noc21- ma35 - lec03

[Music] [Music] hello friends welcome to the course essentials of data science with r software one in which we are trying to deal with the topics of probability theory and statistical inference so you can recall that in the last lecture i have given you a very simple brief introduction to the r software that how can you install it and how you can start working on it when we are working on our software then we are working directly on the r console in statistics or data sciences whenever you are trying to deal with the bigger data sets you may require lots of programming you may require different types of functions and it will be very convenient that if you can see everything in a single screen in r you can work in the r console and if you want to look into the program you have to type the name of the program and then you will see the content but many times for example we are interested in ah looking at the different programs side by side because r has a facility that you can call of function inside a function so to take a help or to deal with such situation one option is that we can use some software which is a link between us and our software but possibly it might be more helpful to work in that software so there are some free software which have been developed and which are available which helps us in doing different types of programming in r for example there is a software r studio there is another software kin r t i double n r and these packages are trying to help us well there are some other packages also so now my idea and my objective in this lecture is that i want to introduce you with this type of supplementary software which are trying to help us while we are working in the r software and i have chosen here rstudio but surely it should not give you a feeling that i am trying to make an advertisement of rstudio well i can choose anything actually either r studio or kenar or there are ah some other software so please don't think in from that point of view but ah means i have to choose one so i have chosen here this r studio so in this lecture i will try to give you a very quick review of this r studio software that if you are trying to work on this software then how you are going to work and how it is related to the r console and how you are going to manage the four windows of rstudio that is the most modest objective of this lecture so although i believe that if you are working in r you must be using some similar software so i'm not asking you to shift from that software but here if you want to work in the r studio this may help you so let us begin our lecture so in this lecture we are trying to we are going to learn about that how are we going to install the r studio software and how are we going to work on that but very quickly ok so now you see so now when we are trying to use the our software then we are basically working on the command line to type and execute the basic commands there are some free softwares like as re studio 10 r etc they are available and they are actually working along with the r software so this r software is working behind this software behind the screen so they are essentially the interface between r and us and they help us in running the r software and the different types of command and in case if we try to use a software then the software makes the coding and execution of the programs easier so this r studio is available at this website www and actually this is also a free software and this is written in the c plus plus programming language and so this is a open source integrated development environment for r and similarly there is another package t i double n r this is available from this website you can simply go to some search engine and just type over there ti double n and you will get this link very easily now once you come to the website of arustudio.com it will look like this means i will try to show you it on the website also and then you will see here there are different types of things say this here product solution customers resources and yeah there will be here download and so on so rs studio is actually available for different types of things but we are interested only here in the the r studio part that is working for the r software right so we have to click here download and then it will give us the file and then we have to save it and then we have to simply double click on the sites and then you have to click on the that file and then you have to just read the instruction and then you have to continue by clicking it and then it will install the software on your computer now in case if you try to click on the icon of rstudio and open it it will look like this what it is given here you can see here right there are four windows one two three and here four these four windows are trying to help us in executing different types of things and the important part is this all those executions can be seen in a single screen the size of these windows can be adjusted by clicking on these border lines which are here like this which i will try to show you and these windows will give us different type of information right so first let us try to see how are you going to get this software and then we will try to see that how it will look like so if you come to the internet site and simply try to press here rstudio.com and you try to press it here you will get here this type of screen this type of website of rs studio and if you go ahead download and then you will see here that you have to choose here your version there is a free software there is a wait software also and there's our studio for desktop our studio for servers so i will simply say that in case if you are working on the desktop just try to click it here on the free part which is here download and in case if you are working on a server then you try to click over here on the free part and just download it from here once you download it from here and then you simply double click it and and read the condition and can try to accept it click it again finally you will be able to install the software on your computer once you have installed it and if you try to double click on this rstudio icon this type of window will come so this is the same window which i had shown you but in this window something is written because i was working earlier and my earlier commands are visible here somewhere here where i am trying to move my cursor right okay so you can see here this is my window number here one please try to see the movement of my cursor where this is window number one this is here window number two which where i am trying to move my cursor this is here window number three and this is here window number four try to have a very clear look so that i can explain you from the screenshot of this window one thing i will try to show you here that these are here the border lines where you are getting this four dimensional arrow and if you try to just press the mouse of your computer and try to move it here you can increase or decrease the size of this windows yeah you can see here like this and like this one right so these are the thing which are in your control and if you try to see here before i try to go to my slides you can see here what is this where i'm trying to highlight can you identify it what is this don't you think that this is the same as what you had obtained in the r software like us here and you started it right so now you can understand that what is the advantage and now let me come back to the slides and try to explain you the utility of all these four windows very quickly right so let us try to to understand the utility of all the windows one by one so first i try to concentrate on the window number one so window number one is the place where you try to write down all the programs where you try to write down all the syntax and commands for your program and this is called as a script section right and then you know that there are different options this is the option for save right and then there's the option for here sir there is option for here run so if you want to execute a particular syntax command or program you simply have to highlight it and then simply try to click here on the run it will execute the program and if you want to link the source of the program you simply