our own land, is being captured by the hunters, or by the foreigners. They can't bear this. Apart from this, what happens when they are captured? Land revenues, taxes, traders are being exploited. Supplies are nothing but common man in a military costume. That's all. So, when the people who belong to them suffer, it is also affecting them. First, their pride is affected. Apart from that, they are being economically oppressed. They are being socially pressured. Because of the supply, the people who oppress us, are the ones who work for us. They are being socially outcast. So, this is a resentment. Lost and immediate cause. What is it? It is with respect to, it is with respect to the, greased cottage. Greased cottage. That is the episode. I think you would have seen the guns of the soldiers. The gun would be this big. It would be like this. The guns of those days. Now, what is the greased cottage? How do they load the bullets? They don't load them here. They put the bullets inside. It would be like a big stick. They put the bullets inside. After that, what do they do? There is a gun powder. They have to pour the gun powder again. After that, it would be like a big stick. It would be like a big stick. What do they do with the big stick? First, they load it inside. After loading it, what do they do next? They pull the trigger. When they pull the trigger, the gun powder explodes. The gun powder explodes. The bullet comes out of the force. That's all. This is how the Enfield rifle works. This is how it works. The gun powder has been sealed in a greased cottage. They would have sealed it like a cottage. They would have sealed it like this. To seal it, they would have to bite the cap with their teeth. This seal could have the fat of a cow or a pig. That's a rumor. It could be true or false. But, the British didn't want to tell anyone that it was a lie. They would have to do it. They would have to tell you what would happen. This is a big resentment. Because, Christian missionaries already do many things in their religious beliefs. The General Services Act was established. When you go to a new region, they give you a war beta. There is no beta now. If you work in a new province, they will give you a beta. There is no beta now. This is a big resentment. Apart from this, there is something like this. The Lexlogy Act. You are not treating me like a normal human being. This is a resentment. No matter how much I perform, I can't reach the level of Subhedharma. All of this is connected through this trigger. This trigger comes through this greased cartridge. This accumulated problem, this accumulated resentment, comes through this greased cartridge. Through this, we can see the starting of this great revolt. When does it start? First of all, the timeline is 10th May. To be exact, 10th May, 1857. It starts in Meerut. 10th May. Before that, there is a cavalry. In 9th May, they are refusing to use this cartridge. We can't use the cartridge. The cavalry arrests the regiment and places them in the barracks. They arrest them. The cavalry arrests the cavalry and kills the officers in the barracks and marches to Delhi. Before that, in an episode like this, what happens is, 2 months ago, 29th or 27th, 29th or 24th, in March, in a place called Bharatpur, Mangal Pandey, with the same issue, shoots the commanders and he is hanged. Many such resentments are going on. What happens then is, they are marching to Delhi. They are marching from Meerut to Delhi. After the march, they meet Bahadur Shah Jaffer and announce him as the Emperor of India. You are the Emperor. He is already 81 years old. The Emperor does not agree. He is adamant. You leave me alone. We have come so far. You are the Emperor. We will take care of everything. Write a letter to all of them. And convince them to do something. He writes a letter to all the princesses and to all the discontent princesses. Who is living in Kanpur on this side? Nana Sahib is living there. He is the son of Bajirao II, the last Peshwa, the son of Nanasaheb. In Jhansi, there is Rani Lakshmibai. Her name is Manikarnika Thambe. We call her Rani Lakshmibai, but her real name is Manikarnika. He writes to all the leaders like this. We will form like the Indian Confederacy. We will all unite. Who is the head of Delhi? There is a Subedar. He is General Bhadkan. In Kanpur, there is Nanasaheb. There is a person called Tanthya Tope. There is a person called Azimullah. I have included all their names. Their name, where they are from, who defeated them and where they exiled. I have given them a tabular period. This tabular period is enough. For example, look here. Their place, where they command. Who is the leader? Who is the leader of that place? Who is the important leader? Who is the officer who defeated them? Or what was their situation? I have given all these. For example, if you take Delhi, Bahadursah Jaffer II is the leader of Delhi. Who is he defeated by? He is defeated by John Nicholson. Where are they? They are in Delhi for only three months. When does it start? It starts on 10th May. They are captured in Delhi on 20th July, August. Actually, it is only three months. May, June and July. They are captured in Delhi on July and August. Where