L3 - Indus Valley Civilization PART 1 - Complete course on Ancient History - Arti Chhawari - UPSC - YouTube

Is my voice clear to all of you? You can let me know in the comment section if the audio and voice is clear to all I feel that our last session in which we had a discussion on Stone Age you all should revise that part I hope so Yes? And I hope you all attended the MCQ class yesterday Let me give you this information Whatever MCQ practice we are doing here Excuse me Whatever topics we are discussing on YouTube The MCQ practice related to that is happening in my special classes So, like we had covered the basics in our first two sessions We had a discussion on Stone Age So, regarding that Yesterday night at 9 There was a class on MCQ practice If you have not joined Then do join in the coming sessions Okay? Let's go So, today's topic is Industrial Civilization But I remember that Before Industrial Civilization our topic on Stone Age was not completed We had discussed Paleolithic period But along with that we had to discuss Mesolithic period and Neolithic period We will discuss that first After that we will discuss Industrial Civilization Okay? So, let's revise the Mesolithic period So that we can pick the topic from here What did we see? We saw that Mesolithic period Mesolithic age is a time when you are seeing changes in the climate That's why we are seeing new types of flora and fauna Grasslands are developing Animals are eating grass We are seeing new types of animals who are doing farming work of early humans of Mesolithic period Right? So, they were doing domestication, hunting gathering and we call Mesolithic period as Observation period Those learners and aspirants who are not able to connect with today's session Let me inform you that this is the lesson number 3 and if you are not able to connect then you must watch lesson 1 and 2 So, in Mesolithic period we discussed all these things Now, we will move to our next period But, Mesolithic age is known for one more reason and that is Painting Means Early humans they started expressing themselves They started expressing themselves in the form of Paintings Here, different types of natural colors like Red, Geru and also white colors were used to paint the walls of caves and in these paintings we can see different types of animals hunting scenes and people of prehistoric period their social life So, again painting of prehistoric period is a very important source for us to know about this time Now, we will move to our last period that is Neolithic age We know that there is a big change in Neolithic age because till now we used to gather food but Neolithic age is the time when food producers became early humans Here, you can see different types of polished stone tools from different parts of India Mostly, at this time farming is starting and we know that farming is not a one day job and if you want to do farming then obviously you have to stay at that place for some time because you have to protect your crop you have to cut and store your crop So, it is not a one day job and it is not a one week job you have to stay at one place for 2-3 months So, because farming is starting that is why nomadic life early humans are moving towards settled life and for settled life they are building houses circular houses, rectangular houses mud houses you will see them building because they are doing farming because they are growing rice because they are growing wheat because they are growing grains to store that grains they need pots and because of this you will see how they started making pots these pots were hand made these pots were wheel made with the help of wheel with this, animal husbandry was continuing but in neolithic period one thing will be clear in today's session we will see some evidences which will make us understand that in neolithic period the early humans in their life new type of beliefs and rituals took place like before this it was not seen anywhere that humans were properly disposing dead bodies in systematic manner but in neolithic period the tradition of disposing dead bodies started so it seems like their life was restricted to customs, beliefs and practices which was not seen before earlier it seemed like they were moving freely but in neolithic period it seems like rituals are developing properly the tradition of making burial and disposing dead bodies started here and why we are saying that these beliefs and rituals are connected because most of the burials found in neolithic period have a particular direction which is north south direction so these rituals can be some beliefs or some beliefs which have entered in neolithic period people's life or we can say these beliefs and practices have developed in their life right