have to click here on the icon of source and similarly you can see here there are different options here file edit code view etc so these are very standard thing and i don't think the type of student to whom i am now teaching this course it's a very difficult thing for them right so means you can just miss experiment with this window and try to see what is there right you can make here different types of script file well one thing is that in our whenever we are trying to say the script file script file means the programming file and that is the common language the program or a software so script is the programming file in which we are trying to write down the commands of the r software so here in this window number one we are trying to write those commands now we come to our this thing this window number here one means i can you can if you try to open here this here file you will get here our script are marked down shiny webpage etc etc there are many many things right so you can see here now this r is developed and this are marked down shiny shiny webpage etc they are the new features well i am not dealing with those things here so i am not discussing it here but i just want to show you here right so so now i would say this simply you simply try to to execute it yourself now in case if you come to the window number here too this is called your console if you try to see here this is the console that we had discussed earlier also and this is the place where in our software you try to write down the commands and programs for execution so this is the same window which is appearing here and but what is happening you are not going to write anything over here at the command line but what are you going to do you are going to write here right here in window 1 window 1 and as soon as you see here run means execute whatever is the execution that is happening in this window number two inside the r console so now you can see whatever you are viewing from this window number one that is being executed behind the screen and whatever is being executed behind the screen that is visible on window number two so that is the advantage that you can see the script as well as the execution of the program simultaneously when you are working in the software like r studio right and similarly if you come to the say here window number three well i can just show you here before you forget that what was your window number three i can show you here like this right this is your here window number three and so on you can see here this is environment there is a history and so on and then you have your import data sets and then global environment etc etc so i am now talking about this window over here so this window number three gives you an information on different things for example whatever variables you are going to use or define in your program they are available there although they are also available in the r console also but here you can view them very clearly directly on your screen and in case if you do not want them you can just hide them by minimizing the size of the screen of the window three so that is up to you and then here you will try to see here there there are here different types of option like import data set for example if you want to import the data set from this mx excel or different types of softwares possibly this can be done for example if you try to see here if i try to click here import data set import data set from csv from excel from spss data and so on these are different types of things are there and you can see see here that it is trying to give if you try to look at the variable number here a it is trying to give you here that cases here are number and it is trying to give you different types of information and simply if you try to come over history it is trying to show you that what i was exactly doing on this software in the past so this is trying to give you the the details about the history right so all those things are available to you when you are trying to work with our studio and they are available very conveniently actually right so this is the use of window number three right and now in case if you come to here window number four the window number four is essentially the output window here different types of outcomes of your graphics they will be available different type of information on the packages that you want to install or that are already installed if you want to load a package loader library or if you want to take different types of help that is also available over there for example you can see here the first icon here is file is when it is here plots plot is trying to show you the created plot that means the plots which you have constructed through your programming and then it is information about the packages packages means what are the packages that are available on your computer under this r software which can be used and if some package is not available you have to see and that where is this and how to install it and so on all sorts of information about the packages available here then there is next option here help for example if you want to know some information about the command or the syntax or how to use it this help is going to really extend its help to you for example if i want to know that how to find out the mean and suppose i will simply try to type here m e n and it will give me i mean the detailed information about the mean function and then you have here the finally the viewer that means here you can view here this different types of graphics in different formats right so this is essentially the fourth window which is mainly used for for for being the output of the program so before i try to show you let me try to just show you that how you can execute it for example in case if you want to install a package you have learnt in the last lecture that you have a command install dot packages and then you have to give the name of the package within the double quotes inside the double and the parenthesis and then it will install it but [Music] here in case if you want to install the package inside the rstudio you simply have to click here at install it will open a new window and you simply have to type the name of the package and then it will and those packages will be appearing in the drop down menu also and then you can choose from them directly and in case if you want to use a package or use a library you have learned in the last lecture that you have to use the command library where you have to give the name of the packages inside the parentheses so here you don't have to do these things but what you have to do you simply have to make a check mark like this one in this box against the name of the packet suppose if i want to use a package here boot the boot is the package which is used for bootstrapping right so means i will simply type here is somewhere here say here boot and then it will give me here the package here boot or bootstrap the these two packages are available i simply come here and i try to play here a check mark like this as soon as i say place this check mark inside the box the packages are uploaded right so in case if you try to see what is really happening do you really think that just by making a check mark in the box or if you type the name of the package the package can be uploaded or installed no rstudio cannot do this job because this because this packages are available on the website of the r software but whatever you were doing inside the r console by typing the install dot packages or library the same thing is executed in at the front of this r studio very easily you simply have to type the name of the package and it will give you the possible name and from where you can choose you do not have to type install dot packages and similarly if you want to load a package earlier you had to write library and then package but now you do not have to do those things you simply have to make a check bar once you make a check inside the box the package is uploaded but behind this thing inside the r console what is happening it is trying to execute the command library so you know that is the difference between learning means if you don't know that by putting a check mark or a check inside the box what is happening in the r console you may not understand