Proof of 10k years of “prehistoric monoculture” (trade, memes, genes, etc.)

I think one of the most misunderstood things about ancient people is just how interconnected they were. Even in deep prehistory, groups that were genetically and geographically distinct were exchanging materials, ideas, and technologies across continents. So in this video I'm going to be pulling from all the latest research, synthesizing all sorts of data points to really drive home the point that people have been interconnected long before most people assume. It even starts with pre-Homo sapiens, from Neanderthals, the earliest of Homo sapiens, up through the proto-silk road, and eventually the silk road itself. Let's start off before Homo sapiens. An October 2025 study of Neanderthal sites in the Caucasus, which were dated to around 80,000 to 40,000 years ago, found obsidian tools that were sourced from around 400 kilometers away, or about 250 miles, which is longer than the distance from Boston to New York City or Miami to Orlando. And this is just the latest data point in a growing body of evidence that shows that there was wide-range exchange networks among all sorts of Neanderthal groups. And then by the Upper Paleolithic, around 30,000 to 20,000 years ago, these networks became even more structured. It's a theme you'll see throughout this video that, just like how humans and other animals will all naturally take the path of least resistance through, let's say, a forest, it's the same idea with trade networks. We see these main highways being used for tens of thousands of years, though of course they also intelligently adapt. Maybe they're cut off by climate change or war. But you can see these paths being used more and more over time. It's kind of cool to think of it as something being in constant use for tens of thousands of years. Of course, often not the exact same routes, but overlapping a lot more than you'd think over tons of diverse areas and over a greater time span than most people are aware of. In this Upper Paleolithic era is when archaeologists note an increase in population and intergroup contacts. We see more of artifacts being made from exotic materials, things that had to be transported over 200 kilometers. Marine shells and amber turn up in inland European sites, far from any ocean, and high-quality flint or obsidian was carried across hundreds of kilometers. While this 2021 paper shows that on the central Russian plain, non-local flints, seashells, and amber found at many sites were likely obtained through trade networks that crisscrossed this whole region. And we'll see an exchange of genes and means. Genetic studies confirm that while each band remained mostly distinct, intermittent intermarriage in contact occurred across great distances, which is what we see with modern hunter-gatherer alliance networks. I've talked about this in other videos with populations in Central Africa and the Aboriginal Australians. It seems like all people, across all time, seem to figure out that you do need some diversification of your genome. It's kind of an intuitive thing, it's not like every member has to be married off to some other tribe, there's always some level of inter-tribal marriage. And just this simple practice at trying to avoid inbreeding, don't take this the wrong way, but people trading wives may have been the first goods. But when it comes to actual pieces of technology, actual material goods, we're seeing that traded as well around 30,000 years ago. A small amount of gene exchange, qualitative technology, and meme exchange, but without requiring large scale migration. Things like ideas, goods, and technology can move hundreds or thousands of miles, but crucially, you gotta understand that that is without the originators of those things ever moving far beyond their home range. You could make something, take it to the border of your territory just 20 miles away, trade it with the next tribe, and they do the same thing, carrying it another 20 miles and so on, and eventually things are crossing continents. And from about this point on, we see an ever increasing amount of culture and symbolic exchange along these networks as well, with some of the best examples coming from the Malta site in Siberia. About 24,000 years ago, archaeologists have found these carved Venus figurines that are remarkably similar to those in Upper Paleolithic Europe. Until Malta's discovery, these Venus statuettes were known only from Europe, but now we see that they also existed 2,500 miles away in Asia. And it's a data point toward this shared artistic tradition spanning Eurasia during the Ice Age. There's also an ivory plaque at Malta which is engraved with a spiral labyrinth motif and snake-like meanders. That's these lines that seem to just twist and go off. They meander around. Some researchers think this is the earliest known labyrinth design, noting that spiral and labyrinth patterns appear in later prehistoric art across Europe, Asia, and the Americas. They argue the motif likely originated in Northern Asia and from there spread west and east, and carried by peoples who eventually crossed the Bering Land Bridge. If you saw my video on the Tarim Basin mummies, when they were discovered, they were described as having white European features. But when we got modern genetics back, it finally showed that