are they with their sons? They are in Himayun tomb. It is a terrible time. The heirs of a great emperor are hiding in Himayun tomb for foreigners. The princesses of Himayun tomb are killed. Bahadursah Jaffer is trialled. The British are trying to involve him in the conspiracy. The Red Fort Trials is an important trial. They are trying to involve him. But his partner is lying on one side. He says, do something. I am 81 years old. You killed everyone. What do I have to do with this? His partner is lying next to him. He is holding him. They are unable to bring him into the conspiracy. They kidnap Rangoon. Five years later, he dies there. Bahadursah Jaffer dies in 1862. This is the end of a great Mughal empire. It ends with that. There are many important leaders. Their names are mentioned. Which officers have defeated them? This is very important. For example, Lani Lakshmibai was defeated by Huge Rose. You should see this in every general. There is a chance to hear this in master following. With respect to that, we will go back to the story. A revolt breaks out. Where does the revolt spread? Avadh area, Bihar, Central India, East and Punjab. This is where the revolt spreads. In other places, the revolt did not happen. The great Indian revolt has a great magnitude. This is the geographical extent. This is Meerut. From Meerut, they come to Delhi. Bahadursah Jaffer leads them to Delhi. This picture shows the death of Colonel John Fins. He was the first British officer to be shot dead. Because of this revolt, the first British officer to die was John Fins. There is a chance to hear the names of people like him. There is no need to know the names of everyone who died. We know which officers defeated whom. It is not just about the soldiers. When the soldiers revolt, many civilians help them. Artisans and peasants are present. This is the third estate. The vulnerable sections are affected by the British. Administratively, economically and religiously, all the affected people are united. This is why it is called the popular revolt. There is not just one section. There are all the sections. But some sections are not there. But many sections are included. This is called tribal uprising. This is called the Sipwai mutiny by the British. But we call it the first war of Indian independence. Another important thing is the Hindu-Muslim unity. In this Sipwai mutiny, Hindus and Muslims fight side by side. This is why many administrative policies are deliberately divided. Hindus and Muslims should be divided. The partition is the result of this division. This is where the Hindu-Muslim unity started. The spread of revolt started in Delhi. Bajirao II was the nominal head of the party. He did not take any decision. He was left alone. But the real man of the show was General Bhatkan. He was the head of the party. Next is Nanasaheb in Kanpur. He was the son of Bajirao II. Bajirao II died in 1851. He did not pay his pension. This is how the fight started. He did not pay his pension. He was very angry. He joined the party. Next are his subordinates. Thandia Top and Azimullah. Next is Begum Ashrathmahal in Lucknow. She was the queen of Lucknow. She fought well. But she could not win. She escaped to Nepal. Nanasaheb also escaped to Nepal. We do not know what happened to him. Next is Rani Lakshmibai in Jhansi. She was deported on 17th June 1858. 17th June 1858. This is very important. Another important thing is that she had a Muslim companion with her. Her friend. Her name is Moondar. Her name is mentioned only in the NCRT. Her name is not mentioned. Note her name. Moondar. Her Muslim companion. Like Panipat. She was with her till the end. Next is Kunwar Singh in Bihar. He is a great strategist. He is in Bihar. Next is Maulvi Azimullah in Faridabad. Maulvi Azimullah. Why are they involved? There is a big problem between Maulvi and Azimullah. The Indian princesses are extinct. Maulvis, Ulemas and priests are patronized by Maulvis. That patronage is now gone. Because of the extinction of the Indian princesses. They are very angry towards the Britishers. They can go to many places. They go to many places and say what they are doing. They take away their resentment. Maulvi Azimullah in Faridabad is an important person. Ahmadullah. Next is with respect to weakness of the revolt. Weakness of the revolt is a very important thing. First we saw the causes. What happened? Why was there resentment in all the sections? Why did they fight? What was the immediate breakthrough? Royal Enfield. Enfield Rifle. The greased cartridge used by Enfield Rifle. That is why there was an immediate spark. Next we saw who was leading the movement. Then we saw the weakness. Because they extinguished it in one year. They extinguished Kanpur in the next month. They stopped it in July. They stopped it in Delhi in three months. In other places there were small fights. Why were they not able to win? Because of the Indian Princess. Because of the common people. Because of the handful of foreigners. How did they stop a big revolt? First, there was no cooperation at the All India level. There was no cooperation at the All India level. Because of the Britishers, many people were affected. From the peasants to the artisans