Наше движение по Вселенной ломает физику？ ⧸ Невозможные черные дыры ⧸ Астрообзор #195

We were wrong about how our solar system flies around the universe. The solution to the problem of impossible black holes has been found. We need to look for extraterrestrial life on the moons of the Siroth planets. We will talk about all this and much more right now in the 195th issue of Astroobzor. Well, I'm Andrey and you're on the Cosmos Prosto channel. Perhaps we were wrong about how our solar system moves around the universe. And I'm not talking about this stupid video that went viral 10 years ago and still appears from time to time in all sorts of TikToks. The author of which apparently found out that the solar system is not static, but also moves around the center of the galaxy, and ran to model its movement with a bunch of mistakes to quickly inform the world that here it is, a real spiral model of the solar system. In that video, there was one true message that the sun, along with the planets, moves around the galaxy. But in the rest there were a bunch of mistakes. In the second video, the author took it from somewhere that everyone thinks that the solar system moves around the galaxy like this, and he understood everything and turned it 90 degrees. In fact, it moves at an angle of 60 degrees. Plus, it zigzags periodically, sometimes rising higher, sometimes lower relative to the galactic disk. For some reason, the author also added a spiral to this movement. And only by the third video, after numerous reviews from specialists, he still visualized more or less the correct movement of the solar system. But, as usual, the first crooked and wrong one ended up, and it is still being copied. In general, the real movement of our system and our Earth around the universe is very complex and consists of many components. And it is interesting that this movement even sometimes makes us But how is this related? In my videos, I have already mentioned the problem of dipole anisotropy a couple of times. Among the basic principles of the modern standard cosmological model of the universe, its homogeneity, the universe is on average the same everywhere, and isotropicity, there is no specific direction in the universe. Whatever direction, from whatever point in the universe we look, we should see the same picture. We are surrounded by a background of very weak photons, a microwave background. A photon from the earliest light of the universe, which began to spread freely on it. As we know, it comes to us from an era when the universe was only 380,000 years old. Then there were no objects in the universe, no planets, no stars. And looking at the maps of this relic radiation, we see confirmation that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic. These maps look so spotty and bright, because they take into account the fluctuations in the radiation temperature up to 0.001, or even 0.001 Kelvin. If we do not take into account such a small difference, but reduce it to a hundredths, then the entire map will be filled with one color. And this will mean radiation of 2.73 Kelvin across the sky. Small fluctuations are normal. If there were no such fluctuations, then there would be no structure in the universe at all. A cluster of galaxies and galaxies. And yet, there are various anomalies in the microwave background. I have already told about some of them separately. This is the so-called axis of evil, and the cold spot, and one of the most famous is dipole anisotropy. With all these anomalies, the story is this. They can be just observational artifacts or data analysis, and not real cosmological effects. But if they are real, and they show a real deviation of the universe from homogeneity and isotropy, this creates problems for our understanding of the devices of the universe and the standard cosmological model. In the case of dipole anisotropy, we are almost sure that this is not a real cosmological effect. The essence of the anomaly is that on the relic radiation map there is a difference in temperature not on small scales, but on the largest. This is how this anomaly looks on the map if you show it. The radiation of one half of the sky is shifted to the red part of the spectrum, and the other to the blue. One half of the sky in the microwave range is slightly colder, the other is slightly warmer. If this were a real effect, then it could be interpreted as the whole universe is rotating, which should not be according to modern theories. But this anomaly has a quite prosaic explanation. It is caused by the movement of us, the observers of the universe, and the Doppler effect. Because of the movement of the light wave in one half of the sky is shifted to the blue part of the spectrum, and this part looks a little warmer, and in the other half to the red part, and it looks a little colder. This movement is complex and consists of several components. The movement of the solar system around the center of the galaxy, galaxies in the local group of galaxies, and the very group of galaxies. We use the methods available today to measure the speed in all these components of motion, and if we take them into account, the anomaly of dipole anisotropy is well explained, which means that our cosmological model remains working. And here a new article appears, published in the journal Physical Review Letters, which can create problems for cosmologists. The