IGCSE Chemistry Laboratory Apparatus part 2

welcome to part two of common operators found in the chemistry L by the end of this lesson you will be able to explore the common operators found in the science lab and their uses let's look at the flasks the flask that we have in the lab are as follows so this one we're going to label it a so that you you follow nicely this one will be B this one will be C and this one will be D so these flasks they have names a is called a conical flask B is called a round bottomed flask and C is called a volumetric flask and then we have D is called a flat bottomed flask so this one is D which is called a flat bottom flask then this is C which is called a volumetric flask now these flasks they are used in uh a lot of things a lot of chemical reactions so let us find out their appropriate use when do you use which flask so let's start with a conical flask a conical flask is used for mixing liquids while shaking this especially useful during a titration so this is especially useful during a titration a round bottom flask the shape of the round bottom flask enables uniform heating of the liquid it contains therefore it is suitably used for heating liquids for longer periods so a round bottom flask is suitably used for heating liquid for longer periods flat bottom flask flat bottom flask can stand on the table hence it is used in carrying out reactions involving a solid and a liquid so used in uh carrying out reactions involving a solid and a liquid then we have a volumetric flask very important flask in the lb a volumetric flask or measuring flask or graduated flask is a piece of laboratory apparatus calibrated to to contain a precise volume for example this one has been calibrated to only contain 500 M of a liquid so it can only contain 500 M nothing less nothing more and this is why it has a Mark here so this one is used for precise dilution and preparation of standard mol Solutions so please take note this one is very important a volumetric flask is used for precise dilution and preparation of standard mol solution now what do we mean by standard mol solution so a standard mol solution is a solution whose concentration you know so if you want to prepare maybe two uh two mol concentration then you can use this one because you know the concentration so if you want to determine the conentration of something then you can use a volumetric flask to prepare such a concentration we have beakers beers are very useful lab operators they are used for various uses such as for heating remember in the other video we talked about when you are heating with a bent Banner put on a tripod stand and then a beaker you can put on top of the uh wire gaze that is placed on top of the the tripod stand okay so for heating liquids on tripod stands and wire gazes they are also used for mixing liquids while using volumes which are too big for what test tubes bers are found in different sizes as well so please take note of this one bers are multi-purpose they can be used for heating liquids they uh they can be used for mixing liquids while you are using volumes that are too big for test tubes let's look at Baker tongs so a baker Tong remember we just said a baker is used for heating okay when you're heating a liquid you put a liquid in the beaker and then you put a beaker on top of the tripod stand and wire gaze now when removing that Beaker from the heating point it is going to be hot so that is why you need a beer tone so a beer tone is used to hold and move beers containing hot liquids because if you touch them with your mou with your hands it can easily cause damage to your hands okay let's look at test tubes test tube holders and test tube rcks so here we have these are test tubes okay and then the hooden part here is a test tube rack and then this one here is a test tube holder so a test tube is used for uh Heating and mixing liquids or solids so a test tube is used for heating and mixing liquids or solids now can I just make mention so usually a test tube should ordinarily be used for mixing liquids now there is a different type of a test tube which is a little bit bigger and and and has got a thicker Pyrex glass that one we call it uh a boiling tube so there's a type of test tube which we call a boiling tube and that is the one that is used for heating uh for heating but a normal test tube is supposed to be used for what mixing liquids or solids that can fit in there so a test tube rack is used for storing test tubes during an experiment so when you're doing an experiment you put some solution in here you want to refer back to it you can put it h standing using a test tube rack okay so a test tube holder is used for carrying test tubes containing hot Solutions so this one when the test tubes when the boiling tubes are hot you can use it for carrying them instead of using your naked hands or your bare hands litmus paper is uh one common apparatus found in the lab as well so this is a special type of paper made up of H wood cellulose infused with litmus which is a water soluble mixture of different dyes extracted from lyans litmas peppers are used in Laboratories and are typically cut in the shape of stripes and are used as a pH indicator okay pH indicator do you want to know whether this thing is a liquid whether this thing this liquid is a an acid or an alkal so there are two types we can use a red litmus paper or a blue litmus paper for finding out whether something is an acid or a base okay the main function of the Lous paper is to determine uh whether the given solution is acidic or basic we also have a motor and pesto so motor and pesto so ladies and gentlemen these things they will ask you in the exam there are questions where they'll just bring motor and pestol and ask you to label which one is the pestol which one is the motor so please take note we have the pestl and then we have the motor so what happens is a motor and P pesto is a set of two pieces the pistol is shaped like a club and is used for crushing the motor is the bow in which you place the chemical so you place a solid into this bow which is called the motor and then the pestl is used for H striking at that particular Sol so that you can crush it a motor and Pistol is used for crushing up solid chemicals into smaller pieces or to grind solids into fine powder this makes it easier to dissolve solids into solvents when making Solutions we also have a crucible so a crucible Crucible is a small container made up of ceramic or metal a crucible is able to withstand high temperatures and therefore it is generally used to melt elements so a crucible is generally used to melt elements one of the most common application of Crucible lies in gravimetric chemical analysis we also have an evaporating dish which is used for drying substances or keeping them free from moisture evaporating dish you put your solution in here and then you allow it you put it in the on the Sun or in the oven and then as the water will be going out whatever will remain will remain dry okay so let's look at the these three we have more and pestl we have The Crucible then we have the evaporating dish so it's very important that you note the difference among these three things so motor and pesto it comes as a set okay then the real difference will be uh the the real confusion might be on The Crucible this is a crucible and then this is an evaporating dish so an evaporating dish usually has a mouth okay it has a mouth it has a lip like this then usually this one is just a bow uh which doesn't