Malaria - Causes, Pathogenesis, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention.

malaria is a serious parasitic infection caused by a few place' mode IAM species which are unicellular protozoans and transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito once Plasmodium enters the bloodstream it infects and destroys mainly hepatocytes and red blood cells which causes a variety of symptoms or even death commonly affected groups include young children pregnant women immunocompromised hosts like AIDS patients and travelers malaria is a global health problem predominant in South America Africa South Asia and Southeast Asia although many plus mo diem species have been identified only five of them cause diseases in human they are plus mo diem falciparum plasmodium vivax plasmodium ovale plus mo diem malaria and Plasmodium Milesi and + mo diem Milesi does not have a mosquito vector it is transmitted by infected monkeys malaria starts when a plac'd female Anopheles mosquito hunts for a blood meal in the evening and through the night mosquitoes are attracted to exhaled carbon dioxide and foot odor at this time plus mo diem is in its developing stage called sporozoite reside within the mosquitoes salivary gland when the mosquito draws blood from a normal person the sporozoites can be spilled into the blood within minutes sporozoites reach the liver and enter into the hepatic parenchymal cells where they undergo a sexual reproduction also known as skazzica nee over the next one to two weeks sporozoites mature into Mara sites while hosts hepatic parenchymal cells die however sometimes Plasmodium vivax and bliss motya mauville sporozoite become hypnosis and stay dormant over months to years these Hypnose whites can cause latent infection causing a long delay between the initial infection and symptoms from the disease this phase of plasma diem in the liver is called EXO Erath acidic phase and it is generally asymptomatic mara Zoids formed inside the liver cells are released into the blood and the blood marrow Zoids binds surface receptors on the red blood cells and invade them + mo diem falciparum and Plasmodium availle infect all ages of red blood cells plus mo diem vivax preffer ridiculous sites and place' mode ium malaria and plus mo diem Milesi invade older red blood cells once inside the red blood cell Mara Zoids undergo a sexual reproduction this phase is known as erythro siddik phase generally lasts two to three days in the first stage of the urethral siddik phase the Marisol looks like a tiny ring within the earth recite known as the early trophozoite or ring form in the second stage the ring form trophozoite grows and it is known as the late trophozoite in the third and final stage the parasite grows more by digesting hemoglobin and becomes asked isn't this is the actual replicative stage in which the parasite undergo mitosis and gives rise to a lot of Mehra's whites which can get released into the blood instead of getting into the urethra siddik phase again some of the Mara Zoids undergo sexual reproduction also known as gamete agony where they divide and give rise to commit a sites these Gamila sites will remain inside the red blood cell when another Anopheles mosquito takes a blood meal from this infected person the gum it asite scan reach the mosquito gut and give rise to gametes this phase of plutonium life cycle is called spur agony gamuts fused together to form a zygote the zygote becomes an oak and eat and then anew cyst which ruptures inside the mosquito gut and give rise to thousands of sporozoites the sporozoites then reached the mosquitos salivary gland the clinical presentation of malaria may vary depending on the plutonium species major symptom is fever with chills and rigors others include splenomegaly an anemia especially in falciparum malaria fever corresponds to the rupture of red blood cells for place' mo diem malaria fever occurs in every 72 hours for plis mo diem vivax plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium falciparum fever occurs every 48 hours and for Plasmodium Milesi fever occurs every 24 hours most plus mu DM species cause mild symptoms known as uncomplicated malaria out of all plus mu DM falciparum causes more severe disease and in most severe cases patient can get cerebral malaria acute respiratory distress syndrome acute renal failure and severe anemia this is known as complicated malaria there are two main diagnostic methods microscopy and antigen detection microscopy is the gold standard method in diagnosing malaria in this method three samples of thin and thick blood smears are looked under the microscope by the thick film we can identify the parasite sitting in the red blood cell and by the thin film we can directly identify the species this identification is based on specific morphological patterns of Plasmodium trapezoids for example plus mo diem falciparum heavier phone shaped rings n plus mo diem vivax and plus mo diem avail infected red blood cells resemble an oval shape n plus mu diem malaria there is a large chromatin dot in the center of the ring microscopy cannot do in the field and need experienced workers to get the results then antigen detection we look for parasite derived products such as parasitic lactate dehydrogenase dipstick methods are used in antigen detection and it can be done in the field however it has a very low sensitivity compared to microscopy treatment depends on the stage of the infection prophylactic treatment for non infected people to prevent getting infected anti malarial drugs are used to kill Mara sites and go Metis i'ts type of the drug depends on the severity of the disease plus mo diem species age and anti malarial resistance status of the parasite radical treatment includes killing have no Zoids there are three main preventive methods prevention of man vector contact by sleeping under insecticide bed nets full body clothing and using mosquito repellents reduce vector density by destroying breeding sites and using insecticide sprays and finally we can reduce parasite population by early detection and treatment you