explanation of the anomaly of dipole anisotropy depends on how accurately we measured the speed of our movement around the universe. This speed must be measured relative to something. Here, in fact, the microwave background is taken as a basis. The speed relative to relict radiation. But back in the 80s of the last century, scientists proposed an alternative way of measuring, where the focus is not the most ancient light, but objects from a later universe. Galaxies. And not any galaxies, but radio galaxies. The type of galaxies that emit particularly strong radio radiation. Their advantage is that long radio waves pass through the accumulation of cosmic dust and gas without any problems. They are convenient to observe from Earth, because radio waves do not interfere with the atmosphere. Even in this article of 1984, it was proposed that such galaxies can be used to determine the speed of movement of us, observers, and, accordingly, the Earth and the Solar System around the universe. The idea is that due to the movement, similar to how the temperature changes in relict radiation, creating anisotropy, a little more radio galaxies can be observed in one direction than in the other. That is, we take radiotelescopes, we review the entire sky, if we do not take into account the movement, and if the universe is really homogeneous and isotropic, then the number of such galaxies should be on average the same in any direction. But if we count the galaxies, and we see that in one half of the sky there are a little more of them than in the other, questions begin to arise. How can there be more galaxies on one side due to our movement? Well, this is just such an observation effect. A number of effects can play a role here, for example, the same Doppler effect. Radiotelescopes observe in a certain wavelength or frequency range. That is, they do not see the waves below or above this window. But if we move in a certain direction, due to the Doppler effect, the number of waves from the sources can shrink, their frequency increases, and a slightly larger galaxy enters this window of frequencies that the telescope sees. It is clear that, on the other hand, the waves, on the contrary, stretch, but due to a number of factors, asymmetry can still occur. The difference is very small, so very sensitive telescopes are needed. The authors of the new study used data from several reviews, including the large European network of FlowFire radiotelescopes. After analyzing the data, they saw the same difference in the number of radiogalaxies in different directions. And if we explain this difference through our movement, then the speed of our movement should be three times higher than the previous estimates. And no matter how you look at it, this is a problem. If the difference is really caused by movement at such a high speed, then something does not add up in our theories. Because the previous assessment explained dipole anisotropy well, and here is not a dipole. But we assume that the difference in the number of galaxies is only observable, not real, and caused by movement. But there is still an option that the difference is quite real, and indeed, in one direction there are more galaxies of one type than in another. And then it can destroy the picture of a homogeneous universe, one of the main pillars of modern cosmology. There is always, of course, a possibility that the conclusions of scientists in the article are erroneous in principle, but they claim a high confidence of more than 5 sigma. Let's see how the story will develop further. Scientists have found the solution to the mystery of impossible black holes. What are black holes and what is impossible about them? In 2023, the collaboration of the detectors of gravitational waves LIGO, VIRGO and CAGRA recorded another event of gravitational waves. More than 100 years ago, the general theory of relativity predicted the possible existence of gravitational waves, a kind of rabe that spreads over the fabric of space-time itself. In 2015, the LIGO detector recorded such waves for the first time, proving their existence. The general theory of relativity passed the test once again. Now there are 3 above-mentioned detectors, and at the moment hundreds of events of gravitational waves have already been recorded. Most of them come from the events of the merging of black holes of stellar mass, although sometimes neutron stars are also stolen. In general, any body can emit gravitational waves and launch rabe over space-time, even I do it now. But we can only register these waves from the most extreme events, which create waves with certain properties, especially frequency. And these are the events of the merging of such massive and compact objects as black holes of stellar mass. The waves from the merging of supermassive black holes, whose frequency is much lower, can not be recorded by modern working detectors. Well, in 2023, the GW231123 event was recorded. And it turned out to be a record. A record because the mass of merging black holes was the largest among all registered events to date. The mass of one black hole was 103 solar masses, and the other 137. But all this with errors. But how do we even know the mass of these black holes, which merged, by the way, billions of light years from us? We didn't see them. All we have is a gravitational signal, which is registered when a gravitational wave passes