have any mouth but in case it had a mouth it uh just in case you found one with a mouth remember it also comes with a what with a lead but when they don't have a lead you notice that this one is just all round and then this one has got a pinched lip Okay this one has got a pinched lip so you can tell the difference between these two due to the pinched lip we also have what we call a desicator in the lab it looks like a pressure cooker but it is made up of very hard glass so desiccators are cable enclosures containing descants used for preserving moisture sensitive items such as cobal chloride paper for another use so a common use of the desicator is to protect chemicals which are hydroscopic or which react with water from humidity separating funel a separating funel is used to separate imiss liquids now imiss liquids are liquids that cannot mix that cannot mix completely uh to form a homogeneous mixture for example if you get cooking oil if you get cooking oil and water no matter how much you shake them in trying to mix them they will still not mix when you allow them to stand so it has a top here it has a top here so when you put your mixture of cooking oil and water from for example what is going to happen is after some time you can also put this one it can this can also actually be put on a clamp stand okay it can also be put on a clamp stand and then allowed to stand for some time so what you're going to notice is the two mixtures they're going to form a layer so you find that here going down here we're going to have a layer of water and then on top here we have going to have another layer of cooking oil so there will be a clear cut difference there and and then you can simply open the top gently and allow the denser liquid to flow out and then you close the to and that's how the separation can be done so separating f is used to separate emiss liquids examples of imiss liquids include cooking oil and water or uh liquid air okay liquid air or petroleum so all those are examples you know petroleum there's Petrol in there there's diesel in there there's paraffin in there etc etc so all those they are IM missible they cannot mix completely you can also talk about liquid air we've got the oxygen in there the nitrogen etc those things can separate because they've got different what boiling points as well so a separating H funnel separating funel the bottom line is em missible liquids then we have a stopwatch a stopwatch is a device used for measuring time so in the science lab it is usually used to determine rates of reaction how long an experiment takes the SI units for time is seconds so this is advantageous compared to an ordinary watch because of the start and stop function and the reset functions approximately so it has got a start and stop function and then it has got the mode here you can reset it and set it to what you want so it's more advantageous to an ordinary watch although modern watches they have also tried to include this function also even the phone is able to have what we call a stopwatch then we also have a thermometer okay we call it a laboratory thermometer because it is used in the lab so a laboratory thermometer is used to measure temperatures so the SI unit for uh temperature is Kelvin K okay so despite the thermometer being calibrated in degrees uh there is need to convert these into Kelvin I think in physics you're are going to look at how to convert from degrees Celsius to Kelvin we also have a liic condenser this apparatus is used to convert Vapor back to a liquid okay so a liic condenser is used to convert The Vapor so meaning when you are heating something here the vapor will rise will enter in here so as the vapor is entering in here this thing will be connected to cold water okay so uh cold water will be coming in from the bottom and then when the Water Works in here so it's like the way the pen is so there's a pipe inside here inside this whole thing there's a pipe okay there's a pipe inside here which goes all through so there's a pipe which goes all through like that and then the water it it it it passes outside this pipe so when the when the vapor is passing through and the cold water is coming in what happens is that cold water is going to be removing the energy from the what from the gas particles and it will be bringing the particles closer together hence converting the gas back to a liquid and this is known as condensation so the lipid condenser is used to condense the gas or vapor back to a liquid and this is used mostly during the vation process we also have a spatula so a spatula is a flexible metal plastic or rubber utensil and it is used to scoop lift spread or mix substances in case you have forgotten the in case you forget the function of the spatula think of it as a spoon of the lab so whatever you use a spoon for at home we we do that with the spatula except eating of course we do not eat anything in the lab so a spatula is the spoon of the lab so you can use it for scooping for mixing and so on and so forth so the use is to scoop lift spread or mix substances then we have an electronic balance an electronic balance is an instrument so this instrument ordinarily called a beam balance okay so some people still call it a beam balance but since this modern one uses batteries it is called electronic balance okay so under normal circumstances it is just called a beam balance but because this one uses batteries or sometimes electricity it is called an electronic balance so this instrument is used to determine the mass of objects okay so you just get if it's a solid you just get and put it here and you take your readings from there but if it's a liquid you first have to put it in a baker or any container and then that's when you put it here you can't put a liquid directly here okay so generally we are saying an electronic balance which is called the beam balance is used to measure the mass of objects so just to show you the history this is the beam balance this is where we come from the beam balance and this one is called a triple balance so all these guys they are used to measure they are used to measure mass but I think at the moment as we are speaking these are just found in some very old Laboratories as sers or maybe in museums just to show you where we coming from we also have droppers droppers can be made of different materials just uh just just out of curiosity epip pet epip pet can also be called epip sorry a dropper can also be called EP pipet so a dropper can also be called EP pipet when it comes to chemistry okay it can also it is also acceptable to call it EP pipet so droppers can be made of different materials either plastic rubber or glass but their purpose is drawing in a liquid and expelling it in drops so also you squeeze here this side is rubber when you insert you insert this into the liquid so you insert it into the liquid you put it into the liquid and then you squeeze here once you release it is going the liquid is going to go in and then you carry it to where you going so if you want to be putting it drop by drop so you squeeze you squeeze it once it drops once you squeeze it once it drops once that's how it works so here is where the secret is when you insert it into the liquid you want to get you squeeze it you release it the liquid goes in then when you want to to drop you just squeeze it once the drop comes out thank you for listening to this video very important one every scientist needs to know the operators because you can never have science without experiments