【AGM-65】世界最大的空地導彈家族AGM-65“小牛”|“小牛”空地導彈家族的發展史

It is the most widely produced precision-guided missile in the western world and has the longest production time. Because of its development, it has developed as many as 8 models and has become the world's largest family of air-to-surface missiles. It is the air-to-surface missile AGM-65 "small" developed by the United States. Niu" air-to-ground missiles , also known as "Cubs" air-to-ground missiles, we will collectively call them "Mavericks" "Maverick" was born from the in 1965, and the US Air Force used them development of a new air-to-ground missile program to replace the AGM-12 "Pitbull" air-to-ground missiles using radio command-guided "Xiaodou" air - to-ground missiles. The Yes At that time, U.S. fighter planes were main ground-based precision strike weapon was put on the battlefield in 1959, but with the application in actual combat, its defects were gradually exposed . After aiming at the target, it must continue to fly mainly pilots in towards the target until the missile hits the target, so it is impossible to perform evasive maneuvers, which exposes the aircraft to relatively high altitudes. Under the high risk of being shot down, secondly , the ability to destroy vehicles or bunkers. although the warhead of the "Pitbull" is more than sufficient, its destructive power to During the Vietnam War large targets such as buildings is obviously insufficient . , the technology of the "Pitbull" was However, the missiles developed were not satisfactory, ultimately unsuccessful . Under the responsibility of the U.S. Air Force Aviation Systems Agency, in addition to so Hughes Aircraft Company and Raytheon Company jointly developed a new type of air-to-ground missile . The initial requirement of the US Air Force was that the evading the "Pitbull", its range was also existing defects were at the same time improved. It is far more accurate than . Three years of development to 1968, the first generation of "Maverick"-A came into being . Hughes' R&D team gave the "Maverick"-A TV guidance and guidance system. The guidance system used the centroid tracking algorithm. Small targets such as its accuracy is enough to hit the middle, tanks . increasing the "Maverick" launch range envelope The actual development of the "Maverick"-A type actually greatly exceeds this requirement. It can achieve precise strikes on point targets, mainly used to attack tanks , armored vehicles, air defense equipment, maritime ships, airfields, missile launch sites, artillery positions, and field battles . Small fixed or moving targets such as command posts and transportation equipment, as well as large fixed targets . September 1969 and F-4 Phantom fighter jets successfully launched the first unguided test of the Maverick. In December of the same year , the first guided test was conducted at Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico then The "Maverick" directly hit the M41 tank. It began mass production in in January 1973. In terms of 1971 and officially entered service with the US Air Force. According to statistics, from July 1971 to production until May 1978, a total of 20,100 "Maverick"-A air-to-ground missiles were produced and 800 were produced per month . At currency , the price at that time and the price of only one "calf", it was 23,000 US dollars. nearly 20,000 "Mavericks" AGMs from In addition to the US military's own use , more than 5,000 of them were exported to Iran, Israel , Saudi Arabia, and South Korea Sweden, Greece, Egypt and other in the name of more than 30 military products. At the same time , the U.S. Air Force has continuously improved and developed the "Maverick" on the basis of the basic "Maverick"-A type, and AGM- 65 -A, B C, D, E, F are finally formed a powerful surface-to-air missile family consisting of 8 models of G and H. The unified code name of the family is AGM-65 surface-to-air missile , that is, the "Maverick" surface-to-air missile similar in appearance, 0.72 m . The eight brothers of the "Maverick" have the same aerodynamic shape and layout. They use the same missile body structure . wingspan , The weight of the bomb is 210 cruciform wings and kg Placed on the same plane The deflection angle of the rudder is ±35°. The power unit is a dual- thrust solid rocket motor . The range is between 0.6 and 48 kilometers. The maximum rate of fire is Mach 1.2 . The main difference between the models is the guidance. The difference between the head and the warhead "calf" A and B is that the TV-guided B-type was used to improve it in 1969. It was in service with the and entered in 1975. The US Air Force . It mainly uses the scene to enlarge the seeker and uses the latest lens system to replace the original electronic camera tube . The field of view is changed from the original one. The adjustment of 5° to 2.5° makes the target image on the cockpit display large and clear, and can lock the target at a longer distance. "Maverick" Type C and Type E are both semi-active laser types. Type C began to improve in 1973 due to guidance The head was unstable and was not approved for production and therefore did not enter active service . The E-type entered production in 1982 and entered service with the main improvement lies in the US Marine Corps in 1985. The weight increased to 136 kg with blasting armor-piercing warhead and adjustable time delay fuze