through an observatory. There, inside the tube in the shape of the letter G a few kilometers long, a laser beam is emitted, divided into two, then it is reflected from the mirrors and merges again. When there are no fluctuations, the rays balance each other, and the light does not hit the detector. But if a wave passes through the detector in the space-time itself, the distance between the mirrors slightly changes. The rays stop balancing each other, and a signal hits the detector, the intensity of which changes, and a wave is drawn. This is how a registered signal looks like. In general, this is all we have. And yet, this allows us to determine the possible masses of merging objects. Because the frequency and amplitude of the wave depend on the mass of the objects. Two black holes moving in orbits around the common center of mass emit gravitational waves and thus lose energy, and due to this they get closer and eventually merge. And the closer they are to each other, the faster they move, and the higher the frequency of the waves. And we see this here in the wave. This final signal is called a chirp, that is, a buzz at the end of the merging. And this is a bit like how a twisted coin or Euler's disc rotates and then falls. Here, listen. There is even an article comparing the nature of the coin stop and the gravitational wave. And this sound of such a disc will be different depending on the properties of the disc, size, mass. And we, in principle, can imagine what it will be like for smaller and larger discs, and even model it. About the same thing is done with black holes. We see that the gravitational signal from different events differs in frequency and amplitude. Scientists create models of how black holes, what masses, can explain what signals. And from here comes the estimate of the mass. Of course, we cannot measure the mass as accurately as possible, and there are big errors in the estimates. Here, in the case of the event we are talking about today, 137 solar masses with a deviation from plus 22 to minus 17. For the second, in general, the error is from plus 20 to minus 52. So there is some uncertainty. Why are these black holes impossible? It's about their mass. You may have already noticed that the mass for black holes of stellar mass is quite large. As you may know, for a black hole to form after the death of a star, the star must have more than 8 solar masses. Accordingly, the black hole itself will be smaller. And here we have 100 and even 140 solar masses. The very fact of the existence of black holes of masses not in several, but in several tens of solar masses is not yet a problem. Because it is clear that black holes can merge with each other if they are in a place where there may be a lot of them nearby. We, as it were, do not observe merging. Well, and absorb other matter too. Here is the problem. The mass of the resulting black hole depends on the mass of the parent star. And today it is believed that especially massive stars in a certain range of masses flash at the end of their lives with a special type of supernovae. The so-called steam-unstable supernova. In this incredibly powerful event, a massive star explodes and leaves no trace behind. And there is a so-called mass gap of steam-unstable supernovae. If stars in a certain mass range do not leave black holes behind, then black holes with masses from 70 to 140 solar should not appear directly. But this does not mean that black holes with such masses cannot exist in principle. I have already said that black holes with masses below this range, forming directly, can grow through merging with other holes and absorbing other mass. But this explanation is not very suitable for this pair of black holes. Because, based on the nature of the signal of gravitational waves, scientists have determined another property. A very fast speed of rotation of two black holes around their axis. When black holes merge, this to a certain extent can disrupt the nature of rotation. And here both black holes rotate very fast in a certain way. And it is unlikely that two such black holes just flew by. In addition, there are hints that they were originally part of one double system of two massive stars. This is indicated by the possible orientation of rotation and orbit. They just couldn't appear right away. And it is unlikely that in one system two black holes grew to such masses through merging with other black holes and still had such a spin. Therefore, the authors of the new article, published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, proposed a new scenario, in which a significant role was played by the influence of magnetic fields, which were not taken into account in past studies. The idea here is this. First, we have a massive star with a mass of as much as 250 solar masses. But it does not remain that way forever. Through powerful emissions and star winds, during its short life, it loses a significant part of its mass and loses up to 150 solar masses. This is already close to the lower limit for partially unstable supernovae, and such a star can burst into an ordinary supernova with a core collapse. And then there is a black hole with a mass of 40 solar masses, and all this is surrounded by the remaining mass of the ejected substance. But this remaining substance does not completely fall back into the black hole. Here magnetic fields are important, which