this was a distinct people group dubbed the Ancient North Eurasians, and that they are the source of many traits that would spread west into Europe and east into China. That much of what we think of with white people came not really from Europe, but broadly from the steppe region, southern Russia, from the Caucasus, and into Ukraine area. It's where we get the origins of skin lightning alleles and blue eyes. And this is also where we see the oldest example of the swastika pattern coming from Ukraine. This is from around 9000 BC, and it's carved into mammoth tusk. It would spread west into Europe with the Vinca culture around 5000 BC, and goes south with the Sumara bowl of the Sumerians in modern Iraq also dated to around 5000 BC. And of course it's spread all throughout Asia, and even into the Americas. Every time I try and look up an explanation on this, people try and dismiss it by saying that this is just an easy symbol to draw, and they point to how widespread it is, implying that we sort of see it everywhere. But we don't. We do not see it in places that seem to be outside the central Asian area of influence. We do not see it in Africa, we do not see it with the islanders of the Indian seas, or with the aboriginal. We do see it more in North America, which is the people groups you would expect to be either the latest groups to arrive, as the earliest people to arrive likely just kept spreading out, so that'd be at the far east of North America, the far south of South America. It's silly to think the Amazonians came after the Pueblo or something, just kinda excuse me, excuse me, working their way down. It's with the West and Central North American people that we see most of the swastika symbols with Native Americans. And so since we know that things like the Venus figurines were part of some sort of monoculture from Central Europe over to Siberia around 24,000 years ago, and that the air quotes oldest swastika finds keep going back further and further in my own lifetime, if it just goes back a little bit further, you'll pretty quickly have overlap with the migrations into America, with the last of these Bering Strait migrations being around 16,000 years ago, and this is consistent with a lot of other ANE and Native American cultural aspects. Anthropologists have long noted reoccurring mythological motifs, very similar creation stories, great floods, cosmic hunters, and a really specific example is the bear cults and star lore. The veneration of bears, with things like bear ceremonial burials, and the mythology of the great bear constellation, this is shared between Ice Age Europeans, Siberian tribes, and Native Americans. I think the great bear constellation point is probably the strongest, because that is something that a culture decided to map onto the stars. As every little kid who learns about the constellations notices, none of them actually look like the constellations they're describing. The closest thing is Orion with the belt, maybe it looks vaguely like a human, but all these other people and snakes and bears, it's very unlikely that different groups looked at these dots and all independently chose to map on a bear. And again, it's not the only data point. All of this kind of stuff is circumstantial. I always say people can be convicted of murder from circumstantial evidence, if you have enough of it of course. We're debating on if there is enough of it. And I just think that when we see these things popping up along known trade routes, people that have influenced each other at a genetic level, and a memetic level, and we don't see that in say Central Africa or the Aboriginal Australians, you can't act like this is just a human thing. It seems to be connected from these North Eurasian people. Now as the Ice Age ended and the Holocene began, humans transitioned to farming in many different regions. And this Neolithic revolution expanded these trade networks. One of the earliest towns, Jericho, in the Levant around 9,000 to 7,000 BC, shows very clear evidence of long-distance trade. Archaeologists at Neolithic Jericho found obsidian blades from Anatolia, modern-day Turkey, and marine shells from the Mediterranean coast. Jericho lies in the Jordan Valley, with no local obsidian or sea snails, so these items must have traveled hundreds of kilometers. And this makes Jericho one of the first known trade hubs, linking the Mediterranean, Anatolia, and southern Mesopotamian areas. The narrow band that we usually think of with the Fertile Crescent really has a much wider, diffused area of influence. Exchange that would not only be goods, but the ideas that came with them, like farming techniques, pottery styles, how to domesticate animals, unique religious practices, and the world's first villages. And if we move up into Europe, we see the same thing. A famous example is the trade of Spondylus shells, spiny Mediterranean shells used to craft beads and other ornaments, and these have been found in Neolithic graves as far north as central Europe, even near Paris, over 1,500 kilometers or just under a thousand miles from their source. This shows continent-wide exchange networks between early farming cultures and central Europe. And we see the same thing with obsidian. Obsidian from known sources in Anatolia and the Aegean traveled to Neolithic sites all over the Near East and