so this is what you will see here in this video we will discuss some sites related to neolithic period like Burzahom, Gupkaral Chiranth, Dowjhli Heading Piklihal and Mehargarh we will focus on these sites first of all we will move towards Kashmiri Neolithic culture Kashmiri Neolithic culture is a very important culture we can see two sites in this Burzahom and Gupkaral when we talk about Burzahom Burzahom literally means the place of birch birch is a type of tree in Burzahom birch means lot of trees that is why that place is called Burzahom but this Burzahom is a neolithic cultural site here you get evidences of neolithic period people what all things we can find here we can see here we can see coarse grey pottery what does coarse mean? one is coarse and other one is coarse like wheat till the time you don't grind the wheat it doesn't become fine till the time you don't grind the wheat it becomes coarse like this you might have seen wheat porridge that also has coarse texture so the pots which are being made here their texture when you touch these pots their texture is not fine not soft it has coarse texture like you put your hand in the basket it has coarse texture so we are getting coarse grey pottery from Burzahom in Burzahom we are getting burials and in these burials mostly what you see in these burials you will find obviously skeletons but the speciality of Burzahom is that here a skeleton was found in which along with human skeleton a skeleton of a dog was also found suppose a dog was also buried with its master we have got the evidence of agriculture we have got many faunal remains we have got many floral remains means many animal bones were found on those bones human teeth marks were found means those bones of those animals those animals were hunted and consumed so in Burzahom animals are being kept but hunting and gathering pattern is still continuing in Burzahom along with agriculture along with this we can see proper burial practices along with that in Burzahom you will find one more important finding pit houses what is the meaning of pit pit so basically people of Burzahom are making underground houses in this way they are making a pit suppose here they have made a pit they cover this pit obviously with grass and wood then they leave a ladder inside with the help of which they can go inside they are using inside area and outside area so pit houses like this we can see in Burzahom Kashmiri Neolithic culture is a culture where no type of microlith is available means you will find microliths are absent polished stone tools are available but you will not find microliths microliths are considered to be a symbol of Mesolithic period then you have Gokkaral the cave of quarters this also has a literal meaning here also you will find polished stone tools you will find evidence of animal husbandry so Kashmiri Neolithic culture is one of the most important Neolithic culture which we can see in North India in mountains after this as soon as we move to this side excuse me there is a little problem in the map let me correct it this is a part of our India and we cannot destroy India here in the map you can see the north east portion so what you find here there is an important site that is Chirant when we talk about Chirant so Chirant is present day Bihar here you will find different types of tools made of stone but you will also find bone tools you will also find antlers many animals like antelope you must have seen their horns so horns are also found in Chirant along with this ivory you will also find so Chirant again very important Neolithic site along with this in Meghalaya region if there is one site in Manipur Dowjhli heading what is special about Dowjhli heading in Dowjhli heading you will find stone quern what is the meaning of stone quern in today's time if you see Silvatta there is a base stone below along with that there is a stone above suppose here some herbs are placed stone is placed above and then stone is rubbed basically on the base stone a small stone is rubbed in between there are herbs some other spices means it is a kind of grinding tool stone quern which we can also call mortar pestle in local areas it is also called Silvatta so similar Silvatta was found in Dowjhli heading what does it mean it means people of Neolithic period not only producing food but also processing that food grinding it in fine form and storing it then we come to south when we move towards south India then you will find many sites in south in plateau region you will also find many types of stone and blades but along with that in south Indian sites one thing which is common is clay figurines means here in south Indian site which is Neolithic site from clay small human form looking like toys