Operates with air or ground laser illuminators Specialize in attacking enemy troops , surrounding ships and use solid underground fortifications Identify targets before launching missiles The "Maverick" D-type is an infrared imaging type. It was put into production in 1981 and entered into service with the US Air Force in 1983, followed by 1986. The improved "Maverick" D and G models also adopt infrared imaging of , digital centering tracker, which can make the missile fly to the center of the target, and at the same time, infrared , which does not require pilots in the main improvement. through the smoke on the battlefield, The choice of frequency band all-weather combat capability "Maverick" F is also infrared imaging. It was put into production in 1985. enables access to 136 kg day and night Its main improvement is that on the basis of the D-type infrared imaging, it was converted to attack ship targets, increased the image modulation processing capability, and adopted the same entering US Navy service in 1989 and adjustable delay fuze as the E- type . The blasting armor-piercing warhead The test launch started Active millimeter radar type Main in 2008. Based on the F-type and G-type, the most advanced seeker was replaced at that time, and it gained day and night all-weather combat , regardless of the ability to attack solid moving targets and multi-target simultaneous attacks after launch. The above different models of "Mavericks" Widely equipped improvements More than 25 with different types of fighter jets in the U.S. Navy and Air Force such as A-Series fighters F-16, A-10 Thunder II attack aircraft such as the F-4 Ghost fighter "Alpha Jet" , F-5 Tiger fighter and other allied combat aircraft such as the AJ-37 Tornado. Specific missiles carried by various carrier aircraft The number depends on its ammunition load and combat mission. In addition , all models of the Maverick are required to be able to automatically track at a speed of 80 kilometers per hour. This dynamic targets are used on various combat aircraft, so smokeless propellants are used makes it difficult for the opponent to detect the missile with the naked eye during the last 8 seconds of the missile's flight. Combining the above advantages and characteristics, the performance of China's 2019-2018 has been particularly outstanding so far . The first batch of The Mavericks were on multiple combat missions "Maverick" missiles delivered in 1972 caught up with the last moment of the Vietnam War. In the Vietnam War, the Chinese Communist Party launched 18 Maverick missiles and 13 hit the target , and in the Middle East war in October 1973, Israel . Destroyed 52 Arab tanks with 58 Maverick missiles , with a hit rate of over 87%. June 1975 During a border conflict, Iranian F-4 Phantom fighter jets attacked a group of Iraqi tanks launched Mavericks and destroyed them, and five years later as part of the Iran-Iraq war at Morwa. Iranian F-4s use Mavericks sank three Wasp II missile boats. According to and four statistics, the during Operation Reed P-6 Clippers 85% of 1,014 missiles launched as of February 1981 Hits increased to 1,168 by August 10, 1981 Still 85% hit probability During Operation Desert Storm, 1991 Air Force F-16 Fighting Falcon fighter jets A-10 Thunder II attack aircraft and Marine Corps AV-8s fired more than 5,000 Maverick surface-to-air missiles against Iraqi T-72 tank units Mavericks caused the Major played a major role in destroying important Iraqi military forces During the Iraq War in 2003, the "Maverick" was used again in Iraq. At that time , a total of 918 "Maverick" air-to-ground missiles with excellent performance were launched. It has been fully proved in actual combat that the Strikes Its Value "Maverick" can be used by users for such a long time . Favored Its Decisive Advantage is the high degree of interchangeability between the various seekers , that is, modularity, as well as the tail section with the flight control surface and hydraulic actuation system. The same, so the aerodynamic shape remains largely unchanged . Even the main electronics , including Inertial Sensors and Warhead Trigger Fuzes Air-to- the autopilot, are the same on both the laser and thermal imaging models. On the battlefield, faulty seekers can be replaced at any time, for example . Change the A-type seeker to the B-type. This modular thinking ensures that the "Maverick" has strong adaptability and development potential . In the information age, Ground Strike Combat Where Air-to- it can always maintain an excellent price/performance ratio . This feature has also become a later feature. Ground Precision-Guided Weapons Designers Special highlights As the world's largest air-to -ground missile family, although many models have been discontinued , its continuous innovation and improvement have not stopped . Perhaps in the near future , the "Maverick" family will usher in new members again . It will be gradually replaced, but from the beginning of its birth to now , the "Mavericks" have been in service for more than 55 years , and their figures are still active in the ranks of missiles emerging in an endless stream . "Mavericks" Go The story about it has already been written in the book. This issue's introduction to the "Maverick" air-to-ground missile family is here . Welcome to the comment area to interact . See you in the next issue!