Das Hubble Ultra Deep Field: Ein Blick in die Unendlichkeit des Kosmos

The Hubel Space Telescope No other optical instrument in human history has shaped the science of astronomy in the 20th and 21st centuries as much as this one, but an observatory in an orbit around the Earth also brought with it some problems, not only the power supply but also the gyroscopes used to align Hubbel Such important instruments have failed several times now that there are no more new service missions, scientists only continued to work with an active and a reserve gyroscope and yet astronomers still managed to get more breathtaking images which we are now looking at and between us stay tuned because we will come later in a few chapters to the Hubble ultra deep field, the most visually and scientifically impressive image ever taken by a space telescope. With their state-of-the-art Whitefield Camera 3, the scientists managed to capture a breathtaking portrait of the galaxy NGC 1546 in the southern constellation Dorado. This celestial object is located at a distance of around 50 million Light years from our Milky Way, dusty structures that absorb the light of the galactic core and bathe it in warm rusty brown tones form a fascinating contrast to the yellowish shimmer of older star populations in the center. In between, bright blue regions of active star formation sparkle and send their light not only through the gas clouds of these areas which are then heated and glow in the infrared but also send it into the vastness of space where part of the radiation can then be received by telescopes such as Hubble. In the course of the image taken here, it was a great success not only of Hubble but also of jameswip Space Using the telescope and the submillimeter array, this teamwork of two telescopes stationed in space and one on Earth shows how smoothly different technologies and different generations of telescopes can work together in science. Scientists took an even larger perspective than they did with the galaxy cluster Macs 0416 Immortalized in an image that transcends our imagination, this extraordinary image, which is considered one of the most colorful representations of the entire universe, was once again created through the masterful fusion of infrared observation from the Jamesw Space Telescope and visible light, revealing these hundreds of galaxies located approximately 4.3 billion light years away Fascinating phenomenon of gravitational lensing, which amplifies and manipulates light from more distant galaxies. This creates the distorted representation of distant star islands that look as if you were observing them through the bottom of a glass. The variety of colors is as great in hardly any other image from a space telescope as in this one is not only of aesthetic value but also provides valuable information about the distances of the galaxies. Bluish-looking galaxies are comparatively close and are often the scene of intense star formation, while reddish galaxies tend to be further away or harbor large amounts of dust. This unique image is only possible thanks to the combination of strengths Both space telescopes made possible a wealth of detail and invites us to explore the mysteries of the universe in all their colorful glory. However, as meticulously as the space telescope was planned, shortly after Hubbel's launch there was a serious problem that threw astronomy into turmoil The success of the entire mission was at times questioned. The first images transmitted to Earth, although those from earth-bound observatories B, were still far behind the high expectations. What was going on with the telescope and, above all, how did the engineers and NASA employees go with it? In order to address this problem, we will look again at the mirror of the Hubble Space Telescope. We know that it was originally built by the Perkin Elmer company, but they made a momentous mistake. An analysis carried out directly after the first images used led to the conclusion that the light of stars instead of concentrating too few pixels on the space observatory's sensors was scattered over a radius of more than one arcsecond. This is roughly like a person with eye problems not getting the correct glasses if the lenses are inserted incorrectly or if the lenses are not sharpened correctly The person perceives that everything is blurry and cannot see correctly. With the hubelpace telescope, however, these deviations were so serious that they significantly impaired the telescope's ability to observe faint and high-contrast objects. Investigations showed that the primary mirror of the telescope had been ground smooth with exceptional precision up to about 10 nanometers, i.e. up to the accuracy of two DNA double helixes placed side by side, but its shape was flawed, the outer edge of the mirror was about two 00 nanometers too flat, which corresponded to a fatal spherical aberration, this tiny error was smaller than the 50 thousand part of a Millimeters had a dramatic effect on the image quality but why was that a problem now we remember the analogy with the wrong glasses on the hubblpace telescopes, light rays that hit different areas of the main mirror were not focused in a