structures are made like this you will find both figurines they are made from clay first they were made from clay then they were burnt in fire and then they were cooked these are anthropomorphic figurines looking like human small clay figurines in which you will see their head, hands and legs and these are toys means as big as toys can be you will see them in toy form now the point is what is their use one interpretation can be maybe it is a type of toy but here another interpretation compared to present time it seems that these figures anthropomorphic figures which we see may be ritual practices of like you see idol worship they may be connected to it we cannot say with surety but it can be assumed so we have found these anthropomorphic figures in south indian sites here also we have stone querns and in common language silbatta when we are talking about south indian sites we will take one site that is pikli hal present day karnataka and here in pikli hal we have evidence of seasonal camps what is the meaning of seasonal camps if we discuss here you will understand easily suppose there is a dense forest there are many trees now here these nomadic people in neolithic period they were farmers and then they cut these trees after cutting they the space after cleaning they fenced it like this they fenced it like if we grow any crop or any garden we fenced around it so that no animal can enter so we fenced it after this early humans they had animals so these animals their excreta dung cow dung was collected here in this fenced area then it was allowed to dry after drying it was set on fire this area was burnt after burning ashes were mixed with soil and then farming was done crops were cut and after cutting these people moved ahead so I hope you must have understood a name you must have heard about shifting cultivation ghumantu kheti or jhum cultivation you must have heard about shifting cultivation we also get evidence of this from pikli hall which is a south indian site seasonal camps around the rivers mostly burnt patches are found burnt fields are found which must have been burnt to do farming like this and after farming they moved ahead so such seasonal camps are found in pikli hall along with that cattle sheep and goats are also found here you can call it slash and burn technique you can call it seasonal camp you can call it ghumantu kheti you can call it jhum cultivation you can call it shifting cultivation interesting thing is that it is still going on means you will get to see it ok yes yes pingam here one thing small mistake daujli heading is in asam correct it you will get it in asam ok so these are some of the popular neolithic sites in all these sites here you have kolhidiva and mahagad mahagad is not mentioned in this map but you will find mahagad also similarly payampalli hallur all these are neolithic sites one such neolithic site is there which connects neolithic period with indus civilization means it can be a connecting dot it can be a connecting point that is mehargad all the neolithic sites you have read till now if there was any advanced neolithic site then it is mehargad in mehargad you will find evidence of rectangular houses mehargad is such a site where you will find burials and all these burials are found in north south direction in these burials you will find skeletons and along with skeletons inside these burials you will find pots in those pots grain must have been filled rice and wheat must have been filled and this indicates towards some kind of belief towards some kind of belief ritual it seems like people of this time started to believe life after death and because of this after a person's death his life after his death for help this kind of grain was being kept in pots so mehargad in all these neolithic sites is considered the most advanced and from mehargad we have also found evidences of migration that people lived in mehargad for a long time in neolithic period but after that they started to migrate from here where are they migrating? to nausar and nausar is one of the Indus valley sites so this site of stone age mehargad from neolithic period how we slowly move towards Indus valley civilization it connects with that ok clear so this part we have just discussed this was stone age i hope you were present in yesterday's mcq class now we will start today's topic that is Indus valley civilization this small part was our last session that is why it was necessary to complete so what did you see basically what did you see you saw how slowly humans evolved how they were hunters and gatherers but after that they became food producers and this did not happen abruptly it did not happen suddenly it happened gradually slowly actually if we say there is no end of