the basic fundamental that what is really happening and if there is a problem you cannot solve it out so that is why my objective in this brief lecture or in a short lecture is simply to make you understand that when you are working in the r studio do not try to take it for granted that what rstudio is doing you do not know you you must know it you must not ah know that what is happening at the back end and this is how you have to learn it and that is why you need to learn the commands like install dot packages or this library command right ok so let us now come back to our slides and now similarly if you try to go to the help part here which is here and if you try to for example if i want to have some idea about the histogram so i can type here in this window say hist and as soon as i type it i will get here this type of detail where all the information about the command about histogram is available and one can use it here and similarly if you want to use any other command all this information is available at your fingertips you do not have to remember you do not have to recall everything and but the only thing is this you you must have some idea about these things right so before i go to anything else let me try to come back to your here r rstudio and try to show you here what is really happening so now before i come to anything let me try to first clear this window so for cleaning the window you know the command was here ctrl l so i can simply use your controller otherwise you can clear this window by the given commands over here now i try to write down here suppose i try to write down here x equal to 1 suppose you can see here means i am writing here x equal to here 1 right and i will bring the third window at the bottom so now what you have to see as soon as i try to highlight it and i try to execute it here you have to to observe what is happening here in the window number two and here window number three here right so now i just highlight it and i see here execute as soon as i see here execute it is trying to execute here x equal to 1 in the ra studio and you can see here that x equal to 1 has come here in the window number 3. so now this is giving us an information that as soon as i try to put here x equal to 1 this is being executed in the window number here 2 well it is giving us some means warning because this package has been updated and so but but i am not bothered about this thing but definitely i am not asking you to ignore these messages warning messages are simply like warning they will not stop your work but you must know and you try to update your software but anyway at this stage that is not my objective and similarly if you try to see here suppose if i say here y is equal to 2 and suppose if i try to define here z is equal to x plus y right so i am trying to write down this all the programs over here in this here a window number here one and if i try to highlight all the ah three lines and if i try to execute it here you can you have to see here what is going to happen after this x equal to one and what is going to happen here in the window number two in the console window so i now press here x equal to here x equal to one y equal to two and z is equal to x plus y i press here execute and you can see here this has been executed here in the window number two right and in case if you try to see what has happened after this window you can see here this x equal to one y equal to two and z equal to y x plus y has been executed now in case if you want to see the value of the z you have here two option either you try to press here z and try to say here execute and you can see here the value of z is coming out to be here three and here you can read the outcome z right and if you try to see see here also it is trying to trying to show you that a new variable has been executed z and whose value if you want to see you simply have to press enter and it will show you the value of the zs3 and similarly if you now you come to here this window number here four for example if you want to see here packages so packages is going to give you the different information that what are the packages which are mis available on my this laptop well remember one thing that when you are trying to install these packages these packages are installed only on the computer on which you are doing it means if you have a computer in your office and and say another computer at your home so in case if you are trying to install it on the computer in your office it does not mean that it is going to automatically install in the computer at your home right so similarly if you want to stay here suppose if i want to see here whether the package has been suppose suppose i want to see about this call our package and i don't know whether this package is there or not so i can see here see a double l and you can see here that as soon as i am trying to type this name this is appearing here and in case if i want to install it i simply have to make here check mark and if i want to install here say clear package suppose if i want to type here say agricola so you can see here as i that i try to type this name over here and if i try to see here install it will install it well i am not doing it here but anyway these things can be done without any problem and here you can see here in this file it will try to show you the information about the files available in the working directory similarly if you come to here plots it will give you here different types of plot in case if you are trying to plot it here for example if i say here plot see here x and y so you can see here although there are not any observations but it will give me here like this there is only here one plot here right so and then you will means if i want to export it means i can save it here as image or pdf whatever you want and similarly if you come here on the help and suppose if i want to get a help on the histogram and my command is s h i s t suppose as soon as start i typing here h i s you can see here in the drop down these options are coming and if i choose your hist you can see here all the information about histogram is coming over here right and that means you can read it and then you can just do whatever you want right so now ah with this brief introduction to the r software let me come to an end to this lecture my objective was not really to make you learn about the r studio software but my objective was just to give you a brief introduction so that you can brush up your knowledge you are confident and those students who have not learnt it earlier this will give an idea that if they try to learn it in the given time as soon as possible that is not a very difficult software the candidate is going to help them right so ah one thing i would like to tell you here and i would like to clarify here that although i have introduced you here with the rstudio software but definitely in all my lectures i am going to work only on the r console directly on the r software why because in case if you work directly on the r studio software only then it will be are studio dependent and there is a possibility that different people different student different colleagues they might be using different types of software and over a period of time some new softwares may also come so my objective here is that i would not like to make you learn so that you are software based these intermediate softwares may be changing may be improving but ours to uh software will always remain the same our console will always remain the same only the version and the improvement in the other software will be there so i will be working directly on the r console and then another advantage will be when i am trying to work on the r console you will also see that how the commands are working and how is the real outcome which is appearing on the r software and how to handle with those things so that is why ah now today onwards after this brief introduction to the r studio i will not come back to the r studio software but i will be working only on the r console right so you ah try to have a look on this r studio try to have a quick revision try to understand its utility and different types of options which are available and i will see you in the next lecture till then good bye [Music] [Music] [Music] you