create streams of substances in the form of jets. And thus, part of the substance is ejected, but part falls into the black hole, increasing its mass and increasing the speed of rotation of the black hole. And taking into account the partially lost mass, in the end we get a black hole that falls into this very mass gap of partially unstable supernovae, without any mergers with other black holes, and also has a high speed of rotation. Scientists conducted simulations that showed that, taking into account magnetic fields, the mechanism can work. And such a process can take place on both components of massive double stars. Well, in the end, we get such a merger of black holes, which should not be directly formed. Simulations also showed that in such processes there should be characteristic gamma radiation bursts. If we find them using telescopes, it will be an argument in favor of this interesting hypothesis. NASA launched a new mission to Mars. And a very interesting one. Let's start the space selection with it. Here, by the way, several things were done for the first time, and this even concerns the launch. This is the first launch to Mars for the New Glenn rocket from Blue Origin. In fact, this is only the second launch for this rocket, and immediately on an interplanetary trajectory. Secondly, Blue Origin managed to land the first stage of its rocket for the first time. At the first launch, this was not possible. Next, this is the first launch to Mars of twin spacecraft. The mission is called Escapade, and it is two small identical spacecraft, which will study Mars from orbit. Why do we need two spacecraft? Surely some of you remember the twin spacecraft of the Grace and Grail missions, which studied the gravitational field of the Earth and the Moon. Due to the fact that the devices are constantly exchanged with signals, and being above different areas of the Earth or the Moon, they have a slightly different gravitational effect, because the mass is distributed unevenly. Due to this, the distance between the satellites changes a little, it is measured, and such gravitational maps are built on the basis of these measurements. Unfortunately, this will not happen here, but still, two spacecraft are sent for a reason. Today, Mars has several spacecraft in orbit, but they are in different orbits, and a lot of time passes between photos of the same surface area. Now the spacecraft has photographed some place, and next time it will be able to photograph it only when it makes a full circle in orbit, usually it is 4-5 hours. This means that we cannot track any changes on the surface yet, if they occur over shorter periods of time. Here, two spacecraft will be in the same orbit, and one will follow the other, and they will already be able to shoot the same area with a difference of 30 to just 2 minutes. And this will allow us to track faster changes, which we could not do before. The path of two spacecraft to Mars is also interesting. Now, right after launch, it is not flying to Mars yet. The fact is that for the most effective launch to Mars, they try to choose the best trajectory, when Earth and Mars are in such points of their orbits, so that there is less to fly. Such a window opens once or twice a year, and the next window will be only in November 2026. As a result, first the spacecraft will fly to the Lagrange point L2 of the Earth-Sun system. This is where James Webb is resting. The spacecraft will fly past it along a certain trajectory, and it will take 12 months. So they will wait for the best trajectory to Mars. There they will not just cool down, but will study the space weather. And then they will fly, again, not straight to Mars, but back to Earth, but only in order to perform a gravitational maneuver. They will accelerate due to the gravity of our planet, and then they will go to Mars. I talked about gravitational maneuvers in detail in a separate video. In general, this is such a demonstration that you can start from Earth not at the best moment of launch to Mars, but still do something useful in space. The mission, by the way, is still quite budgetary, only 80 million dollars. And since we are talking about launches to Mars, many are waiting for robots to fly to Mars, not robots, but people. And here one company from Texas wants to launch to Mars already in 2030. With one such small caveat. Not living people will fly, but dead. More precisely, their remains. Dust and samples of DNA. Celestis Inc. has already offered such services to launch the remains of people into space, but not yet to Mars. The mission to Mars will be called Mars 300. Because they plan to send the remains of 300 people. Well, or people are members of their families. And they are already opening applications. You can leave a deposit of 10% of the full value for $ 25,000. However, there are no details yet when exactly the launch, on which rocket, how it will look in general, and so on. And yes, all this will not descend to the surface of Mars, but should remain in orbit around Mars. If this happens at all, of course. I don't know if this is a good idea at all. By the way, NASA has finally started working again. After the longest shutdown of the US government in history. All this time, the NASA website has not been updated. But finally, new publications came out. And one of the interesting ones is a collection of fresh observations of the interstellar