this period there is no end of neolithic age even in today's time many tribal communities like this on hunting and gathering will be seen so we have discussed in stone age that how on the basis of stone tools we can study this period and how slowly the hunters and gatherers learned a lot from the changes in the environment and slowly started farming from food gathering to food producing this whole journey we have covered in stone age so quickly all of you in the comment section tell me the category of this particular stone age which category it is based on is it prehistoric proto-historic or historic phase Priya this is the place of Bhimbetka in Bhimbetka from lower Paleolithic period to Chalcolithic period we get the evidence absolutely right stone age is called prehistory prehistoric phase because here no written evidence was there whatever we studied was only based on stone tools and material remains right now we will move ahead and start our new chapter that is Indus Valley Civilization wow chill we will discuss about Indus Valley Civilization are all of you able to see the slides everyone Indus Valley or in one way it is wrong to call it valley we are going to study about Indus civilization Sindhu civilization Sindhu Valley civilization is not right so from where this journey started it is a very important topic it is a very popular topic whenever you hear the word history when you hear the word history then you think about Mohenjo-daro so we will start our discussion about him but his journey started from somewhere we have to understand him we have to try to know him here is a small story we will discuss see when history was started when history was started then what was seen all the written records are available all the written evidences are available all these written evidences Ganga and its tributaries and their stories so when history was started then it felt like India's history was born near Ganga river there the first civilization came near Ganga river there towns were developed there big kingdoms and empires were established because all the written sources all the literary evidences and sources those sources always mentioned Ganga river and its tributaries ok Ganga river Tell all the informations how the kingdoms came and how the kings ruled So Ganga river was its story Ganga river was always earliest period when civilization was also developed and they have till almost 600 B.C. era ki aaj paar. Aisa hume hamesha lagta tha. Lekin phir kya hua? Phir dheere dheere karke yahan par iss region mein, yeh jo area hai, yahan par excavation start hua. Lekin unh excavation ke peeche ka jo kaaran tha, wo alag tha. Kya tha wo? 1850s ka daur, Bharat mein railway lines aayi. Britishers railway lines lekar aaye, taaki railway ki madad se remote areas tak, wo apne samaan ko, Britain mein produce hone wale goods ko bech sake. Door daraaj ke elakon ko railway line se connect karenge, toh apne samaan ko ek jugah se doosri jugah easily travel karwa paayenge. Transport karwa paayenge. Aur samaan bech bhi paayenge. Toh 1850s mein India mein railway lines ki shuruaat hoti hai. Ab railway lines ko bichhane ke liye, yaha pe zameen jo hoti hai, usse samtal karna zaruri hota hai. Matlab, agar aapki zameen ubar thabar hai, toh iske upar railway lines, railway patriyan bichhana mushkil hai. Isliye kya karna hoga, thoda sa mitti hatani badegi, yaha pe thoda activate karke itni mitti ko kaatna padega, isse barabar karna padega aur uske upar hum iss tarah se railway lines bichhayenge. Ab basically yeh jo ubar thabar terrain hai, iski mitti hatate samay, bohot saari cheeze mitti mese niklengi. Toh kuch aisa hi hua. 1850s ke daur mein, yaha pe excavation karna aur iske saath saath yaha pe railway tracks ko bichhane ki jo zimmedaari thi, wo Alexander Cunningham ko di gayi thi. Alexander Cunningham ke saamne mitti hatai ja rahi thi, aur railway tracks bichhai ja rahi thi. Alexander Cunningham ke saamne kya aaya? Pakhi hui eete, yaani zameen se mitti hatai gayi, toh saamne pakhi hui eete aa rahi hai. Ab yeh jo pakhi hui eete thi, Alexander Cunningham iske significance ko samajh nahi paye. Unhe laga yeh toh khazana mil gaya. In pakhi hui baked bricks ka use main railway tracks bichhane ke liye karunga. Nahi eete banaani padhi, isse achha hai ki yaha pe mitti hatani par yeh saari eete mil gayi, inhi ka use hum kar lenge. Toh Alexander Cunningham ne uss time yeh nahi samjhaya ki yeh jo eete hain, yeh kisi foundation ka part ho sakti hain. Shahed mitti ke neeche kuch dhar ho sakte hain, kuch doosre archaeological evidences ho sakte hain, jiska yeh hisa ho, jiska yeh ansh ho. Lekin usko Alexander Cunningham ne samjha nahi. Isse ke saath saath mitti hatai jaane par, iss tarah ki seal bhi Alexander Cunningham ko