southern Europe. Obsidian from the Cappadocian volcanoes in Turkey appear at sites in Syria, Iraq, and even Cyprus from as early as 7,000 BC. In the opposite direction, obsidian from Melos, a Greek island, made its way through the Aegean and the Balkans. These so-called obsidian routes are so well traced that archaeologists like Colin Renfrew famously reconstructed early trade patterns by mapping where obsidian from each source was found. And the picture that emerged was a web of exchange crisscrossing Neolithic Europe and Asia. Village-to-village routes by which a toolmaker in Jericho could use Anatolian obsidian, or a farmer in Germany could wear a Mediterranean shell pendant. And this all compounds, this sort of earliest form of a monoculture, with this diffusion of technology and culture. The spread of agriculture itself, with wheat, barley, and livestock spreading from the Near East into Europe, and conversely, millet spreading from East Asia to the West, likely occurred through these chains of exchange and communication. It is funny that the whole idea of a global Graham Hancock style, some sort of civilizing people that went around uplifting everyone, it's scoffed at by academics, and I don't think it's literally true, but I don't like what is often ignored by the academics, is that what this idea is wrestling with is what I describe as a healthier kind of ancient worldview, which deified this civilizational process. The gods or angels, emissaries, functionaries, whatever you want to call them, those that brought this new tech of domestication of plants and animals, were seen as great benefactors for humanity. These sages that put our source of survival in our own hands. We're no longer just living at the whim of nature, like animals. And this gets depicted in countless ways, but famously with the Apkallu. I have a short video planned on this, but these images are often implied to be the Anunnaki, but they're actually Apkallu. And in these depictions, what we moderns might think of are glimpses at some ancient, mysterious, supernatural mindset. I think it's actually a healthy romanticizing of this new thing we call civilization, something we now take for granted. See how they are pollinating plants by hand? And you have the idea of Enki, the wisdom bringer, as the savior of humanity. It's all encoding the idea that the agriculturalists and merchants were the agents of this new world order. And this entire Fertile Crescent area definitely develops an idea very early on, that this great new tech should spread all over the world, even throughout their view of the cosmos. I've covered in my Egyptian videos the idea of fighting Isfet or Apep. It's the Egyptians' idea that civilization is a created, artificial thing that is constantly at war with this preexistent, chaotic, natural state, which is always threatening to collapse in on you. The exact visual depictions of Shamash, along with broader Mesopotamian ideas, crystallize in Zoroastrianism, one of the most pro-human religious frameworks ever. Seeing us humans as co-creators with the good god of wisdom Ahura Mazda, against that constraining force of Angra Mainyu. These ancient people built up this very complex framework to try and enshrine at the core of their culture that we have a good thing going here. They decided to romanticize or deify it and channel that human propensity for religious behavior and this constant seeking of a purpose. The sages channel this all toward preserving this idea that we can change reality around us. It's at this time that we start carving into the rocks themselves. Not just living in caves, but building our own structures, changing plants, animals, and making technology that makes our lives better. And that we can trade this all to far off peoples with a net benefit to all. A much better system than warring over the randomly appearing resources in this natural state of just competing with other hunter-gatherer groups. In lieu of me continuing on this thread, I could go on for that forever, but if that's interesting to you, just watch my video on how 140,000 years of warfare gave us the fertility-war-goddess combo that emerges from the agricultural people. But I do hope you see that this is more than just trading goods. It's not just a balance sheet, it's not just materialistic. You really can see this all through a romanticized, humanistic endeavor. But by the late Neolithic times, some regions became specialized production centers feeding wide networks. Alpine flint mines in Europe produced high quality flint axes that were traded over 500 kilometers away. In Britain, the Neolithic axe trade brought stone axes from a few key quarries, like Langdale, and spread them throughout most parts of the island. These examples show a Neolithic economy that was increasingly interconnected. While each community was relatively small and local, by just passing it over to their neighbor, they end up forming a large-scale system of gift-giving, barter, and migration that moved goods and ideas from Europe to Africa and Asia. And now we come to the Bronze Age, a time period from roughly 3000 to 12,000 BC, where human trade networks are growing even more ambitious, truly spanning transcontinental distances, and the people are aware of it. It's not so much just trading with your neighbor. It becomes much more planned