旧約聖書の誕生　世界で最も読まれている本の謎

When was the Old Testament born? It's hard to answer this question. It may be impossible. Make the impossible possible, don't give up. First of all, let's start with the story of what the Old Testament is. The existence of the Old Testament is based on the existence of the New Testament. The Old Testament must have existed a long time ago? Old Testament Because there is a New Testament, there is a Old Testament. I don't know what you're talking about. The old testament is a Christian way of calling it. The New Testament was the beginning of Christianity. In that sense, the establishment of the Old Testament is later than the establishment of the New Testament. I don't quite understand that part. Let's talk about the New Testament first. The New Testament is a collection of 27 texts. No one should add to this, and no one should cut it from now on. Since the famous Athanasius said so in 3.2.1, Except for the 27 texts in Christianity, it cannot be recognized as a New Testament. This is as much as Luther, who initiated the religious reform, did not overturn it. I guess the Old Testament is not like that? The Old Testament is also a composite of multiple texts. So how many texts are they? How many texts? It depends on the frequency. This is the answer. I don't understand the meaning. For example, there is a book called Tobitoki. This is the Old Testament in the Roman Catholic Church, In other words, it is treated as a New Testament, but in Protestantism it is excluded from the New Testament. In other words, does the length of the Old Testament change depending on the frequency? That's what it is. In addition to Tobitoki, Judaism is not included in the New Testament. The Old Testament is the starting point of Judaism. This kind of expression can be said to be a bit violent. Judaism does not accept the word Old Testament. It's because it was suddenly made up without permission. But what do you call Judaism? It's common to call it Tanakh. By the way, Tanakh is a phrase. Torah, which is translated as the Law, Medium, which is translated as the Prophecy, It takes the header of the Kasbeam, which is translated as the Book. MuMuMu? In this sense, the texts in the Bible are classified into three types, I took the header of those categories. On the other hand, there are also names such as Mikra and Hebrew Bible. It was written in Hebrew. Speaking of the Jewish Tanakh, The Law is Volume 5, the Prophecy is Volume 8, and the Book is Volume 11. The most famous of these is the Torah, which is also called the Book of Moses. Book of Moses? Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Deuteronomy, Prophecy. These five books are said to be written by Moses, It is called the Book of Moses, or the Torah. Is Moses a real person? It's one of the most difficult questions in world history. It is also a difficult question before this channel was established. And I can not come to a conclusion when I say a conclusion. Your words are equal to not saying anything. I can not say anything. I can not say that it existed or did not exist. And it is a problem that it is not a conclusion whether the Torah was really written by Moses. After all, there is a description of the death of Moses in the Torah. Did Moses write his own death? In this regard, four of the five books of Moses were written by Moses, There is also an opinion that only the last life was left by another person. It's a part where opinions are divided even among the Jews. Even if Moses is a real person, There is also a fierce debate about when he is a real person. This time I will omit the story, From the 16th century BC to the 13th century BC and the estimated age is also wide. Is there still such an old text? It is not only left, but it is still read the most in the world. It's amazing. But how did you keep leaving that text for so long? When was the Torah standardized? This is also a part of the debate. When was it standardized? It seems that there are many people who think it is Babylon restoration. Is Babylon restoration about 586 BC? When was the Judaism established? This is historically 538 BC. It is the year when the emperor of the Persian Empire, Cyrus II, released the Jews from Babylon restoration. This year the Jews returned to Jerusalem, and the temple was rebuilt. Returning the story to Tanah, There is a text called Daniel in Kesbim, a book in Japanese. And in this book of Daniel, the Persian Oculus appears, and it is thought to be probably Cyrus II. In other words, it means that it was written after the era of Cyrus II. Regarding the book of Daniel, both the Judaism and the Christianity are recognized as sacred texts. In other words, the book called the Old Testament, It can be said that it was established after Babylon restoration at least. The