single point. Rays at the edge were refracted or reflected more strongly than those near the center, this leads to out- of-focus, blurry images because there is no uniform focal point with telescopes like Hubble, this significantly affects the image sharpness. Stars appear as blurred spots instead of as clear points in galaxies, it is difficult to make out structures or distinguish them from one another, which is the cause of this serious design error To get to the bottom of it, a high-profile commission was set up under the leadership of Lou Allen, the renowned and then director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Allen commission's meticulous research led to a surprising and sobering finding - a test device known as a reflective null corrector The precise shaping of the non-spherical mirror was incorrectly assembled during the production of the mirror. A lens in this complex optical system was incorrectly positioned by 1.3 mm. An apparently minor error with the far-reaching consequences of these assembly errors resulted in the mirror being manufactured with the highest accuracy but in The commission harshly criticized both the manufacturer and NASA. Herkenelme was accused of not adequately controlling and supervising the mirror production. It was particularly criticized that the company did not use its best optical specialists for the project and that the optical designers were not involved These findings led to a fundamental review of the quality assurance processes in space projects and underscored the need for careful monitoring and independent verification in complex scientific endeavors and a good telescope projects such as the James web space telescopes or other space observatories will be monitored even more closely so that a mishap like the one at Hubble does not happen again. Given the immense investment and the invaluable scientific potential that was seen in the Hubble telescope at the time and which has definitely become apparent over the last 34 years, finding a solution to the mirror problem was a top priority At NASA, the approach ultimately chosen was as ingenious as it was elegant in its simplicity. New optical components were developed that had exactly the same error but in the reverse order. The new Whitefield and planetary camera 2 was equipped with integrated correction mirrors, while the corrective was used for the other instruments optics Space Telescope actual replacement for short Costa System was developed Costa a sophisticated system of mirrors and lenses should be installed as a separate unit in the telescope and correct the light for the other instruments If something is broken in my apartment I can call a repairman or repair it But what do you do with a space telescope several hundred kilometers above our heads that you also have to put on glasses and install new sensors? This is where the service mission of the Hubble Space Telescope was launched. This service mission marked and demonstrated a milestone in the history of manned space travel The ability of the space agencies to maintain and repair complex technical systems in space is impressive. The first mission SM1 started in December 1993 with the space shuttle Endeavor. In a series of five demanding space exits that took a total of more than 35 hours, the astronauts installed the Costa correction optics and the new Whitefield camera, this work required the utmost precision and dexterity as the astronauts handled sensitive optical components in their bulky spacesuits. In addition to installing the correction optics, the solar panels were also replaced, the gyroscopes were renewed and various electrical components were used to increase the performance and reliability of the telescope further missions follow SM2 in 1997 and sm3a in 1999, both of which brought further improvements and new instruments including the high-resolution Space Telescope imaging spectrograph and the near infrared camera and multiobject spectrometer, which expanded Hubbel's observation capabilities in the infrared range. sm3b in 2002 installed the powerful advanced camera for surveys which significantly expanded the efficiency and power of Hubbel's imaging capabilities, but there was a major setback for US space travel. The future of the Hubel Service Mission became the subject of an extensive debate after the tragic Columbia disaster in 2003, when then-NASA administrator Shan Okiv met the momentous decision that all future shuttle missions would have to be able to reach the International Space Station as a safe refuge in an emergency - a condition that was not feasible for Hubbel mission due to the different orbit - the decision that all space shuttle missions should be able to dock with the is solved one Wave of criticism from the scientific community that highlighted the immeasurable value of the Hubel telescope for astronomical research, with numerous astronomers arguing that the potential risk to astronauts was outweighed by the immense scientific benefit. The controversy was further compounded by the delay in the construction of the Jameswib Space Telescopes ABS planned successor Scientists fear a potentially years-long gap in observation capabilities