comet 3i Atlas. In one of the astro-reviews, I said that as it moved along the solar system, it wanted to be observed immediately with the help of several interplanetary stations. And they did it. 3i Atlas, by the way, from Earth, amateurs have already taken a good picture. Here, for example, is a picture of an astrophotographer, taken on a telescope with a 300mm mirror. Well, if we return to the pictures of spacecraft. Here is a picture of the MRO spacecraft from the orbit of Mars. This is a composite image in ultraviolet, made by the Martian device MAVEN, which shows radiation from hydrogen atoms around 3i Atlas. This is an animation of the pictures taken from the surface of Mars by the Perseverance rover, which is barely visible to 3i Atlas. This is a series of shots from the Stereo solar observatory. This is a shot from another solar observatory in Soho. And this is a shot of the Punch spacecraft. These shots do not look as impressive as, for example, an amateur shot from Earth. Including because the cameras of the devices are not telescopes with large apertures. And they are not intended to shoot distant, dim objects. In addition, these shots were taken at different times, at different periods of activity of the comet. But still, such observations from different angles can be very useful. And scientists will continue to analyze these observations. We often talk about the search for extraterrestrial life. And, as a rule, we consider the possibility of life either on some bodies in the Solar System, or on exoplanets. Planets revolving around other stars. And rarely, of course, there are also exotic scenarios. Like hypothetical organisms living on stars. But this is just extreme speculation. But there are other possible options. And today we will talk about one of them. Not just about planets in the exoplanet system, but about the planets of the orphans. These are those who do not revolve around the stars and fly around the galaxy on their own. And not just about the planets themselves, but about their satellites. Can life exist on the moons of planets without stars? I once mentioned this idea briefly, but now a new article has come out, in which this issue is studied subjectively. Can conditions suitable for life be on such satellites? And what does it depend on? At first glance, the idea of ​​searching for life in objects without stars may seem unintuitive. Even the scientific article that is now being discussed has the title Life in Darkness. And indeed, the presence of a close star in the sky, like our Sun, is responsible for two of the three key factors for the possibility of existence of life. The Sun maintains a sufficient surface temperature for the existence of liquid water. This is the first factor. And the Sun is the main source of energy for life. These are two. The third factor is the presence of the necessary chemical substances. And the planets of the orphans and their satellites do not have such a star. At the same time, again, using the example of our Solar System, we know that the Sun is not the only possible source of energy both for life and for heating water and maintaining it in a liquid state. Here we remember the ice satellites of the giant planets, and especially, of course, about Europe and Enceladus, whose bowels can be heated by the tidal force caused by the powerful gravitation of their parent planets. We are almost sure that in Europe and Enceladus there are sub-ice oceans, and we quite admit that there may be, if not life itself, then at least the conditions in which it could be born and exist. Although this is very different from what we are used to on Earth. But there are even its own additional advantages. For example, the many-kilometer ice crust over the oceans serves as a good shield against space radiation. Something similar, in theory, can happen on the moons of the orphan planets. Another reason not to ignore this scenario is the possible number of such planets in our galaxy. To date, the orphan planet has been discovered less than just an exoplanet. A few hundred against six and a half thousand. But this is partly explained by the fact that some ways of discovering planets do not work with orphan planets. Especially the most productive ones, such as the transit method or the method of ray speeds. Here you have to rely either on microlensing or even on direct observation. And given how many of them have already been discovered, even without the ability to use part of the methods, scientists assume that there may be many of them in the galaxy. Up to two orphan planets of mass in Jupiter for each star in the galaxy. It turns out that there can be hundreds of billions of orphan planets in the Milky Way. If they also have satellites, then this is still a whole field of work to find potentially inhabited objects in addition to ordinary exoplanets. However, there is one problem. So far, we have not found any exoplanet at all. Neither exoplanets with stars, nor orphan planets. This does not mean that there are none, but it is not easy to find them. And the new article is just trying to answer the following questions. Can satellites have orphan planets, given how such planets become orphans or strangers? And secondly, can there be such a configuration in such systems, in which conditions similar to those we observe in Europe and Enceladus are created on the moons? As for where the