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Hello, my name is Jan Jojol from JJ Chemistry and today we are dealing with the topic of balcony power plants. The video is divided into two main parts. Practical part. What is a balcony power plant? How do you connect it? Can you connect it as it is delivered? We will do this together with an electrician. The more academic part, in which it is explained how electricity is actually generated from a solar panel. Albert Einstein was awarded his Nobel Prize for the technology behind it, for the so-called photoelectric effect. The timestamps are below. You can now fast forward to the respective section that you would like to get to. For today's video, we have made a deal with the balcony power plant manufacturer Sender, and we are also showing the installation of their balcony power plant today. At Sender, you can get a balcony power plant with 840W panel output and 2000Wh of battery storage, as well as everything you need for installation and options, for around €1000 via our link in the video description. Shipping is free and we have a discount code that will save you another €30 on the setup. The link and discount code are in the video description. The price of CONCRAFT WORKS has fallen drastically in the last two years, so you can get really high quality goods for €1000. These are not empty words, you can see for yourself as the video progresses. Have fun! Now let's explain why a solar panel actually generates electricity. The technology on which this is based, as I said earlier, actually won Albert Einstein a Nobel Prize. That means we are dealing with something that was revolutionary at the time. What I have marked is silicon. Solar panels are made of silicon. And I have brought a little piece with me here. This is what it looks like. Silicon in my hand looks like a shiny silver stone. And what you need to know is that SI is the element symbol for silicon in the periodic table, that this is not one silicon, but this block here consists of millions, billions, trillions. Imagine extremely high numbers of quadrillion parts of silicon built into this small stone. And what would it look like if we could zoom in really far with the microscope, what would it look like? Something like this. We have lots and lots of silicon atoms here and they are connected to one another according to a certain pattern, with four bonds emanating from each silicon, right? Here we have silicon and it is connected to four other silicon atoms. This is a simple 2D view. If you want to delve a little deeper into the matter, silicon usually crystallizes in the diamond type. Now you need to know the following. A bond like the one I have just drawn here represents two electrons. What is an electron? An electron is a negatively charged particle that silicon simply has. To be precise, each silicon atom has four outer electrons, and each silicon throws in a single bond. So this silicon has thrown an electron into the bond and this silicon a second electron and from that this bond was created and then, if we look at it, in four directions of course. That is also the reason why silicon coordinates with four other silicon atoms and not with five, six, seven or eight, because it actually only has four of these outer electrons and can therefore form these four bonds when every other silicon also throws an electron into the bond. So, now yes, I have to be careful not to get too complex here. Now the following happens. Light hits the silicon from up here. Bang! Now that is simply light. And this light does what? That is really exciting. It causes this electron of the silicon to suddenly leave the bond. Leave the bond. Very briefly, I'll throw in two words. This here, this electron migrates from the valence to the conduction band. What it means doesn't matter. I just said it. People who know these two terms can do something with them. A start for the rest. Don't worry, you won't be at a disadvantage. Where this electron is created, released from the bond, a hole is created. So, and the electron is a negative particle. And we can now see the hole as a positive particle with very large quotation marks. Both have the property that they can now move around here. For example, if another light hits this silicon, which then perhaps ensures that an electron is released here and of course the electron that was kicked out of this bond also leaves a hole. Then this electron can move to this hole here, for example, and this bond would then be completed again. This electromechanical band to this hole or in this theory, it is also possible for holes to move around. Don't question it too much. How can a hole move? Just don't question it. The theory says that and we can live with that for now. Yes, we can live with that and then these things move through the G. If more electron holes are created here, of course, then it will happen everywhere. So, these electron holes can move around like crazy. If we now ask ourselves what a current actually is, then the answer is current is electron movement. So, you might think that if the electrons and the holes move around, then we have created a current. But that is not the case, because current is a directed electron movement. So, a current flow, a flowing current, is electron movement in one direction. So, there is no crisscrossing. Instead, all the electrons have to flow in a certain direction and then you would be able to detect a current. Here, on the other hand, they all move around all over the place afterwards. So, how stupid is no current? To change that now, you can do something really, really cool. There is also another big problem here and that is the problem that it looks so nice in theory, but it doesn't happen that often. Not every ray of light or quantum of light that hits a silicon atom kicks out an electron. That ensures that an electron or hole is released, but that they are still connected in the bond. That means it doesn't happen that often. Light has to come with a corresponding amount of energy. First of all, we would have to make sure that the energy is lower, so that we have a much lower energy threshold to create an electron hole, because we know afterwards that the more electrons we create, the stronger our current is. That