theme of this time is the establishment of the Old Testament, However, this time I decided to call the Bible after Babylon, the Bible of Babylon. Yay! Well, how far has the Torah been left? It is assumed that there were things according to the text and things according to the text. Was there a text anyway? Ark of the Covenant. There is a being called Ark, which also appeared in the movie Ark Lost. It's Indy Jones. In the Great Temple of Jerusalem, there was a holy room called the Box of the Covenant. This is said to have been made in the era of Moses, and it seems that it remained until the era of Solomon. Solomon is said to be a man of the 10th century BC. It is said that Moses put various items in the Box of the Covenant, It is said that there was only a stone tablet that marked the real world in the era of Solomon. You were categorizing about the real world. It is said that the contents other than that of the Torah were conveyed in both the text and the text. It's a considerable amount. I do not know if this text was written on paper or engraved on stone. Was there a paper from this era? It seems that a paper called papyrus was made in ancient Egypt. But it does not seem to be suitable for long-term storage, and most of the content is lost now. So unfortunately I do not know exactly how the Torah was transmitted. This area can be said to include the same problem as Homer's Genesis in ancient Greece. Homer had people who remembered the long content. But most of it seems to have been lost, except for the Iliad. Whether the content of the Torah remained the same at the beginning is also a subject of discussion. I'm going to change the content no matter what in the legend at the beginning. It seems that it was forbidden to write the Torah in the text according to the Old Testament. So did you remember all the content and pass it on to the next generation? Apparently, in ancient Judaism, there was a concept of two Torahs, the Torah of Genesis and the Torah of Genesis. I wonder if the content is born or not. In traditional Judaism, the Torah of Genesis was given to Moses in 312 BC, and the Torah of Genesis is thought to have been recorded for 40 years after that. On the other hand, among Jewish and humanist scholars, there are multiple authors in the Torah of Genesis, and it seems that many people think that it was written over centuries. Either way, the Torah of Genesis was established later. It should be noted that the Torah of Genesis was summarized as Talmud by a person named Yudahanasi at the end of the 2nd century. This is a complicated story anyway. In addition to the complicated story, it seems that there are two types of Talmud, Babylonian Talmud and Jerusalem Talmud. Is the Talmud different from the Hebrew Bible? The Hebrew Bible includes both Nebem and Katobim, as well as the Torah, and the age of establishment is also different. Also, the establishment of the Talmud is after the end of the 2nd century, much later than the execution of Jesus, so it is not treated as a sacred place in Christianity. Of course, even after the establishment of Christianity, Judaism has existed. Some believe that the current form of Talmud is that of the 6th century. So it means that the Talmud is not included in the Christian Old Testament. It's a complicated story in many ways. Well, so far, the Torah has been talked about with the premise that Moses wrote it, but Many historians since the 19th century believe that the Torah was written in the 6th century BC or the 5th century BC. Does that mean it was written after the Babylonian Revival? It's the part where traditional Judaism and historians have a lot of different opinions. A German historian named Berhausen argued that Judaism appeared for the first time in 444 BC. It's been a long time since the liberation of Babylonian Revival. At this time, the poet named Ezra read the Torah in front of the Jews who gathered in the square in the center of Jerusalem. Scholars from the 20th century often support his opinion. Did the Torah come to be created at that time? There are even those who think that it was in the middle of the 2nd century BC. In Berhausen's opinion, did Ezra create the Torah? There is a text called Ezraki in the Hebrew Bible. That's why the name Ezra comes out. This Ezraki is classified as one of the books, but there are parts written in Aramaic. Aramaic, not Hebrew? By the way, it seems that Dagai Es also used Aramaic. However, the New Testament was written in Ancient Greek, not Aramaic or Hebrew. The three languages ​​in the Bible are quite confusing. Aramaic was used as a second language in the Assyrian Empire and the Persian Empire, It is said that it became the basis of special characters, soft characters, Mongolian characters, and Manchurian characters. It