orphan planets come from, here we have several scenarios. In most cases, planets that now fly around the galaxy were originally formed independently in planetary systems near the stars. But then, as a result of some processes, they were thrown out of them. However, it is impossible to exclude the option in which planets are originally formed without stars, like such mini-solar systems with a central object, the mass of which is simply too small to launch constant thermonuclear reactions and turn into a star. But also a planet can, as it were, break away from its orbit at a star under the gravitational influence of an approaching other star, which happens more often in a young cluster. Also, due to the gravitational instability and the interaction of bodies inside the system itself. And also, the death of a star can destabilize the system. I am, of course, talking about a supernova flash. This article focuses on the latter scenario. Its authors, using computer simulations, decided to check whether in this case planets can save their satellites, fly out of the system after the death of the star and stay with their moons, which will continue to move in orbits around the planet. And the simulations showed that planets almost always save their satellites. So planets that have become orphans due to the explosion of the star may well have satellites. The second question is whether these satellites can have conditions suitable for the birth of life. Here a lot depends on the orbit of these satellites. We need liquid water. And before that, I said that on ice satellites, the ocean can remain liquid due to the tidal warming. When a massive planet squeezes its satellites with its gravity, friction occurs in the depths, heat, and the water can remain liquid. But there is one important caveat. In order for the tidal heat to work, the satellite must move in an elliptical orbit. And the longer it is, the stronger the effect. Because at different points of the orbit, at different distances from the planet, the forces of different powers will act. This is where the friction comes from. And the simulations showed that such an ejection of a planet with satellites through a supernova can noticeably pull out the orbits of the satellites. The eccentricity increases to 0.33 when the orbit was initially close to a circular one. And up to 0.88 for orbits that have already been pulled out. But the tidal heat depends on the distance to the planet. As a result, when the distance is more than 0.01 astronomical unit and the eccentricity is higher than 0.1, an effective tidal heat can work on the satellite. And from 12 to 15% of the satellites of the planet Sirot In the end, the simulations received conditions comparable to Europe and Enceladus. This means that there may be conditions suitable for life. Even in the models, such conditions have been preserved on satellites for billions of years. And this makes them even more interesting. Given that there may be billions of them, and they do not suffer from a number of problems related to stars, such as the very high activity of red dwarfs, the most common stars, this makes them very curious targets. True, for starters, you need to open such satellites of the planet Sirot. And you can do it. For example, a transit method. Only here the planet will not overlap the star, but the satellite to the planet. But for this you need direct observations of such planets of Sirot from the right angle. Well, microlensing can also work. It is quite possible that in the future such satellites will open. It is a pity that it will be even more difficult to check them for signs of life than exoplanets. But in any case, by reasoning about how we are alone, if there are so many planets in the galaxy, you can also add a saying about satellites and satellites of the planet Sirot. After all, there are even more potential places for life. By the way, friends, if you want to watch another new video with my participation right now, then you have such an opportunity, because Alexander Charov invited me to participate in a collaboration on his channel, and he released a large video about astrology for more than an hour. More precisely, there is a video about a particular astrologer. And I talked about astrology from the point of view of science. I myself wanted to make a video on this topic for a long time, but so far my hands do not reach this topic. I don't know if they will reach it at all. Well, let's see. But right now you can watch this video. It turned out to be cool, interesting. I will leave a link to it in the description and, perhaps, in the pinned comment. Yes, I finished this video and did not die. I don't know if you noticed or not, but I had a voice again some time ago, and with great difficulty I recorded this video. I hope it didn't bother you much and you could listen to this video and my voice normally. I want to say thank you all for watching, thank you for your support. I remind you that you can support our channel on Boosty, on Patreon and on YouTube. This way we depend less on platforms, algorithms and advertising. And everyone who supports us, every two weeks receives additional exclusive videos, as well as other pleasant bonuses. And, of course, do not forget to subscribe to my Telegram channel and VK group to get additional space content almost every day. And always stay in touch. Thank you all again. Bye.