to the old farmers to the princesses. Everyone was affected. But because of the Britishers, there were some people who made a profit. In the last 100 years. There is a class they created. They created the farmers. There is a class they created. Not the old farmers. They would have created a new class of farmers. Then there are the merchants. They did not support them. Because the soldiers were getting money from them. They did not like the revolt. The merchants did not like it. So they did not support them. The third important category is Educated Intelligentsia. They themselves did not support the revolt. Why did they not support it? What do they think? Until now, what did the educated intelligentsia think? They think that the British rule is necessary for us to progress and modernize. If the British rule goes back to the Indian princes. They will only pull us back. They will not let us move forward. So it is better to stay with the Britishers. That is why they did not support it. Intelligentsia also did not support it. Many people did not support them. The geographical spread is not at the level of all India. It is only Central India and North India. It is spread in these places. South, Calcutta, Bombay, Madras Presidency. It is more or less the same. It is very calm. The next important thing is that it is with respect to many rulers. There are princes who have already signed in the subsidiary alliance. They have already done Namaskar. They are very enthusiastic. They are saving the Britishers. Because if they leave, they will be in danger. So, Nizama of Hyderabad, Rajputs of Jodhpur, Nawab of Bhopal, Patiala, Zind, Kashmir, Ranas of Nepal. They are all giving support. They are supplying men and material. Lord Canning, the first Viceroy of India. What he says is that These princely states, they acted as breakwaters of the storm. They acted as a barrier. If it was not for them, we would have gone out of the country by now. So, their share is very big. With respect to the great revolt. Next is the exclusion of modern educated intelligentsia. We saw why. But next, they realized their mistake. What they do as modern intelligentsia is Realizing their mistake, they are the ones who bring the political struggle to the next level. The one who brings the political struggle to the next level is the modern intelligentsia. But till now, they believe. The result of believing is In the next Congress, The Indian National Congress will be formed. After that, they will understand that this is a mistake. After that, that phase will go differently. Next is outdated weapons. They are using modern weapons to fight. Our people are using knives, swords, and sticks. What happens if we use these to fight? So, without modern weapons, Without organization skills, Without coordination, Even in this, the princes have an ego. For example, I will give an example. What you ask, what I say. But everyone accepts the Mughal Emperor as an emperor. Even then, I will be in my own way. No one should interfere. I know how to govern. Not only that, Once we have won a place, we have won it completely. I think we have chased it away. They are operating against an ideology. So, to destroy that ideology, They never thought that we need an ideology like nationalism. In that area, They think that they have chased away the British. They think it is wrong. So, the lack of understanding of the British nature itself, Is the overall failure. They never understood that they are an imperialistic force. No princess. So, outdated weapons. This is a painting of Bahadur Shah's sons from the Himalayan tomb. This is a painting of the Siege of Delhi. This is also a painting. These are the captured shippoys. They are kept at gunpoint. They are kept at Birangi's tomb and blasted. Who captures them? William Hudson. He is the one who captures them. Next is the lack of discipline. Lack of discipline. Lack of unity. Lack of nationalism. Backstabbing. Because, the biggest weakness in this revolt is our friend Bahadur Shah. He doesn't have any leadership skills. He doesn't have the knowledge of how to do things. Apart from this, they have a black sheep in their house. Who is that? Zanath Mahal. She is one of the favorite wives of the emperor. So, what they are doing is, They are giving a lot of information to capture their children and bring them to Delhi. So, there are a lot of problems like this. What is the biggest and weakest link? It is Bahadur Shah. If a leader is weak, what happens? Does that matter? It doesn't matter. Apart from this, there is the support of the princely states to the British. Apart from this, there were a few things for the Britishers. Powerful officers. Coordinated officers. They had the commanders. So, they disposed them. John Lawrence, Outran, Havelock, Campbell, Hugh Gross. All of them were excellent campaign officers. They worked for the British revolt. Apart from this, What is the importance of the revolt? Sir, the importance of the revolt is, Even though we know that we will lose, If something is wrong, we have to oppose it. There is no other way. Because of that, we get a reward. Like that, self-esteem of the Indians has been lifted. First of all. Next, British rule. The revolt