was quite influential to the east. It means that it was used so widely. It is also said that Arabic and Hebrew were also based on Aramaic. It is also said that Ezra was the author of Ezraki, and it is seen that he used both Aramaic and Hebrew. It's a pretty knowledgeable person. It is said that the history of the Hebrew Bible, Ezraki, Nehemiah, is not based on the same author. Did Ezra write them too? Whether it is based on one author, or whether it is based on multiple author groups, this is also controversial. It's just controversial. That's how influential the book is worldwide. Now, when did Ezra become a character? It is said that it is the era of the ancient Persian Empire, the era of Persian King Altashasta. Was there such a Persian king? It is said that it is the first generation of Altaxerxes, or the second generation of Altaxerxes. If it is the first generation, it is the 5th century BC, and if it is the second generation, it is the 5th century BC or the 4th century BC. However, since the ages do not match, there is a strong opinion that it is not the era of Altaxerxes. Here, too, there is a fierce debate. Belhauden believes that Ezra's reading of the Torah is a historical fact, and that it is the first time that the Torah has appeared on the front page of history. And according to Judaism and Christianity, the origin of the Torah began around the 5th century BC, which is widely accepted by scholars. If that's right, then who made the Torah? It can be said that the whole Bible, but there are many cases where the author of the text does not know. The New Testament of Paul, for example, is said to have many texts written in the name of Paul, if there are any written by Paul. It seems that I also do not know whether I wrote the book of Revelation. In this regard, a scholar named Richard Friedman claims that Ezra created the Torah. This person has a doctorate degree at Harvard University, and is a person who served as a guest researcher at Cambridge University and Oxford University. It's a terrible career. It is a person who can be said to be the first person in Bible research. It is not possible to determine which idea is correct. Did Moses write the Torah, or did Ezra write it, or did someone else write it? What about it, what about it actually. That part will continue to be discussed in the future. Now, when was the Old Testament, or rather, the Hebrew Bible, established? Do you know when it was established? It is said to be around the 90th century. What? Is it after the execution of Jesus? Around the 90th century, a meeting was held in Ammonia. As a result, 39 texts were consecrated by the Jews. Isn't that a total of 24 volumes, including 5 volumes of Torah, 8 volumes of Nebuchadnezzar, and 11 volumes of Ketubim? The Old Testament is a two-part composition of Samuel, Ezra, and the Old Testament. So, the Old Testament is a story, but before that, let's talk about the Seventy Testament. This is a translation of the Hebrew text into Ancient Greek. It is said that 72 translators translated it over 72 days. Why is the Seventy Testament a Seventy Testament when there were 72 translators? I don't know? According to legend, each of the 12 tribes of Israel had six translators, but I guess you could say it was a legendary period. It is believed that the Seventy Testament was established in Egypt around the 3rd to 1st centuries BC. Why Egypt? There were many Jews living in Egypt at that time. Egypt was ruled by Ptolemaeus the Great, the descendant of Macedonians. Ptolemaeus the Great Egypt had more Jews than Egyptians. It is said that it had more Jews than Egyptians. It is similar to the Mongol Empire, which had more Shikimoku people than the Khan people in the Chinese region. The Jews in Egypt used Ancient Greek, the language of the rulers. On the other hand, it seems that there were many Jews who could not read Hebrew. That's why it was translated into Ancient Greek. The Jews who used Ancient Greek were called Hellenists, but it is believed that it was Hellenists who created each text of the New Testament. The New Testament was written in Ancient Greek. And before that, there was a Bible translated into Ancient Greek. That's why it's a Seventy Testament. The story goes back to the early Christian church, but in the early Christian church after Jesus Christ, There was a confrontation between the Jews who used Ancient Greek and the Jews who used Hebrew. It was the predecessor who recommended the conversion of the Bible. If it wasn't, the New Testament wouldn't be written in Ancient Greek. In the early Christian church, there were several conflicting axes, One of them is whether to flee from the Jewish church or not. The Jewish church, yes. The early Christian church was a worthy existence to be called that way. There