means, let's first deal with the problem that we need more electrons and more holes. We can solve this problem as follows. I go and look at the periodic table and see, well, next to silicon, to the right there is another atom. It is called the element, it is called phosphorus-phosphorus. So, let's take this lithium away here and replace it with a phosphorus atom. Bang! P! Let's do the whole thing for fun. Again down here. Phosphorus, what can phosphorus do? How many outer electrons does phosphorus have? Phosphorus does not have 4 outer valence electrons like silicon, but it has 5 outer valence electrons. And let's just say, show us. Here, there's a valence electron and here, there's also a valence electron and that's really cool because these valence electrons are much easier to raise into the conduction band or to stick with the image. They are much easier to move or to get into a state where they detach from the phosphorus and can then move through this crystal structure. That's the good thing here, we have to release an electron from this bond and here the whole thing is much easier. That's really cool, we can now do the same thing with holes, everywhere there. Um, well, wait a minute, before I get worked up, I want to show you something else. We can do the same thing with holes. To do this, we'll take the atom to the That's bore. Oh, I hope you can see that clearly enough. Unlike silicon, boron has 3 valence electrons rather than 4. That means, well, basically this bond here is gone and this one is gone too. That means this is actually a boron hole producer. Yes, oh, wonderful, hole, hole, cool. That means we have now seen two scenarios where the whole thing can be solved a bit more elegantly. I know that 1 or 2 of you, or probably many of you, are guessing in your head and you are somehow thinking that somewhere between boron and phosphorus you have completely lost me. Don't worry, you will get back into the topic in a moment. Just let me explain further. Now let's deal with problem number 2. We need a directed flow of current. We need a directed flow of electrons because this short, sideways whizzing around is not current. It is electron movement, but not current. How do we turn this into a current? I have to draw something for that. I have now recorded the scenario as it actually takes place in such solar panels. There you combine these with phosphorus doped ones, that's what it's called. So, when you build something into a crystal lattice, it's called doping, i.e. phosphatizing. Side and boron doped side. You blend both, so you do the same in these solar panels. If you combine them, you basically have the solution to problem number 2, which is. In order to have a current, we need not only short and cross-sectional electron movement, but also directed electron movement, so that all the electrons move in one direction. And nature creates this almost automatically if we combine these two sides here. And how to do that? Let's of course first discuss one thing that I absolutely have to say. It belongs in a video, I think, about this video. This is the so-called n-doped side and this is the p-doped side. Yes, perhaps you could have chosen differently. It would be practical if the phosphorus doped side was also called pd, but it isn't. So, then you have to live with it, n-doped, p-doped, done. And now one more thing. Electrons are negative particles. Electrons are the negative particle par excellence. That basically means we have a negative side here. Basically a negative side. Now we said earlier that electron holes are positive particles. Very big quotes. Yes, something positive. A hole is something positively charged, so to speak. That means we have something negatively landed and positively charged, that the things move. I learned that earlier. All these clothes move wildly around and inevitably collide with each other at some point. Electrons and holes collide at some point and recombine. That's what they say. Yes, they recombine. That means, where is it most likely that they will recombine? Yes, somewhere in the middle, right? Because they move around wildly, then somehow hit holes in the middle, which then move a little in this direction. That means that this hole and this electron combine, so that I don't have to draw it anymore. Then this hole and this electron might somehow meet and recombine. I'll just show this bond again here. Yes. Oh, we've actually made a pretty nice drawing. Now we see the following. We have a few electrons here on the right, a few holes here on the left, and nothing in the middle. Well, now we could be really unlucky. And what would be the worst case scenario? Yes, well, if all the electrons recombine all the holes, they would be able to do that because they fit together so well. They could recombine, but for a very specific reason, they can no longer do it at some point. And that is the key moment. We have what is known as a depletion zone here. A so-called depletion zone. This depletion zone is, as you can see, neutral. We don't see any extra electrons here. We don't see any extra holes. Actually, everything is fine. On this side, as I said, we still see this negative part and here this positive part. And whenever you have such a strict separation between positive and negative, the following happens. We generate an electric field and an electric field can, if you don't know what it is, it doesn't matter. It just depends on what it can do. First of all, it can do the following. An electric field has a direction. In this case, it points from negative to positive. That is the direction of the electric field and it goes from this front to this front here to there from there to the electric field with a certain direction. Now you have to know that electrons always move against the direction of the electric field. And that, of course, means that at some point, when the electric field is strong enough, when enough recombination has taken place, electrons will no longer move from here to this positive side and holes will not move from here to this side either, because holes have the property that they move in the direction of the electric field. That means that we have created a natural barrier here, or rather, this natural barrier has created itself. Brilliant! No