mili. Yeh seal jo aap dekh raho. Ab kyunki Alexander Cunningham sirf literary sources ka use karte the history padne ke liye, he was also an history enthusiast aisa bol sakte hain hum. Inhi itihas padna bohot pasand tha, archaeology bohot pasand thi. Toh yeh isliye railway lines ke bichhane ke kaam mein lage the, taaki kuch na kuch agar nikle toh wo main apne paas rakh lo. Toh jaise hi yeh seal nikli, toh unhone saari kitabe boli, pata pata hai. Saari books open ki, 600 before Cominara se judhi hui jo kitabe unko dekha, alag alag books ko refer kiya. Lekin is seal ka zikr kahi nahi hai. Yeh jo seal hai, isko kahi mention nahi kiya gaya tha. Ab Alexander Cunningham ko samajh nahi aaya, kya karun. Toh unhone apni journal mein is seal ka description likha, ki yeh seal kaise dikhti hai, iska rang kaisa hai, is par kitne type ke symbols bane hua hai. Aur uske baad us seal ko apni jeb mein daal diya. Yani usko zyada importance nahi di unhone, kyunki jo bhi unke paas written sources available the, wo yahan par is seal ka koi zikr nahi kar rahe tha. And Alexander Cunningham ko bhi yeh hi lagta tha, ki Bharat ki sabdhita ki shurvaat Ganga nadi ke kinare hoi hai. Interestingly, Alexander Cunningham hi wo hai, jinone aage chalke, Archaeological Survey of India ki shurvaat thi. And he was the first Director General of Archaeological Survey of India. But unfortunately, wo na toh in bricks aur nahi in seals ki importance toh samajh paaye. Toh ab kya karna hoga? Kisi ko toh aana padega, jo is confusion ko door karega, problems ko theek karega. Yeh sab cheezein hui, lekin 1920s mein. Kaafi saal lag raha hai. Beech mein Archaeological Survey of India band bhi ho gaya tha, corruption ke wajah se. Toh 1920s mein jaake, ek baar phir se bahar aayi. Aur ek baar phir se yahan pe, is area mein excavation shuru ho gaya. Jaise Mohan Jogro, Harappa, aisi sites. Toh yahan pe Indian Archaeologists bhi the, Dayaram Sahani, jine Harappa se kuch waisi hi seals mili, jaisi Alexander Cunningham ko mili thi. Rakhaldas Banerjee ko bhi, Mohan Jodhol se kuch aisi hi seals mili, jinka zikr Alexander Cunningham ne apni diary mein kiya tha. Ek seal ka paaya jaana, theek hai, Alexander Cunningham ne usko ignore kar diya. Lekin, itni saari seals ka paaya jaana, isi area mein, pakhi hui eeto ke saar, kitna ignore kar sakte hain hum. Ab hume, iske significance ko jaana hi padega. In Indian Archaeologists ke saath milkar, 1920s ke, Archaeological Survey of India ke, Director General John Marshall ne, poori duniya ko bataya, ki humne, Ganga nadi ke kinare jo sabhiyata thi, usse bhi purani, ek sabhiyata khosh nikali hai, jo Sindhu nadi ke paas, kisi zamane mein panti thi. Aur yeh pakhi hui eete, yeh seals, ussi sabhiyata, ussi civilization ka part hai. Jaise hi announcement hui, poori duniya se Archaeologists bhaage bhaage aaye, is particular area ko padhne ke liye. Aur dheere dheere karke, is civilization se jodi hui, mysteries open hone lagi. Aaj ki samay mein bhi, Sindhu sabhiyata, bahut hi zyada attractive civilization mani jaati hai. Duniya bhar ke bahut saare Archaeologists, aaj bhi isse padh rahe hain. Aur har kuch dinon mein, ismein kuch na kuch nahi discoveries hoti hai. Theek hai? To yeh thodi se humne yaha pe kahani discuss ki, kaise is sabhiyata ki khosh hui, 1924 mein, is civilization ki discovery jo hai, uske baare mein bataya gaya tha. S. N. Roy naam ki ek writer hain, The Story of Indian Archaeology naam ki unhone book likhi hai. Aur is kitab mein unhone bahut khubsurat baat kahi hai. Wo khubsurat baat yeh hai, ki jab John Marshall Bharat aaye the, to Bharat ki umr kitni thi? India ki age kya thi? India ki age ko hum kahan se count kar rahe the? 600 B.C. Lekin John Marshall jab Bharat se wapas gaye, to wo Bharat ko aur gooda karke chale gaye, kiki Bharat ka itihas 600 B.C. se bhi peeche kisag gaya, aur lagbak lagbak 3000 B.C. ke aaj paas pahuch gaye. Kitni kamal ki baat se hai. To yeh discovery ki kahani thi. Abhi lekin humne sirf iske discovery ko study kiya hai. Ki yeh sabyata discover kaise ho? Theere dheere dheere karke iske upar kaam hota raha. John Marshall jo hai unke baad ek naye Director General aaye, Archaeological Survey of India ke, R. E. M. Wheeler. Yeh military mein kaam kar chuke the. To military mein kaam karte hain, to usme discipline hota hai, usme precision hota hai, choti choti cheezon mein. Wo saara experience wo lekar aaye, aur unhone Archaeology mein bhi usi, military mein jo experience unhone kiya tha, usi cheez ko wo laate hain, aur Archaeology mein bhi wo precision jaisi cheez ko introduce karte hain. And still, Indus civilization jo hai, wo ek bahut hi behtrin civilization mani jaati hai, aur isse aaj bhi padha jaa raha hai. Dekho, iske jam nomenclature ki baad karte hain na, jab hum iske