out and strategic. The invention of bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, created an early, global market. Since tin was a rare, strategic resource found only in a few places, the quest for metals forged trade links between the earliest civilizations. The great Bronze Age civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China all valued metals and exotic goods, further fueling this exchange. Let's start with the Mesopotamia-Indus trade network, from around 2500 to 2000 BC. Sumerian cuneiform texts mention a far-off land called Melua, which is almost unanimously identified as the Indus Valley civilization. Indus-made beads, seals, and jewelry have been found in Mesopotamian cities, while Mesopotamian cylinder seals and Persian Gulf shells appear in Indus sites. Merchants from the Indus Valley likely sailed to Mesopotamian ports via the Persian Gulf, bringing carnelian stones, ivory, pearls, and cotton textiles, and returned with wool, silver, and olive oil. In the ancient world, a good rule of thumb is that traveling by sea was often easier than traveling by land. In the simplest form, you can just putz along the coast, instead of going up and down mountain ranges, getting lost in the woods, or eaten by animals. So, with the Persian Gulf here, even though they're farther off than say the Anatolians or the Egyptians on a map, they could have been in nearly the same amount of contact. And I have a whole video on the basal erasions and the idea that the pre-Sumerian culture likely existed in what is now underwater in the Persian Gulf, as we see the earliest Sumerian sites pop up right on the edge of the water, but they're so advanced so early, that they don't seem like the first cities, just the oldest examples we can find. And so I'm very open to the idea that both the Indus Valley civilization and the Sumerians may have some precursor that is now lost under the Persian Gulf, but of course to confirm this, more research would be needed. We can look over to Egypt in the case of the incense routes from about 2000 BC. During the Middle and New Kingdom, Egyptians sent trade expeditions to the fabled land of Punt, likely in the Horn of Africa, seeking out incense, myrrh, and spices. And overland caravans were beginning to carry frankincense and myrrh north from the Arabian Plateau into the Levant and Mediterranean. This incense route, running about 2,000 kilometers or 1,200 miles, or about the distance from Miami to New York City, in this case from the area of Yemen or Oman, through Arabia and into Gaza. And this route was thriving by 2000 BC. It required way stations and camel caravans, foreshadowing the later caravan cities of the Silk Road. And this incense trade spurred infrastructure. Fortified oasis towns and enormous caravan sites sprung up along desert routes to support merchants. Merchants trading with merchants to meet the needs of other merchants. And many of those sites are now UNESCO World Heritage sites like Petra and Avda. And then in Europe we have the Amber Road. Baltic amber, which is fossilized resin, was a highly prized luxury good that traveled south in exchange for bronze and gold. Beginning in the Bronze Age, a loose network of routes carried amber from the Baltic coast through Central Europe and into Italy and Greece. Archaeologists have found Baltic amber beads in Mycenaean Greek tombs from around 2000 BC. And later the Romans marveled at the so-called Northern Gold. This Amber Road connected Northern Europe's Celtic and Germanic peoples with the Mediterranean world, which was in closer contact with the Near East world. So by around 2000 BC, we have continuous high volume trade from modern Poland down to Yemen. But like I said, the emergent empires really want their hands on the best metals. The Pan-Eurasian metal trade networks of the Late Bronze Age, from 1500 to 1200 BC, show a supply chain that moved tin from Central Asia to the Mediterranean. And we get this great snapshot with It's a trading ship that sank off the coast of Turkey, carrying a rich cargo of copper and tin ingots, along with Canaanite glass, ivory, and a wide variety of jewels. Analysis of the tin ingots show that roughly one-third of the tin came from the Mushistan Mine in modern Uzbekistan, over 3,000 kilometers or 1,800 miles east of where the ship sank. The remaining two-thirds came from a mine in the Taurus Mountains of Turkey. Two far-off locations being traded on a single ship, and it shows that this was not the work of any one empire, but a chain of local miners, caravan traders, and merchants linking these far-off regions. A truly cosmopolitan Bronze Age economy, with a single shipment involving eight or more different civilizations. And we see more examples of certain distinctive styles of swords, jewelry, and pottery, which spreads throughout the Bronze Age. And this could be the result of traveling smiths and merchants. We see bronze tools and so-called ring money circulated from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean by around 1000 to 800 BC. We see standardized bronze rings, axes, and ingot bars found across Western Eurasia, which suggest a form of proto-currency, used in the same way across thousands of kilometers. And in the Near East, the Late Bronze Age Amarna Letters from the 14th century BC depict a world where Egyptian, Hittite, Babylonian, and