between Hubbel's possible decommissioning and the commissioning of his successor. This debate impressively illustrated the complex balance between scientific progress and safety concerns in space travel and led to a broad public discussion about the importance of space research Ultimately, pressure from the scientific community and the public led to a reassessment of the situation which paved the way for a final service mission. The fourth and final service mission SM4 for the Hubel Space Telescope, which was carried out in May 2009 with the space shuttle Atlantis, represented a high point in the history of the Space telescope maintenance As a series of five challenging space launches that took a total of more than 36 hours, the astronomers installed two new observation instruments the Whitefield camera 3 and the cosmic origin spectrograph The Whiteitfield camera 3 significantly expanded capabilities in the visible and infrared spectrum and enabled more detailed studies On galaxy evolution and planet formation, however, with the new spectrograph, Hubel was now able to analyze ultraviolet light, which is particularly important for researching the chemical composition of structures in the early universe. In addition to installing new instruments, the astronauts also carried out critical repairs on existing systems Advanced camera for surveys and the Space Telescope imaging spectrograph, both of which had previously failed. These repairs required the highest level of precision and technical skill as they were not originally designed for maintenance in space. In addition, all six gyroscopes were replaced, improved batteries were installed and a new type of soft capture and rendeevous system installed, now here we are, the last service mission 15 years ago, what has Hubel brought us in all this time comes with us when we dive into the misty depths of our galaxy from the first attempts to take sharp images to the subsequent sea assistance various service missions and finally the problems with the power supply and failed gyroscopes. The astronomers working with the Hubble Space have already been through a lot. What is even more impressive is what was achieved with the telescope and what brutal findings and discoveries were made with it. However, there is a recording of it that we need to talk about and that is even in the title of this video a recording that dwarfs everything else in its scientific significance the Hubble ultra deepfield a groundbreaking snapshot of the night sky that revolutionized our understanding of the early universe this impressive image was taken by the Hubble Space Telescope Taken between September 2003 and January 2004 and shows a tiny but extremely revealing section of the constellation Vornxs. Although the image only covers about a tenth of the apparent diameter of the full moon, it contains an estimated 10,000 galaxies. This image allows astronomers to see galaxies that are up to 13 billion years old old are a look back at a time when the universe itself was only 400 to 800 million years young, but how did scientists go about taking such an important image, what mental processes played a role and how did the astronomers get such an image high resolution and such a high level of detail with a telescope that was over 10 years old at the time. It all started with the selection of the sky section that was determined for the ultra deep field. Astronomers chose a region of the sky that contained as few foreground objects as possible and so the scientific community agreed the constellation vnax since there actually aren't that many galactic objects in the way here and astronomers have an almost unobstructed view of the sky beyond the galaxy, but we can't imagine that the Hubel ultra deepfield was taken in a single session and the final image was taken made up of hundreds of individual images taken over a period of 11.3 days with a total exposure time of almost a million seconds. The astronomers used many different filters that cover a wide spectrum from the ultraviolet to the infrared range. The scientists used a special technique called dithering in which the telescope was aligned slightly offset for each image in order to achieve the highest possible resolution and reduce image artifacts. The Advanced camera for surveys, which you already know, played a key role by providing high-resolution images in visible light and later observation with the Whitefield Camera 3 expanded the infrared range of the Hubble ultra deep field and enabled the discovery of even more distant galaxies. These very detailed and precise efforts resulted in a picture of what would be most important in the term galaxy carpet. One of the most important findings is the discovery of unexpectedly high star formation rates in the First billion years after the Big Bang This suggests that galaxy formation occurred earlier and faster than previously thought. Particularly noteworthy is the observation that early galaxies tended to be smaller and less symmetrical than later ones, which indicates rapid evolution and frequent mergers in the early cosmic period Hubble ultra deep field enables detailed study of the distribution of size and luminosity