naam ki baad karte hain, iss sabhiyata ko kya kaha jaye. To pehle iska naam padha, Indus Valley Civilization. Why? Kyuki Indus nadi ki, Indus nadi jo hai, uski jo ghaati hai, uski jo valley hai, uske aaj paas ki jo sites thi, wahan par is civilization ko study kiya jaa raha tha. Matlab jaise Mohan Jodhro ko pad liya, Thadappa ko pad liya, Dhanveriwala, Shahanu Daru, Amri, Allah Dinu, inn sites ko padha jaa raha tha. Yani ki, jo Sindhu nadi hai uski ki ghaati, ghaati mein. To isko Sindhu ghaati ki sabhiyata kaha gaya. Lekin, same ke saath saath kya hua, iss civilization se judi hui jo sites hain, wo sirf ghaati tak nahin, ghaati ke bahut door door tak payi jaane lag gayi. Jaise aap Haryana mein Rakhigarhi dekhoge, Mithathal dekhoge, itne door door ilaake tak ye sites milne lag gayi. To isse sirf ghaati tak seemit nahin kiya jaa sakta tha. Isi wajah se, ab ye Sindhu ghaati nahin, ye Sindhu sabhiyata kehlaati hai. Kyuki ye Sindhu ghaati tak seemit nahin hai, ye bahut door door tak payi hai. Theek hai? Inn sabhi sites mein, aapko ek common culture nazar aayega. Isi wajah se, inne same civilization ka part maana jaa raha hai. Acha, pehli kaunsi site thi jisko padha gaya? Jisko is poori study ka base banaya gaya. Jisse compare karte hua baaki ki sites ko study kiya gaya. Wo pehli site Harappa thi. Pehli Harappa ko activate kiya gaya, usse study kiya gaya, uske culture ko padha gaya. Uske baad baaki sites ko activate kiya. Maan liye rakhi gadi ko activate kiya. To rakhi gadi mein, Harappa mein payi jaane wale cheezon se milti zulti cheezin mil rahi hai. To Harappa jo hai na, wo comparison ka base ban rahi hai. Ki Harappa mein jo culture mila hai, waisa hi culture doosri sites mein paye jaa raha hai. To wo same culture ka part hai. Isi wajah se is civilization ko Harappa sabyata bhi kehte hain. Harappan civilization bhi kehte hain. Theek hai? Pata phit se comment section mein, yahaan par aap sabhi thumbs up denge. Agar yeh kahaani jo hai, samajh aayi hai to. Yes, it is also known as Harappan civilization. It is also known as Indus civilization. Bohot badiya, bohot badiya. Chaliye phir kahaani ko aage badhata hai. Hum basically Indus civilization mein kya kya padhne wale hai. Hum yeh civilization ki logon ki life ke baare mein padhenge. In ke subsistence pattern ke baare mein padhenge. Yeh kaise apna jeevan yapan kar rahe the. Inka art culture kyunki wo humare means ke liye important karta hai. Usko hum thoda sa yaha pe padhne wale hain. Aur jo bhi alag alag type ke sources hain, artifacts wagara hain, findings hain, jo ki popular sites se payi jaa rahe hain, hum usko discuss karenge. Theek hai? To yeh humare discussion ka flow rahega. Obviously baat hai, aaj, firf aaj ke session mein yeh cheez complete nahi ho sakte hai. Iska part 2 aayega. Hum ek din chodke, parso phir se milenge aur Indus civilization ke discussion ko continue karenge, complete karenge. Lekin aaj jitna ho sakta hai, utna hum zarur complete karenge aaj ke session mein. Theek hai? Bohot badiya. To sabse pehle chalte hain, subsistence pattern ki tarah. Aakhil yeh jeevan yapan kaise kar raha hai? Sab kuch findings par aadharit hain. Ab aap yaha pe sawal pooche hiye, yeh kaise pata chala? To dekhiye sir, archaeologists jo hain, unhone archaeology ki padhahi ki hain, alag alag methods samjhe hain, seekhe hain, jaane hain, jin ki saayata se, bohot saare artifacts jo paay ja rahe hain, unke age ka pata lagaya ja rahe hain, aur wo jo artifacts hain, unke islamaal ko interpret kiya gaya hain. Uske baad jaaki yeh saari information aapki kitabon mein dali gayi. To kripya karke, PhD na karein. Yaha pe hume topic ki PhD nahi karni hain. Hume important areas discuss karna hai. Theek hai? To subsistence pattern ki taraf chalte hain. Aur sabse pehle jo hume yaha pe discussion karne wale hain, wo hai dietary practices. Hume kya kya mila? Wheat, barley, lentil, chickpea, sesame, millet. Yeh wo hume keh sakte hain anaaj hain, jo hume mila. Kaise? Adh jale roop mein, charred form mein. Aisa ho sakta hain na, ki maan lo pot ke andar inko rakhe store kar diya, kahi dabha ke, sur us area mein aag lag gayi, jiske wajah se yeh anaaj jal gaya. To jale hue roop mein yeh anaaj hume mila hain. Pot se chipka hua, toote hue matko ke pot shed se chipka hua anaaj. To hume thoda andaaza hota hai ki, iska use wo kar rahe hain. Wo millet kha rahe honge, wo wheat, barley, lentil, chickpea, isko use kar rahe hain. Yeh unki diet ka hinsa raha hoga. Aur agar aap dekhoge, to recent findings. Abhi recent findings kya hain? Recent findings aapne suna? Multi-grain ladoo. Kuch 1.5-1.5 saal pehle yahaan par excavation kiya gaya tha aur excavation mein multi-grain ladoo mila. Matlab basically alag-alag grains jo hain, ball ke roop mein chipke hue mila. Yeh hi grain, yeh