Canaanite kings exchanged luxury gifts, gold, textiles, and precious oils, and merchants bartered in port cities from the Levant to the Aegean. So by at least 2000 BC, from East Asia to Europe, no region in Eurasia was truly isolated. Physical goods and ideas were traveling to far-off people, even if not everyone at the local level fully understood the scale of this network. And this is how we get to the term, the Proto-Silk Road. The Silk Road proper is usually placed around 200 BC, but archaeologists point to this period from around 5000 to 3000 BC as a crucial window when cultural and economic exchange first bridged the East-West divide. And one of the best points of evidence is the so-called food globalization in prehistory. Scholars argue how similar ideas could be generated by different people without being in contact with each other. But genetics are hard science. Starting by around 3000 BC, we see Western Asian domesticates like wheat, barley, sheep, goats, and cattle appearing in Northern China. And conversely, Chinese staples, broom corn, and foxtail millet spreading west into Central and Southwest Asia. Wheat and barley cultivation is evidenced in the Yellow River Basin by around 2500 to 2000 BC, which is not long after these crops were first established in Mesopotamia. I'm working on a whole deep dive on just this point because I do believe it is the missing piece of a puzzle to understand the cultural exchange between the Chinese and Sumerian. There are things, which we have the oldest examples of in Sumer, that pop up the exact same way in China. And that becomes not mysterious at all when you realize that these people, even if through intermediaries, were in constant contact with each other through trade. And then millet, which is originally domesticated in China, was adopted in parts of Europe by around 2000 BC. Tell your favorite trad larper that we've had globalized markets for over 4,000 years now. We're not going backward. Let's just make sure all this technology benefits all of us, not just the oligarchs. And to the point of this being something that's been built up over thousands of years, archaeologists note this corridor. Similar paths that saw diffusions of technology like bronze metallurgy and chariots coming into China from the west, and goods like jade and silk moving out of China. Archaeology increasingly shows the main routes of prehistorical cultural dispersal followed the same paths as the later Silk Road. It's the paths of least resistance moving along the strings of river valleys and oases across arid central Asia. Long before organized empires, herders and oasis dwellers facilitated an east-west exchange along what then becomes the Silk Road route. Because the geography of central Asia has high mountains, desert basins, and some fertile oases, which naturally become the routes people take. It's around 2000 BC that we see these thriving oasis towns at Tarim Basin and Fergana Valley. These would have been important stopovers for any trans-Eurasian travel, as one could skirt the harsh deserts by hopping between water sources. Archaeological finds like the mummies of the Tarim Basin, which I mentioned earlier, which had those mixed eastern and western features, and some of the foods they have and clothing styles that they wear, it's all a sort of hybrid, and it matches with genetic data which suggests contact between Indo-European nomads, Middle Eastern merchants, and early Chinese cultures during the 2nd millennium BC. But there is also a gap or delay in the development of these routes, and recent paleoclimate research seems to give an explanation for this. It seems like a severe 640 year megadrought in central Asia, between roughly 3800 and 3200 BC, may have temporarily halted east-west exchanges. During this megadrought, the desert oases dried up and it's just all one big desert, so it becomes impassable, and we see what's described as an archaeological silence. There are very few settlements in this interval. This climate event could have pruned back the nascent Silk Road, forcing any travel to take a longer detour north of this desiccated zone, now moving more through the Eurasian Steppe. It's after 3000 BC where the oases refill, and that's when we see Central Asia having a demographic and cultural boom. Populations expanded into the Taklamakan Desert and Fergana once more, and re-established what they would have seen as ancient trade networks between east and west. And like I said in that period from 3000 to 1500 BC, it just explodes like never before, and really never stops, with intense trading of foods, horses, metals, and new ideas. But the domestication of the horse by around 3500 to 3000 BC on the Eurasian Steppe, and later the Bactrian camel by around 2500 to 2000 BC, this even further revolutionizes long-distance travel. I guess I should have stressed this earlier on in the video, but before the domestication of horses and camels, so in other words, for around 7000 years of our story so far, all of this was done on foot, and of course, boats. So again, that's why the boat really is your only fast travel vehicle. People weren't riding horses until around 3500 BC, and the earliest chariots until around 2000 BC. What do you know, that year 2000 BC keeps popping up in this video. By the Late Bronze Age, steppe people like the