were a lot of people who thought that only those who had been exiled should be limited to faith. It seems that there were mainly many people who used Hebrew or Aramaic. Paul rebelled against it, and Paul tried to spread the teachings of Christ to all mankind. That's exactly what the Christian church was trying to do. The percentage of texts that Paul wrote in the New Testament is high. After Paul's death, the Hellenists did what they could to spread the teachings of Jesus to all mankind. It can be said that the creation of Evangelion was part of it. It's also about I, Mark, Luke, and John's book of reconciliation. It will be hundreds of years after Jesus was executed that those texts will become the New Testament. Before that, the Christian church had a problem with whether or not to completely withdraw from the Jewish church. For example, it included the question of whether or not to make the God that appears in the God of Creation and the God that appears in the Book of Reconciliation the same God. In the end, it was decided to be the same God. Jesus himself was a Jew. And when that happens, there is a need for Thola and other Christian saints to become saints. We're getting closer to confirming this video. It is speculated that the early Christian Hellenists used the Book of Reconciliation. It's because they're using ancient Greek. Now, the problem is whether the contents of the Book of Reconciliation and the Book of Hebrews are the same. It's complicated, but it's about whether or not the text is the same. In conclusion, the Book of Reconciliation has more texts. And the number of texts in the Book of Reconciliation, which is the focus of the Roman Catholic and the Church, is more than that of the Book of Hebrews. In other words, the Book of Reconciliation of Christianity and the Book of Hebrews of Judaism are not exactly the same? To put it another way, even within Christianity, the Book of Reconciliation is not exactly the same. Let me give you an example of the word that came out earlier. This text is included in the Book of Reconciliation in the Roman Catholic and the Church, but not in the Book of Reconciliation in Protestants, and not in the Book of Hebrews in Judaism. In other words, it is included in the Bible in the Roman Catholic and the Church, but it is not included in the Bible in Protestants and Judaism. There are many such texts. Martin Luther, who initiated the religious reform, could not change the contents of the New Testament, but he could change the composition of the Old Testament. He said that only the contents of the Masorabunsho were the Old Testament. Masorabunsho? It's okay to replace it with the Hebrew Bible, but the establishment of Masorabunsho is said to be from the 9th century. Therefore, the Old Testament and the Hebrew Bible in Protestants match in the composition of the text. This is surprising. Even though they do not match in Christianism, they match in Protestantism and Judaism, which is one step away from Christianity. Luther said that it is included in the Bible in 70 people, but that it is not included in the Bible in Hebrews, and that the Old Testament is out of turn. It's about the text that was likely to be included in the Bible, but was not included in the end. Which sentence is out of turn depends on the frequency. By the way, there is a similar concept diary, but this refers to a sentence that has not been recognized as a Bible. By the way, Roman Catholic and Protestantism, did you make the text of the Bible in 70 people as it is the Old Testament? It is very difficult for that part, so let's decide to touch on it a little later. I talked about the 9th century, but there is also a concept called the 2nd century. What the hell is the 2nd century? It is included in the Bible in 70 people, but it is sometimes called the 2nd century, a sentence that is not included in the Hebrew Bible. It is a sentence such as the letter of Tobitoki Yamakabaiki, Valkyrie and Eremia that have come out from earlier. The 2nd century of these is treated as the 2nd century in Roman Catholicism and Christianity. But it's not treated as the 2nd century in Judaism and Protestantism. So in the sense of the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Church, the establishment of the Old Testament is the time when the 70-person Old Testament was established. You do not know the specific year. Traditionally, it was created on the 72nd, but it is seen to have been translated over time from the 3rd century BC to the 1st century BC. On the other hand, the Old Testament in a Protestant sense is said to have been opened around the 9th century. It will be established when the Hebrew Bible was established. It's a different time. It should be noted that in Judaism and Protestantism, there is no such