hi aapka anaaj, wheat, barley waghera. To multi-grain ladoo, meethe to nahin the wo. Lekin ladoo form mein the, gol aakaar mein. To unki diet ka wo part rahe honge. Ab sabse pehle kya sawal utta hai? Agar yeh paay ja rahe hain, wheat, barley, lentil, chickpea. To sabse pehla sawal kya uthega? Kya yeh naturally available tha? Ya phir yeh isko produce kar rahe the? Kya yeh log kheti kar rahe the? Kya hamare paas kuch aise evidences hain, jo kheti ki taraf ishaara karen? Jo farming ki taraf ishaara karen? Ki haan, these Indus wali people, Indus civilization ke log, they were involved in agricultural practices also? Yes. Hamare paas aise evidences, aise findings hain? Andaza hi lagayenge, andaza se hi sanjhenge ki haan yeh bhai kheti khar rahe hain. To aapko kya dikhta hai na? Aapko yaha pe mitti ke bahot se khilone milenge, jisme bul ka representation milta hai. Do bailo ki katha, Premchand, Munshi Premchand ki kahaani suniye? Ya phir aapne yaha pe gowdaan suni hongi? Hum dekhte hain ki India mein jo agricultural community hai, unke liye unke jo bail hota hain, wo bahot hi mehto rakhta hain, bahot importance rakhta hain. Aaj ke samay mein toh tractor waqeera aa gaye hain, hai na? Tractor waqeera hain, wo yaha pe gori ki madad se poora ka poora khet jo hai, usko jot dete hain, uski tilling kar dete hain. Lekin pehle kya tha? Hal, hal hota tha aur hal ko bail kheecha garta tha. Toh jo bail hote hain, bailon ki jo jodi hoti hai, geera aur moti, yeh hamesha se agricultural community ka ek mehtav poorn hisa raha hai. Aap hamaare poorani Indian movies ko dekh lo, poorani upanyas dekh lo, usme aapko jo village culture nazar aayega, wahan pe aapko bail jo hain unki importance dekhne ko milegi. Toh jab hum apne aaspas in cheezon ko dekhte hain, toh humein lagta hain, ki yeh itna zyada bull ka jo representation hai, khilonon ke roop mein, yaar seals ke oopar, yeh shayad kheti se juda hoga, isliye inka representation itna zyada paya jaa rahe hain. Bulls ko khilonon ke roop mein, yaar seals ke oopar bhi dikhaya jaa rahe hain. Hum sirf andaza hi laga rahe hain. Hum yaha pe kya kar rahe hain? Hum sirf aur sirf yaha pe andaza lagane ka kaam kar rahe hain. Yeh hain, kyu? Iske baaz, chalo yaha pe toh humaare interpretation complete nahi hoti, lekin fir kya mila? Ek terracotta ka, yaani pakhi hui mitti jo hain, uska ek plough bhi mila humein, chota sa, khilone ke aakaar mein, khilone ke size mein. Kahaan? Cholistan, Banwali, Indus civilization ki site hai yeh, wahaan pe mila. Toh bull ka representation hai, aur isi ke saath saath plough jo hain, uska toy paya jaa rahe hain, yaani pura size ka, bade size ka plough bhi hoga, lakdi ka bana hua, itne samay tak wo sadh gaya hoga, kyunki hum lagbak 4000 saal purani baat kar rahe hain. Lekin yeh jo mitti se banaya gaya khilona tha halka, plough ka, jisko aag me tapaya gaya, wo waisa hi raha, wo bhi humein mil raha hai. Toh yaani yeh log agricultural activities mein involved the, kheti kar rahe the yeh. Isi ke saath saath, there is another site, Kalibangan in Rajasthan. Kalibangan Rajasthan ke stratas ko jab padha gaya, main aapko stratas padha chuke hoon pichli classes mein. Stratas yaani ki, yahaan pe jo aapka yeh lithosphere hai, yahaan pe jo aapka earth crust hai, yahaan pe jo aap zameen dekhte ho, zameen ke niche jo yahaan pe layers bani hai, alag alag water air agents ke wajah se jo mitti ek jagah se doosti jagah cut ke deposit hui hai, uske wajah se jo layers bani hai. Un layers ki study ko, jab un layers ki study ki gayi, stratigraphy, Kalibangan Rajasthan mein, toh waha pe humein ploughed field ke marks milte hain. Matlab thoda industrial civilization se connected layer ko jab study kiya gaya, toh usmein kuch aise marks mil rahe hain, jisse padha chal raha hai ki yahaan pe zameen ki tilling ki gayi hai. Pheromarks. Toh usse bhi yahaan pe podhasa andaza lag raha hai ki yeh log kheti wagara mein involved the. Kheti kar raha hai, aise kuch evidences humein dikh raha hai. Usi se hum yeh andaza lag raha hai. Right? Ab agla question kya utta hai? Agla question yeh utta hai ki agar hum is industrial civilization ki baat karein, toh there are not, matlab zyadasar sites Sindhu nadi aur uski sahayak nadiyon ke aas paas hai. But bahot se sites aise bhi hain jo ki door door hai. Jo aapko thoda door door dekhne ko milegi hai. Theek hai? Ab aise sites mein kheti karne ke liye, kuch na kuch irrigation facility hai. Am I visible? Everyone? Abaaz aar rahi hai sabhi ko? Hello? Is it still buffering or is it fine now? Clear hai? Bahot badiya, bahot badiya, bahot badiya. Chale. Toh hum yahaan pe kya discuss kar rahe the? Dekho, ratta nahi baat raha hai. Aap cheezon ko, kahaniyon ko connect kijiye. Pehle hume anaaz mila, phir hume thoda yeh pata kiya ki kya yeh kheti baadi