of galaxies in different cosmic epochs, providing important data for models of galaxy evolution. It has also led to the discovery of some of the most distant galaxies known, including candidates with redshifts of 7 to 12 allow a look at the universe when it had less than F per its current age. Redshifts of this size usually mean that these galaxies are now moving away from us at several times the speed of light and no, this is not the galaxies' own motion but the expansion speed of the galaxies Space and as if an ultra-deep image delving into the chronology of the cosmos was n't enough, researchers wanted to outdo the Hubble ultra deep field. They decided to go one step further with the older Hubble and dare to do the unimaginable. In 2012, the Hubble extreme deep field was published Refinement of the Hubble ultra deep field This image combines data from a decade of Hubble observation and shows around 5500 galaxies in a tiny section of the sky that only makes up around 1 32 millionths of the entire sky. The faintest visible galaxies in the extreme deep field are conceivably faint, only one Z billionth as bright as what the human eye can just perceive, the extreme deep field shows an astonishing variety of galaxy shapes and colors and allows astronomers to follow the evolution of galaxies over almost the entire history of the universe, just as the ultra deep field traces the creation of the extreme deep Fields with the Hubble Space Telescope was a technological masterpiece that tested the limits of astronomical observation with optical and infrared instruments at the time. Over a period of 50 days, a tiny section of the sky was repeatedly targeted, resulting in a cumulative exposure time of an impressive 2 million seconds In other words, twice as long as astronomers needed for the ultra deep field. This long exposure time was necessary in order to be able to capture even the weakest and most distant light sources. In total, more than 2,000 individual images were taken with Hubel's various cameras. The combination of this data enables the astronomer to take an incredible 13 .2 billion years into the cosmic past 200 million years deeper into the past of the cosmos than was possible with the Hubble ultrapfield alone - this corresponds to almost the entire age of the universe which is etched at 13.7 billion years by both the Hubble ultra and the Extreme deepfield are images that you only take once, imagine the newer telescope like the Euclid space telescope or in the future the Nancy Grace Roman space telescope to produce even more detailed images in a fraction of those available to the Hubble Space Telescope for the deep fields Creating and will create time is hardly imaginable. We are truly in an age of astronomy in the Milky Way. Events whose effects can be seen in our present but which happened in the distant past of the earth and its intelligent inhabitants and that's how it was that a few centuries before the start of the Julian calendar, more precisely in the year 311 BC, a cosmic spectacle of unprecedented beauty took place in the constellation Scorpio. A massive star, reaching the end of its life, began to eject its outer layers into space. This did not happen in a single eruption but in several spurts over centuries, the earliest detectable emission occurred in this historical period, followed by further eruptions, the most recent of which occurred around 1250 years ago. These successive eruptions gradually formed the complex structure that we know today as the Butterfly Nebula in the new Galaxy catalog Known under the name ngc6302, what is particularly notable is a gigantic stream of gas in the northwest that races through space at an incredible speed of 600 km per second. Over time, NGC 6302 developed into one of the most fascinating planetary nebulae that we know of, characterized by its delicate structure The dominant main lobe and possibly even a second pair of lobes are more complex than anything previously observed. In the center of this cosmic miracle, hidden for a long time and undiscovered, the origin of this spectacle was an extremely hot white object with a surface temperature of over 250,000° Celsus. It was only in 2009 that the Hubel space telescope succeeded With his improved wfc3 camera to escape this stellar furnace with a modest mass of only 0.64 solar masses, like a cosmic puppeteer, he continues to shape his neighborhood surrounded by a dense disk-shaped cloud of gas and dust which is believed to have given the nebula its characteristic sandurr shape or butterfly shape Apparently the white dwarf was a former red giant, the last stage of a sun-like star that could no longer hold on to its outer shells and rejected them. At the center of these events are then star corpses such as white dwarfs, in the case of supernovel even neutron stars 2020, however, astronomers have with With the help of the Hubel Space Telescope, fascinating changes in the wings of this cosmic butterfly were discovered over a period of 11 years, i.e. between 2009 and 2020, they observed how different parts of the nebula move at different speeds and constantly expand. The chemical composition of the nebula holds further surprises