VỤ NỔ LỚN (Big Bang) - VŨ TRỤ LUÂN HỒI | Khám Phá Vũ Trụ

The universe includes all existing matter, energy, and space, which is considered to be a bulk. The current universe has not yet been determined the exact size. It has been expanded since the beginning of the Big Bang about 13 billion years ago. The universe includes planets, stars, galaxies, the components of the universe, the smallest atomic nuclei, matter, and energy. The observable universe has a diameter of about 28.5 billion parsecs, or 93 billion light-years, at present, and is estimated to have about 2 trillion galaxies in the observable universe. Astronomers have not yet known the total size of the universe, and it could be almost infinite. Observations and developments of theoretical physics have helped to deduce the composition and progress of the universe. History books, cosmology and astronomy theories, as well as scientific models, have been proposed to explain the observable phenomena of the universe. The first gravitational theories were developed by ancient Greek philosophers and Indian philosophers. Over the centuries, more and more accurate astronomical observations have led to the Japanese theory of Nicholas Copernicus, based on the results obtained from Tycho Brahe, and the evolution of that theory of the orbit of the planet by Johannes Kepler, which was finally explained by Isaac Newton with his fascinating theory. Further advances in the observable universe have led to the discovery that the solar system is in a galaxy containing billions of stars, called the Milky Way. Then astronomers discovered that our galaxy is just one of hundreds of billions of other galaxies. On the largest scales, the distribution of galaxies is assumed to be uniform and equal in all directions, which means that the universe does not have borders or any special center. Observations of the distribution and orbit of galaxies have led to many modern physics and astronomy theories. Discoveries in the early 20th century about the red transition in the orbits of galaxies suggested that the universe was expanding, and the discovery of the space-time gradient must have a starting point. Recently, observations at the end of the 1990s showed that the expansion of the universe was accelerating, showing that the main energy component in the universe belongs to an unknown form, called dark energy. Most of the mass in this universe exists under an unknown form, which is dark matter. The theory of the Big Bang, often called Big Bang in English, is an outstanding model of cosmology that describes the initial stage of the formation of the universe. According to this theory, the Big Bang happened about 13.8 billion years ago, so it is considered the age of the universe. After this stage, the universe was in a hot and dense state and then began to expand rapidly. After the explosion stage, the universe was cold enough to form many atomic nuclei, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. Depending on the simple atomic nuclei, they can form rapidly after the Big Bang. Thousands of years later, the new neutron atoms appeared. The first atom was born, Hydro, along with the small Helium and Lithium. The giant clouds contain atomic atoms, which are then recombined by attraction to form stars and galaxies, and then super-galaxies, and heavier atoms, or are combined in the heart of a star, or are born from super-galaxies. The Big Bang theory is a scientifically proven theory and widely accepted by the scientific community. It provides a complete explanation of many phenomena observed in the universe, including the presence of light elements, the scattering of cosmic rays, the center of the universe, and Hubble's laws for super-galaxies. The main ideas in the Big Bang, the expansion of the universe, the super-hot state when it erupts, the formation of Helium, and the formation of galaxies, are derived from these observations and other observations independent of any cosmic model. Physicists know that the distance between galaxies is increasing, and they argue that everything has to be closer to each other when we go back to the past. This idea has been carefully considered when we go back in time to the time when matter had a high density and high temperature, and large nuclear reactors were built to carry out experiments similar to the time of the Big Bang to bring results and promote development for the model. On the other hand, nuclear reactors only have the energy to detonate limited nuclei to be able to study the high energy of the basic nuclei. There are very few clues about the earliest time after the explosion. It is impossible, and does not provide any explanation or description of this origin. Instead, it describes and explains the fusion of the universe after the time of the explosion. The astronomer and physicist George Lemaître was the first to propose what later became the theory of the Big Bang in his study of the theory of atomic nuclei. For many years, physicists based on his initial idea have developed different theories and gradually regrouped into modern theory. The framework for the theory of the Big Bang is based on Einstein's relatively broad theory of physics and on the simple hypothesis of the universe's uniformity and direction. Based on Einstein's theory, the astronomer Alexander Friedman has found programs for the evolution of the universe. The distance between galaxies is proportional to their redshift values. A discovery that Lemaître had made in 1927. Hubble's observations show that all galaxies are very far away, as well as supergalaxies are moving away from the Milky Way. The farther they are, the faster they move. Once upon a time, the community of scientists divided into two groups, one to support the theory of the solar system. But today, most scientists are persuaded by the script of the theory of the Big Bang, which is most suitable for measuring after the universe's uniformity was discovered in 1964, and especially when its magnitude, that is, the measurement of the uniformity corresponding to each wave, was discovered in accordance with the black hole. Since