thing as the Old Testament. It's a story that you don't have to make it a Old Testament. The Hebrew Bible or the 70-person Old Testament. There were also those who tried to emphasize the Hebrew Bible like Martin Luther later. Hieronymus is one of them. It's one of those who are called fear. The Christian Church, which was not yet separated from the Roman Catholic and the Holy Church, did not adopt the opinion of Hieronymus. This problem can be said to have continued to tickle in the Christian world. And it means that the fire was lit in the religious reform. Luther performed the German translation of the Bible, but did not do it from the conventional 70-person Old Testament and the Uruguay. It is doing the translation from the Hebrew Bible. It was the Uruguay and Latin translation Bible. It is said that it was Hieronymus who played the Latin role of the Bible. Uruguay, which is a Bible written in Latin, became the standard of the Christian world. Later, in medieval Europe, Latin became the official text, and the church forces that could read and write Latin would have tremendous power. Because there are few people who can read and write, people could only know the contents of the Bible in the church. As John Acton said, absolute power is absolute corruption, the church forces went corrupt. It was Martin Luther who stopped the corruption. That Luther changed the contents of the Old Testament, right? Of course, the Roman Catholic Church should not forgive it. Both factions were violently opposed and many religious wars were waged. The difference in thinking caused the war. Well, I just talked about the Roman Catholic and Protestant, but the contents of the Old Testament in the church are actually different. Moreover, the composition of the Old Testament in the church is different. This is also going to be a complicated story. For example, the Enochian Church is treated as a sanctuary in the Ethiopian Church, but it is not treated as a sanctuary in other churches. Also, the contents of the Old Testament are slightly different in the Roman Catholic and the Church. Although the first and second of the Maccabees are sanctuaries, the Church treats the third and fourth as sanctuaries, but in the Roman Catholic, the third and fourth are not sanctuaries. It's a pretty fine difference. It should be noted that both the Jews and the Protestants do not treat the Maccabees as sanctuaries. Well, the story returns to Hieronymus and Urgatha again. The story is flying around. In 382 BC, Hieronymus is said to have received the order of the Roman Pope Damasus I. It's just before Christianity becomes the border of Rome. The content is the Latin translation of the Bible. Where did you translate from the Bible of Septuagint and the Bible of Hebrews? It is seen that it was based on the Bible of Hebrews. Hieronymus was thinking that only the Bible of Hebrews should be the Old Testament. But the part that is not in the Bible of Hebrews, specifically from the 5th Psalm of Tobitok and Uditok, From the Bible of Septuagint, the additional part of the Eucharist, It is translated from the Greek language written by a person named Theodosius, who translated the additional part of Daniel. In other words, while based on the Bible of Hebrews, did you compensate for the missing parts elsewhere? So Urgatha basically inherited the Bible of Septuagint, It can be said that the content of the text basically translated the content of the Bible of Hebrews. It's a very complicated story. It seems that Hieronymus was able to use Latin, Ancient Greek, and Hebrew, Because he emphasized the Bible of Hebrews, he did not translate from Ancient Greek as much as possible, It seems that it was translated from Hebrew. But that doesn't meet the requirements of the church, It means that the missing part was compensated from other than the Bible of Hebrews. On the other hand, Luther means that he created the German Bible of Septuagint from only the Bible of Hebrews. It means that the part that is not in the Bible of Hebrew is not in the Bible. Considering that Urgatha eventually became the standard of the Christian world, The Bible of Septuagint was also born when Urgatha was completed. I see this is a difficult problem. What is the Bible of Septuagint? Because it is impossible to answer from the question. The argument about the Bible of Septuagint is not just a story of the past, It can be said that it continues even now. In the first place, the position that does not recognize the Bible of Septuagint, The position that only the content of the Bible of Hebrews is the content of the Bible of Septuagint, The shape of the Bible of Septuagint changes depending on each person's way of thinking. By the way, this video is over. Subscribe to the channel and watch the next video.