in the In the dark middle plain, scientists found an astonishing mixture of crystalline silicates, frozen water and quartz. Particularly puzzling is the simultaneous occurrence of oxygen-rich silicate molecules and carbon-containing packs or packs, a highly unusual combination in the star world. Pax or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are large molecules of carbon and water that consist of several interconnected ring structures exist and are often found in ru and other combustion products on Earth but are rare in the surroundings of stars. These unique properties of the butterfly nebula tell us a lot about how stars with the mass of the sun die, our sun will also end up this way and will eject two beautiful expanding gas clouds that push through space at 600 km per second and take on the shape of a butterfly or will they go out without much fanfare and from the native realms of our Milky Way we are now once again heading to extragalactic regions in the depths of the Large Magellanic Cloud A nebula duo is revealed to a satellite galaxy of our Milky Way. A cosmic landscape known as a cosmic reef is revealed to us. At a distance of 163,000 light years we see NGC 2014, a gigantic red nebula and its smaller blue neighbor NGC 2020 in the center of ngc24 Collection of bright, massive stars, each of which is 10 to 20 times as heavy as our Sun. These stars emit intense ultraviolet radiation that heats the dense gas and gives it its characteristic red color. At the same time, they generate powerful stellar winds that blow away the lower density gas and so on the coral-like structures on the right side of the nebula form on the left, darker ridges of gas flooded with starlight, the blue areas in NGC 2014 show oxygen heated to near 11000° while the cooler red areas indicate the presence of hydrogen and nitrogen indicate in contrast to this is the smaller blue nebula ngc220 which was formed by a single gigantic star that shines 200,000 times brighter than our sun. This star has shed parts of its outer shell through a series of eruptions and thus created the blue nebula this impressive Image taken with Hubbel's Whitefield camera 3 was released on the 30th anniversary of the space telescope and impressively shows how young, energetic and massive stars illuminate their birthplace with powerful winds and seeding ultraviolet radiation and shape created a 3D animation from the distance data of this nebula that allows us to delve even deeper into the three-dimensional structure of this nebula in order to better understand its complex nature. The virtual journey begins with an overview of both nebulae and then leads us closer to the red nebula. We first explore it Coral-like gas bubble on the left which was heated by the energetic ultraviolet radiation of the massive stars and formed by strong stellar winds. The visualization takes us further into the deep heart of the nebula where the brightest and most massive stars are located. In this area the glowing gas is created by the intense Radiation from the stars as the dense darker gas resists this radiation and is compressed into rugged mountain-like formations. The virtual camera takes us over ridges, valleys and areas of recent star formation before rising above a degree of NGC 2014 and revealing the three-dimensional structure of the neighboring blue nebula At the center of this nebula is a wolf star that we have already heard is an exceptionally hot and massive source of radiation. Repeated eruptions of this young star have created ring-shaped structures and clumps in the bright blue gas while the Hubel image shows NGC 2020 from above. Our visualization closes with a side view which illustrates the two-lobed structure of the nebula very precisely and shows us how massive the distances we are dealing with here are. Our solar system would virtually disappear within this nebula or the two nebulae. Back in the Milky Way we see the planetary nebula ngc7027, also known as Jewel Beetle Nebula or Flying Carpet Nebula It was discovered in 1878 by Eduard Stefan and is located about 3000 light years from Earth in the Swan star belt. Like the Butterfly Nebula, it is also a prime example of the last breaths of a dying star with an expansion of only 0.2 x At 0.1 light years, NGC 7027 is one of the smallest known planetary nebulae and is at the same time one of the most intensively studied. Its youth - it is just 600 years old - makes it a unique research object that provides insights into the earliest phases of the formation of planetary nebulae and the complex structure of this nebula consisting of an elliptical region of ionized gas, an equatorial belt and a massive neutral cloud surrounded by a translucent veil of gas and dust testifies to the turbulent processes that take place during the birth of such a nebula, similar to the wings of the butterfly, the nebula expands with it at a speed of 17 km per second, revealing a wealth of fascinating phenomena. Its internal structure is traversed by shock waves and X-ray jets that lead to characteristic spike structures. The discovery of X-ray emissions from the center of the nebula indicates extremely high temperatures while the surrounding