was the reason for the direct British rule. The government of the company ended with that. British rule, British Raj. Direct British Raj came after that. What are the administrative changes? Administrative change, economic exploitation. We will see all of this in the next class. Is it ok? So, The list of people, How they are killed, What happens to them, I have given you all of this. Next, In tribal movements, Factors to be considered. These factors are important for you. So, what are the factors? Why are the tribals fighting? First, In fact, Who is fighting against British imperialism before the princes? It is tribals. There is an important difference between the tribal movement and the peasant movement. Peasants have more bloodshed. Tribals have more bloodshed. Tribal people are the ones who are violently oppressed. Ok? So, The factors are, Their land is very important to them. When the land is alienated, Tribals are fighting against it. Also, Exploitative revenue system. The old agrarian system is collapsing. When the new land revenue settlement is introduced, Mahalwari and Rayathwari, Tribals do not understand anything. They are fighting against it. Third, Forest policy. In their own ancestral land, Tribals are not allowed to cut down trees. Because, only we can cut down trees. Tribals will get very angry. So, that is an important reason. Next, Intermediaries. Like money lenders and outsiders. When they come in, They start exploiting. So, they are fighting against them. Ok? Next, Cultural suppression. They are exploiting the culture. Christian missionaries. When the British come in, The army will go in. Christian missionaries will come in with the army. So, their culture is being affected. In that sense, What happens is, These factors, These 5 factors are the important factors for the tribal uprising. In any tribal uprising, These 5 factors are important factors. The main factor is, Exploitative land, Alienation, Forest policies. Exploitative revenue system, Introduction of intermediaries, Cultural suppression. Last cause. What I have done is, What are the important tribal revolts? What is the year? What is the tribe? Who are the leaders? Who are the tribal rebels? Who are the leaders? What is their cause? Ok? So, take a look at this. There are around 3-4 pages. Ok? What is very important in this is, There is the Shanthal rebellion. This too. Then there is the Birza revolt. Ramosi is also important. Then there is the Munda rebellion. Munda rebellion is also very important. Next is, There are some questions about the tribal revolts. We will see that and end this session. Ok? With reference to the history of India, Ulai, Ulgulan, or the Great Tremult, is led by Birza Munda. D is the correct answer. Next, After the Shanthal uprising in 2018, Shanthal uprising subsided. What were the measures taken by the colonial government? The territories called as Shanthal Parganas were created. It became illegal for the Shanthals to transfer the land to the non-Shanthals. This is also correct. Both 1 and 2 are the correct answers. That is why, tribal revolts are asked. So, please take care of tribal revolts. Which among the following provided the common factor for the What is the common factor? There may be many individual factors, but what is the common factor for the insurrection of the 19th century? This century is also specific. The introduction of new system of land revenue and taxation of the tribal products. Influence of the foreign religious missionaries. Rise of large number of money lenders, traders and revenue farmers as a middle man in tribal areas. Complete disruption of the old agrarian order of the tribal communities. Sir, all these are facts. How did I know this? All these are reasons. 19th century is from 1800s to 1900s. With respect to the common factor, what happens to all these? Which leads to the 4th point. Complete disruption of the old agrarian society. The reason why the old agrarian order is completely disrupted is important. All these can lead to this. That is why D is the answer. Because best of best is the answer. Best among the best. Even if everything is the answer, best among the best. If we start with 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3, 4 what are the following reasons? In that, A is 1 only. B is 2 only. C is 3 only. D is 3 only. 1 only. 2 only. 3 only. D is all the above. All the above is the correct answer. Or it could be all 4. So, the question is based on Take it near perfect. So, keep solving many problems. Only when you keep solving, you will know what to do. What to take. This is called MCQ aptitude. MCQ aptitude. Only when you solve many MCQs, you will know what to do, how to do, how they are asked. So, if you have completed a foundation course or that particular subject, atleast in that particular subject, you start asking 10 or 5 questions daily. Then, from January, compulsorily you start asking 20 to 30 questions. How much ever you solve, that will save you. If you just keep studying, the thing you are studying will not be enough. You can study, but how you execute that practice is required. That is why you are taking everything from test batch to test. So, all the best. Do well. Thank you. Be happy.