then, physicists have combined large data in observations to add theoretical calculations to the Big Bang model, and its exploratory model, or Lambda-CDM model, has become a theoretical framework for modern space research. In medieval science, there are many debates about whether the universe has a limited or unlimited past. Aristotle's science has argued that the universe has an unlimited past. This has created problems for atheists, who cannot agree with Greek philosophers' theories about the perspective of Abrahamic religions. As a result, a variant of logical debates argued that the universe has a limited past, developed by John Philoponus, Al-Kindi, Sadia Gaon, Al-Ghazali, and Immanuel Kant, along with others. In 1225, in the Deleuze Debate on Light, British scientist Robert Chrysostom explored the natural nature of objects as well as of the universe. He described the emergence of the universe as an expansion and the formation of objects to create stars and planets in an order of galaxies circling the Earth. The above argument is the first attempt to describe heaven and Earth using a simple set of physical laws. In 1610, Johannes Kepler used the night sky to talk about a limited universe. 77 years later, Isaac Newton described the great shift in the universe. The description of a universe as an expansion and formation in a cycle was pushed further in a poem published in 1791 by Erasmus Darwin. Edgar Allan Poe introduced a system in 1848 called Eureka, a prose poem. Of course, it was not a scientific project, but it started with superphysical principles that tried to explain the universe using physical and psychological knowledge at the same time. It was denied by the scientific community and sometimes misunderstood by the critics. Its scientific nature has been re-evaluated in recent times. According to Poe, the initial state of an object is a simple base atom. The will of God exposes itself as an energy that breaks the base atom into atoms. The atoms expand in space until the energy stops and the attraction appears as a reaction. Then the objects start to form blocks and star systems. Meanwhile, the material universe is pulled back by the attraction and finally collapses. The final stage is to return to the basic state to start a similar process as above. This passage of Eureka describes a developing universe of Newton and shares some characteristics with relative models. For this reason, Poe puts forward some themes that were first discussed in 1910 by Vestal Slipher and then by Carl Wilhelm Wirtz who identified the most astronomical galaxies. Today, it is precisely identified as astronomical galaxies that have drifted away from the Earth. Slipher used a telescope to investigate the orbital stages of the planets, the formation of the atmosphere of the planets. It was also the first attempt to study stars and galaxies. It is difficult to show in a universe that is filled with stars and galaxies. This does not draw the attention of astronomers and the galaxies proposed are actually galaxies outside the Milky Way. Also in that decade, Einstein with his relativistic theory will not have a solution to the cosmic state and give a basic hypothesis that the universe is expanding or shrinking, not being constant or unchanging. This result comes from a development of the orbital stages of the relativistic theory. At first, Einstein was led to the conclusion that the way he built the orbital stages could be a mistake and he tried to fix it with a number of galaxies. This number will be corrected in the description of the relativistic theory for the creation of the universe or its existence. The first person to seriously apply the relativistic theory without using the number of galaxies was Alexander Freeman. Freeman came up with the expanding universe using the orbital stages of the relativistic theory in 1922. His article in 1924 included the possibility of a world with unchanging cosmic states. Freeman's article described a universe named Freeman-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker. In 1927, the American astronomer George Lemaitre proposed an open model of the universe to explain the changes observed in the orbital stages and calculated the Hubble theory. He created his theory based on Einstein's research and Wilhelm de Sitter's and independently conjectured Freeman's processes in an open universe. At the same time, the outer space was not uniform but changed in such a way to lead to the conclusion that there is a definite relationship between the number of red transits of galaxies and their distance from the observers. In 1929, Edwin Hubble provided an easy-to-understand explanation of the Hubble theory. His experimental observations confirmed that, relative to the Earth and all other observed objects, galaxies are gradually moving away in every direction at a speed calculated from the outer space, directly proportional to their distance from the Earth and from each other. In that year, Hubble and Milton Helmholtz came up with the Hubble theory. The theory states that when the outer space is shown as a measure of the speed of distance, it is consistent with Einstein's relativistic theory of a uniformly open and divergent universe. The natural direction of expansion is a direct evidence that, if the universe is expanding, no object in the universe can move further and become an empty space It is a demonstration that allows the concept of an expanding universe. The theorem has determined the importance of the distance between any two galaxies and their relative speed to be independent of each other. This discovery later led to the establishment of the Big Bang model. In 1931, Lemaître, in his work Hypothèse de l'atome primitif, argued that the universe begins with the explosion of an atom, then called the Big Bang. He argued that the stars in the universe are the remaining traces of that event, although we now know that it begins with galaxies. Lemaître had to wait until his death to be able to study the emission of cosmic rays, the emission of traces of something special and hot at the beginning of the