concentric blue shells Particularly noteworthy from previous mass ejections is the chemical composition of this nebula - it is rich in carbon and provides a unique laboratory for studying carbon chemistry in dense molecular materials exposed to strong ultraviolet radiation such as from a star, the central white dwarf remnant of a star of the original three to four meters as massive as our sun was, radiates with the incredible luminosity of 7,700 suns. Somehow it's strange that a white dwarf should shine so brightly. Something isn't right, astronomers suspect that the central star could be a binary star system - this idea opens fascinating possibilities for explaining the complex structure of the nebula The interaction between these two stars could be the driving force behind the directed mass ejections that gave NGC 727 its unique shape The Hubel Space Telescope has revolutionized astronomy since its commissioning in 190, from its turbulent launch phase to In addition to the breathtaking images of recent years, the Hubel space telescope has fundamentally expanded our understanding of the cosmos, it has enabled insights into distant galaxies, the formation of stars and even the exploration of exoplanets, the technical brilliance of the telescope from its precise orientation system to its then state-of-the-art instruments It has made it an indispensable tool for astronomical research. Hubel's contributions to science can hardly be overestimated. It has more precisely determined the age of the universe, demonstrated the expansion of the cosmos and confirmed the existence of supermassive black holes in galaxy centers Huge, luminous stars in the Milky Way or entire groups of galaxies that interact gravitationally with each other have not only fascinated scientists but also excited the general public about the wonders of the cosmos. Through his continuous observation and discovery, Hubbel has expanded our cosmic understanding and at the same time raised new questions for the future Will inspire generations of astronomers Over the course of its mission, the Hubel space telescope was confronted with various technical challenges, from the initial incorrect design of the main mirror to the recent problems with gyroscopes and the power supply. Creative solutions had to be found again and again thanks to several maintenance missions and the The ability to remotely control and update the telescope has allowed its lifespan to be significantly extended. NASA and its partners have always found innovative ways to keep the telescope alive and even improve its performance. Particularly notable was the first mission in 1993 Astronauts corrected the faulty primary mirror and thereby restored Hubble's full performance. Further missions followed in which outdated instruments were replaced, solar panels were renewed and important systems were repaired. The ability to maintain and update the telescope distinguishes Hubble from many other space missions and has contributed significantly to its long lifespan If NASA has its way, without whom we would not be able to enjoy these majestic images and without whom this video would not exist, the telescope could even operate into the 2030s if NASA's decision does not end the life of the telescope using a procedure carried out by SpaceX Extending the maintenance mission is now justified or not is not up for discussion here. While Hubble continues to provide valuable data, the astronomical community is already looking at the next generation of space telescopes. The James WAP space telescope, which is already in use, complements Hubel's capabilities with its specialization in infrared observation. It provides insights into the earliest epochs of the universe and detailed studies of exoplanet atmospheres the Nancy Grace Roman space telescope promises to provide new insights into dark energy and exoplanets with its wide field of view it will play a key role in mapping large-scale ens in the universe and deepen our understanding of cosmic expansion Euclid An ESA mission will focus on studying dark matter and dark energy and help unravel the fundamental nature of these mysterious components of the cosmos, but what is particularly exciting is the concept of the habitable worlds Observatory, which is being developed specifically for the search for life-friendly exoplanets Ambitious project could enable direct imaging and characterization of Earth-like planets in the habitable zone of other stars These new observatories will continue Hubel's legacy and further deepen our understanding of the universe while Hubel himself secures his place in the history of astronomy as one of the most influential scientific instruments of all time Hubble forms the stable foundation that James space telescopes and clid are the spearheads of the latest generation of state-of-the-art telescopes and without this foundation we would not have images of incredible stars and galaxy fields of nebulae and individual very bright stars. Thanks to all the people who use the Hubble Space Telescope without you, a little boy from southern Hesse would probably never have discovered the wonders of the universe and turned his passion into a career [music]