more recombination can follow. And now comes the reason why we are now generating a current at all. Watch out, hold on tight, folks, now it's getting cool. So, now the following can happen. What we had at the very beginning, right? Photoelectric effect means we have H light. Bang, hits here. Now this photoelectric effect comes into play. The internal photoelectric effect hits phosphor, for example, or wherever, and suddenly we have an electron here again. And of course maybe a hole somewhere too. Yes, then we have a bit of light here. It comes from my point of view here somehow on the silicon in this case. And here we have an electron and a hole again. Oh! So, here in this depletion area we have suddenly created electrons and holes again. Yes, what do they do now? They were created in the middle of this electric field. That means they have to move somewhere. What did we just say? Holes in the direction of the electric field, electrons in the opposite direction and now we have the situation that the charge suddenly moves uniformly in one direction, no longer crisscross. No, everything that is created in here moves according to the rules of this electric field direction, namely electrons here, holes here and that means that from the moment this recombination has taken place, is not at all interesting what holes and electrons are created here or holes and electrons here. No, it is interesting what holes and electrons are created in this depletion area because these things, yes, since they are created in the electric field, have to move somewhere and of course they do. Electrons move to the right and then the following trick happens. Zack, a PVP plate is a conductive element made of some metal. These electrons move in this area here, perhaps even hit the metal, all in a direction, only electrons hit it, no holes. Yes, and then we connected a cable here. It then goes into the feed-in box and Zack, our electrons are in the grid along with their kinetic energy and that is called black feeding. That is how it works. Here, through you, so brilliantly simply by moving the electrons in this direction, onto this metal, cable, Zack, grid, we have suddenly fed our electricity into the grid and that's how people produce their electricity with the help of a solar panel. Brilliant! I can understand, I can understand that one or two people couldn't really follow the explanation because there are, yes, there are a few pitfalls. For example, if you don't know that SI stands for silicon or what a bond actually is, it can also fail because you don't plan what an electron is or what an electric field is. Why are you talking to me here about positive and negative and so on? I can understand everything. I just hope that you were able to understand on a different level what the problems actually are and how these problems were solved and what feeding in electricity actually means. If you want to get behind every explanation, get good grades in chemistry at school and generally want to explain the world of chemistry to yourself, we've put the big spin on it for you. I stand here in the lab for eight hours. Both at the whiteboard, I do the theoretical explanations and appropriate experiments in exactly the same style as in the video. Eight hours long, suitable for beginners of all levels. And after these eight hours you will actually be able to explain the whole world of chemistry to yourself because I've taught you all the basics. Really cool stuff. At the bottom of the video description is the link to the big chemistry course one. Costs a lot less than if you were to take eight hours of tutoring and you can pause and watch the videos again and again. Lifetime access to all videos for eight hours of video material. Okay, now I'd like to mention one more thing when you combine different things. Albert Einstein received his Nobel Prize for the so-called external electrical effect for the external photoelectric effect, which does not describe this situation. Here we have light, then electron and hole formation and yes, these electrons and holes remain in this crystal. Einstein realized and proved back then that the following can also happen. Light hits a material, in this case a metal, then zinc, for example, and the electron is completely shot out. It is completely shot out of the metal, which is also very cool because x-ray tubes, for example, are based on this technology. Yes, exactly. Here they work with a mixture of the internal photoelectric effect and the photovoltaic effect. These are basically the three photoelectric effects that exist. Just so I've said that more and now we're going to look at how you actually, well, we're actually only watching the video for one reason, namely how we save money with our solar panels and we're going to look at that with Dirk, how you actually install these solar panels. Have fun. Please introduce yourself. Yes, hello, I'm Dirk Alarasek, master electrician and in our day-to-day business we also install photovoltaic systems or connect balcony power plants, among other things. Yes, and that makes you our man today. Many people will have clicked on the video because they don't know how to connect something like that or because they want to know how electricity is actually produced. And um, we've got the balcony power plant with a battery storage system here. Um, we'll go through both scenarios anyway, right? How do you connect the panels to your power grid and how do you connect the panels and this battery, this power storage system to the grid? Now my first question is, a few components came up here, right? I can identify two of them. The V-plate battery. This is where it starts. Yes, inverter. I've heard that name a time or two now. This will be a cable coming out of this plate. What do I do now? How does the power get from the plate into our grid? Yes, but while you're explaining, I'll set up the second camera, then I'll have a nicer perspective anyway. Okay, so the plate generates a direct current when light hits it. I can tap into this direct current here. For this I have a positive direct current line here and now I have to bend down a little. Here is the second line, which is the negative line of the direct current. So the plate generates a voltage at these