universe. Lemaître, who was the first to study the Big Bang, chose three scientists who contributed a lot to the research on black holes for the Nobel Prize in Physics. One of these three scientists was Roger Penrose. The scientist was a judge when Stephen Hawking defended his doctoral research and later became a colleague of Hawking The theory of Einstein showed the existence of black holes, although Einstein himself did not believe in the existence of such objects. One of the most notable theories of Stephen Hawking was that although nothing could come out from the inside of the black hole event, there could be the birth of a pair of antiparticles caused by the quantum mechanics. One particle in that pair would push the other out. Because of the conservation of energy, the particles falling into the black hole need to carry negative energy, and that, in theory, will cause the black hole to evaporate. However, if the process of evaporation is slow enough, we currently have no way to verify it. In other words, so far, Hawking's theory is still just a theory. Roger Penrose, who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2020, has spent many years pursuing another idea that he called the Conformal Cyclic Cosmology. In fact, the Conformal Cyclic Cosmology is not a completely new idea. Previously, many scientists predicted that the universe would end with a big crash when the gravitational force of a supernova hit the earth. This crash created a miracle, and since then, another planet exploded to bring the universe back to life. However, observing supernovas at the end of the 20th century proved that there was no crash and that the universe would go extinct forever. Because there was no crash, basically, there would be no revival as many people imagined. But Penrose developed his theory a little differently. According to CCC, the universe exists in an infinite cycle. Each cycle is a super-long period that he called a super-time, originally known as A.I.N. The super-time that we are living comes from the big bang at the end of an ancient super-time. In the distant future, the universe will expand to the extent that all matter will disintegrate due to the processes of distribution. At that time, our super-time will come to an end and another big bang will appear. Penrose also said that the Hawking radiation in black holes is the remnants of the ancient universe that we can observe. In 2018, Penrose and some colleagues pointed out the abnormalities in the CMB data that they called the Hawking points and said they were the remaining signals of the Hawking radiation in a previous universe. So, is there a universe before the Big Bang? In an article posted on Forbes, just two days after Penrose won the Nobel Prize and was nominated for CCC, astrophysicist Ethan Segal made it clear that there is no evidence that there is a universe before the Big Bang, as well as that a similar explosion will occur in the distant future to form another universe. The Hawking points are all very unclear, as well as the CCC cannot make any predictions in line with the data obtained. There is a fact that since the Big Bang theory was proposed and proved widely, people have always asked that if the universe came to life from such an explosion, what caused that explosion and what was in front of that explosion? This is a very natural question. Surely, at this time, no one dares to answer whether or not there is something in front of the Big Bang, something that caused the Big Bang. And so, in terms of mathematics, there are many hypotheses that it is possible. However, the fact that some hypothesis is proven and considered a scientific theory needs to be based on direct or indirect evidence, not on whether people find that meaning interesting or not. There are people who are always interested in the idea of a reincarnation universe, which helps them think of some religious belief. Or because a simple hope is that reincarnation means that the universe will never completely end, but only move on to new stages. Some others like this idea because it seems interesting. And there are also some people who are just always interested in the idea of reincarnation. So the hope, no matter from which engine, beautiful or normal, stupid or unique, can not exceed the strict requirements on the possibility of verification and prediction that a scientific theory needs to have. Although the talent and value of Penrose's research is undeniable, a scientific theory is the one who created it. Don't forget that Fred Hoy is also a famous and talented scientist, but he still pursues a stable model. And Albert Einstein, a name that no one knows, and many people are not surprised that he is the greatest scientist, has also denied the existence of the black hole, which later Penrose proved wrong and won the Nobel Prize for it. It is even considered great as a person with great wisdom and research spirit, as well as contributing greatly to the development of science. They can answer all your questions about things that science, at least in their field, knows. But that does not mean that if they give an opinion or an idea about something that has not been proven, it will also be true. Of course, Penrose, as well as Einstein and Hoy previously, understand that. They do not call on humanity to believe and support them. When they realize that their idea has a basis for understanding and digging deep, they will focus on finding evidence to prove it. If they fail, their idea cannot be recognized, and the truth is that it is wrong because science is to explain nature in the most accurate way, not the most attractive way. To this day, it is still too early to fully deny Penrose's theory of CCC. However, in fact, it does not have any clear evidence. If someone is interested in that idea, that person has the right to hope that one day that theory will be proven. But on the other hand, maybe in just a few years, there will be very clear evidence that Penrose was wrong. So, believing in such an idea is not much different from believing in life after death. It's too vague, and there is no convincing evidence.