kar rahe hain? Haan? Ab kya, agar yeh kheti baadi kar rahe hain toh, Indus nadi ke aas paas ke sites ko toh paani mil jata hai. But there are various sites jo Indus se bohot door bhi hain. Semi arid region mein hain. Jahan baarish itni achi nahi hoti. Toh wahan par kis tarah ki sichaayi vyavastha ki gayi hogi? Kis tarah se fasal wagayra ugay jati hogi? Kya tarika tha? Hain na? Toh wo thoda pata karna hamare liye zaruri hai. Toh mostly Harappan sites, Indus wali sites jo hain, wo semi arid region mein hain. But there are different facilities, alag alag jugad kar rakhe the inhone, jiski madad se kya kiya jaara tha, yaha pe paani jo hai usko store kiya jaara tha. Jaise Dholavira. Dholavira ki jab hum baat karte hain toh, Dholavira mein you will find water reservoir. Yeh ek water reservoir yaha pe dekha gaya hai. Baarish ka paani aata hai, toh yeh isme ek atcha ho jata hai. Paani jo hai, wo yaha pe Dholavira ke sare log use karte hain. Now Dholavira ko map mein pata pat mark kar dena hai. Phir aata hai aapka Shortugai. Shortugai is in present day Afghanistan. Wo bahut door hai yeh. Dekho zara, map dekho. Yeh raha. Yaha. Bahut door hai. Toh yaha pe semi arid region hai obviously. Yaha pe varsha bahut kam hai. Nadiya jo hai. Pots bhi toh hai. Lekin mostly saal baar yaha pe suki dekhne ko milegi nadiya. Ab yaha tak paani pauchane ke liye aapko water canals banane pade hai. Toh aapko yaha pe canals toh hai uske evidence bhi milte hai. You will find canals. Shortugai Afghanistan kar. Harappa. Ab mein aapko Harappa ke baare mein ek interesting fact batate hain. Harappa jo city hai. Jo town hai. Indus civilization ka first city jisko excavate kiya gaya. Yeh Harappa town kuch aise banaya gaya hai. Ki uska base jo hai na wo samtal nahi hai. Wo aise hai. Matlab Harappa jo share hai usko aise banaya hai. Us share ke beecho beech aapko is tarah se dhalan dekhne ko milegi. Taaki jab baarish ho toh is town ke beecho beech paani katha ho jaye. Aur wo paani jo hai is share ke logon ke istamal mein aa sakhe. Kheti wagara agar karte hain country side area mein toh wahan par iska istamal kiya jaa sakhe. Hai na? Toh yeh kya kar rahe hain? Yeh alag alag tariqe apna rahe hain. Kuch log water reservoir bana rahe hain. Kuch logon ne apne poore town mein beech mein ek dhalan bana liya hai. Aise ek gradient bana liya hai jisse paani baarish ka wahan pe poora ikatha ho jata hai. Aur kuch canal ke traces bhi milte hai jisse nadiyon ka paani thekho tak So in sabse humein yeh toh pata chal gaya ki yeh kheti kar rahe the. Inki diet mein yeh anaaj shamil tha jisse wo uga bhi rahe the. Iske alawa humein kya mila? Iske alawa humein bohot saare faunal remains mile hain. Yani ki hadiyan, jaanwaron ki bohot saari hadiyan mila. Inme se kuch jaanwar paaltu jaanwar hain jaise ki cattle, sheep, goat, buffalo, pig jine domesticated kiya gaya. Lekin humein bohot saare wild animals ki hadiyon ke upar human teeth manushe ke daaton ki nishan mile hain. Toh wild animals ki hadiyon par agar aisa mil raha hai toh iska matlab un wild animals ko hunt kiya gaya hoga, unka shikar kiya gaya hoga aur uske baad inko apne diet mein shamil kiya gaya hoga. Yani dono prakaar ki jaanwar hain, yeh kheti bhi karte hain, yeh jaanwaron ka shikar bhi kar rahe hain aur yeh pashu palan bhi kar rahe hain. Yeh inki subsistence strategy ka part hai. Kya yahan tak cheezein clear hai? Yes everyone? Bohot badiya. Toh mere hisaab se aaj hum yeh hi tak humara discussion karenge. Aur humare Indus Valley Civilization ke part 2 yaani ki lesson no. 4 mein hum Indus sabdhata ke baaki jo information humein padne hai usko hum cover karenge. Aap sabhi mera telegram channel join kar sakte hain. Kyunki Indus Valley Civilization topic chal raha hai, toh obvious ki baat hai usse jude hui MCQ ki practice hum special classes mein karenge. Lekin special classes ki jaankari aapko telegram par hi milegi. Toh aap sabhi mera telegram channel join kar sakte hain. Aap search kar sakte hain. Aarti Chawri ke naam se. Ya phir mein comment section mein hi uska link provide kar dungi. Chat box mein toh chalega nahi ho. 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Toh meri taraf se aap sabhi ko Swatantrata Diwas ki hardik hardik shubh kaamna hai. Hopefully agar hum mile toh bahut acha hai. Otherwise meri taraf se aap sabhi ko bahut bahut shubh kaamna hai. Kal ki 15 August ki. 15 August kyo hai wo ek bahut hi mehtapoon din hai hum sabhi Bharatwasiyon ke liye. Yeh wo din hai jisko humne jeeta ek bahut lambe struggle ki baat. Toh ise zarur celebrate kijega. Ek behtar manushya banne ki hoshash karein. Apne aas paas safahi rakhen. Aur isi ke saath kuch behtar karein jiste aas paas ki logon ko bhi madad mile. Jeevan mein aage bagay ho. Bahut bahut dhaniwaar. Thank you so much. Take care.