two plugs, a direct voltage. And I can now use my inverter to convert this voltage into the voltage that we usually have in the house, into our grid voltage. Do you just have to do that? These plugs are unmistakable, designed in such a way that they only fit together. I could connect the ones that don't belong together or even not connect them at all. So you can't really go wrong here. So, you connect the two plugs, plus and minus, to the inverter. Now I obviously have to create the connection to our house network. There is a cable supplied here. I can connect it here. It is an adapter with a Shuko plug. In this configuration, I have to say, as an electrician, that it won't work. I could pull it out of the socket and theoretically I could get an electric shock from the two contacts if I touch them. Now I'm back in the picture for all the negative things. Even though the product is made available to us and Sender is the sponsor of the video, we have to say that this is not permitted. But we still have some good news as to why the whole system is worthwhile. Now we're talking about this. This chocolate plug is not permitted. But of course I can also use something other than an adapter in my home network. And according to VDE regulations, that would be a fixed connection or an encapsulated plug. So, it is then safe to touch. I can't touch the contacts even if there is voltage here. That is an extra plug connection. I then need an extra socket for that and that's where the specialist comes in. So I then have to replace the Shuko socket with a plug connection, i.e. a socket into which I can feed energy. Yes, exactly, a Shuko socket is something. Everyone knows, it is a normal plug socket, completely normal sockets, they have to be replaced or a permanent installation has to be made. And now comes the joke, you are not allowed to do that if you are not a specialist. Sorry to interrupt you like this, but now we're getting straight to the hard facts. How much does it cost when the electrician comes? Well, of course, you can't give a flat rate. You have to look at each situation on site. You also can't install this cable somewhere, let's say, at the back. It has to be a separate cable from the meter cabinet to the point where I connect the inverter. That can be complex, can be from two. I would say, yes, I would say that on average it's between 4 euros and 500 euros. Yes. And now comes the good news. Yes, these balcony power plants have fallen in price by 600 euros in the last two years. So, this setup that's here, two panels that have an output of 900 watts and this storage unit with 2 kilowatt hours, where you could basically leave all the electricity in the house running overnight. Erm, it costs 1000 euros. Right, together with the inverter, together with all the things, all the stands to install on the balcony, the whole setup costs 1000 euros. Two years ago it would probably have cost 15 euros, 16, 17, 18 or something like that. The price has gone down. You basically get the electrician included for the price of the V two years ago. Right, the setup price from two years ago. And that's why, that's the reason why I'm still advertising the product, because the things themselves are totally solid and that's why the obligatory saying at the bottom of the video description is. The link to sender is our affiliate link, where you can buy this setup here for around 1000 euros and as I said. Yes, definitely get it done by a professional because firstly you don't have to stress, secondly you do everything right and thirdly your house can't burn down. That's a really good side effect too. How do you do that with the battery? Now I can of course temporarily store the energy that I have in excess in the battery and then later retrieve it from the battery and so I don't have any losses from my energy production. I just have to remove the cover here. This is basically the plug connection that I can then simply connect to the battery up here. Now I can put it on here. So, you can see it on the front of the display, so it shows something directly. Now I have to attach the thing here, so to speak, so that if you accidentally lift it up here, it doesn't come up. There are brackets here for that. I can attach them to the side here. Now I have to get my cables back to the inverter here and then I can just connect them here. Yes, otherwise I now have enough power in the house thanks to my panels and if I produce even more with the two solar modules, it would fill up my battery here and later when there is no more radiation on the panels, the battery would then release the power again and then convert it using the inverter and then feed it into my home network. That actually means a well-rounded concept that Sender is offering us here. Yes, very briefly to assess. You have seen the panels, you have seen the battery, the part, you have seen all the things. Are the things solidly made? Does it look good or what do you think? Well, I would say it is definitely of good, very good quality. There are aluminum brackets here, so they are also very easy to adjust and attach. I have glass glass mules with the aluminum frame on the modules, so everything is stable and solid. As I just said, the inverter is also made of cast aluminum, which dissipates the heat well. Yes, well, you can't really say that. Yes, I hope the essence has come across. The package is very inexpensive, but you have to pay extra for that. Erm, for the installation. But then the installation is compliant with the rules and you don't have to worry about the installation costing an additional 5600 euros, because 2, maybe even a year ago, you would have already paid the extra 600 euros just to get this setup. So don't panic folks. Yes, thank you very much Dirk. Yes, great job. Now we have heard the words from the mouth of an expert and not from me as lean. That gives you some security. Hello from my vacation. I'm currently editing and I noticed that the video is no different to the previous videos. Please write in the comments if you like videos like this nonetheless. Feel free to write in the comments, then we can still make videos with experts like this from time to time, with people from the trade. Yes, thanks for watching and see you in the next video.