Yamnaya and Afanasyevo cultures had expanded from the Caspian Steppe all the way to western China, bringing the first wheeled vehicles and Indo-European Tocharian languages into the Tarim Basin. And their successors, the Scythians, Sakas, and others, effectively created a human bridge across Eurasia, where this mobile lifestyle enabled trade over unprecedented distances. A herder could cover dozens of kilometers a day, far more than a Neolithic farmer. By the Iron Age of around 1200 to 500 BC, the proto-silk road was well-established in practice, even if not by name. Assyrian and Persian records mention caravans coming from the east with fine Chinese goods. They're likely mentioning silk, and we have found tiny examples of silk in Egyptian and Scythian tombs. In China's Zhou and early Han era, there are references to western regions, qiyu, providing jade, horses, and other exotic items. The famous story of Zhang Xian, a 2nd century BC diplomat, tells that when the Han Chinese first explored westward, they found existing trade in things like silk and bamboo coming from China and reaching out as far as Central Asia, meaning intermediary people had already begun trading these items. And it's really comical in a way that a timeless thing of our civilizations is that these centralized authorities are usually the last to fully understand what the people were doing on their own. Merchants are several steps ahead of their kings, and so the silk road did not appear out of nowhere, it was not the mandate of any emperor or king, it was not devised in some palace, it was this informal, diffused process across millions of people, building up over thousands if not tens of thousands of years. All of this set the stage for the silk road, which emerged during the Han dynasty and into the classical era from around 200 BC to being what could be seen as its peak in 1500 AD, the time of the renaissance. This story of Central Asia linking east and west trade has taken us all the way from Neanderthal sites up to the renaissance era. By the first century BC, Chinese silk had reached the Roman world, with Roman writers like Pliny complaining about gold leaving Rome to buy silk, and horses, glassware, wool items, and gemstones flowed to the east. But beyond physical goods, there was intense cultural exchange. The major world religions of were all formed around this time. Buddhism spread from India to Central Asia and China, Zoroastrianism and Christianity and Manichaeism all took advantage of these trade routes, and later we see the same thing with Islam. Paper and gunpowder came from China, while glassmaking, winemaking, and artistic styles move east. Some of the most culturally rich cities of all time, like Samarkand, Berkara, Palmyra, and Alexandria became melting pots of languages and ideas, where Greek philosophy, Egyptian metaphysics, Indian mathematics, Chinese astronomy, and Persian music could all intermingle and build on each other. There were also southern maritime routes. By the 8th century CE, Arab and Chinese sailors were trading directly by sea, linking China, Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and East Africa, effectively a silk sea route. And that, and maybe this should become another future video, could be seen as just an extension of the Indus and Mesopotamian sea trade, but under the Tang and subsequent dynasties, they expanded even more. Again, I really think you can our modern lifestyle is 4000 years old. True international trade. And by the time of the Silk Road's zenith, by around 1000 AD, silk that was made on a Chinese loom, sold to a merchant in Samarkand, traded over to Persia, who then brings it to Antioch or Alexandria, where it then finds its way to a Roman bishop's robes. That whole process only taking a few years at most. A Chinese pilgrim, like Xuanzang, could travel Central Asia to India in search of sacred scriptures, told in the Chinese legend Journey to the West, where we get the monkey god Sun Wukong, which is just a really cool current example of this trade from east to west, being something of Chinese and Indian culture, and selling millions of units in China and in Europe and America. I ad-libbed this part of the video, this was not in the script, but how funny is it that the success of Wukong tracks across this ANE people group line, that goes from Central Asia, west into Europe, and east into the Americas. Sorry this is off the cuff, but I think that's pretty funny. But that's it for the breakdown. I hope you understand the Proto-Silk Road, and see how understanding this really does dissolve a lot of the mysteries when we look at these ancient civilizations, that seem so similar despite being so far off, well it's because ancient people really weren't that isolated. The whole idea of a sort of diffused monoculture has been with at least the Eurasians broadly for around 4000 years. If I touched on any ideas that you'd like me to make a complete video on, please comment them down below. If you watch this channel a lot, you know that comments have inspired a ton of these videos so far. And please hit that like button, it really is the best way to help me out. If you made it this far, I think you'll like it. If you can just hit that like button, it really tells YouTube to help promote my stuff more. Thanks for watching, I'll see you in the next one.