Traditional Chinese Clothing in Different Ethnic Groups: Hanfu, Qipao, Tang Suit & Zhongshan Suit

Splendid costumes of Chinese ethnic groups. Clothing is a key element of human life and a symbol of human civilization. As a representation of society and culture, clothing not only shows material civilization, but also symbolizes spiritual civilization. Since the day when clothes were put over the body, people have already embedded in them their lifestyle and customs, aesthetic taste, preference of colors, cultural mentality, and religious concepts. China is a big family composed of 56 ethnic groups. Their costumes, each with its own characteristics, shine across the wonderful land of China like 56 strokes of beautiful colors, drawing together a new picture of Chinese costume. The elegant Han costume, the rough Mongolian robe, the stunning Miao headgear, the delicate Yi embroidery, the gorgeous Zhuang fabric, the dazzling Kazakh hat, the multicolored two sleeves, the mysterious Salar hijab, the extraordinary Diang waistband, etc. With splendid costumes of Chinese ethnic groups, this exhibition presents to visitors a magnificent picture of the historical changes, economic development, and cultural evolution of the Chinese nation, showcasing a harmonious China whose ethnic groups stand in unity and whose culture is preserved in diversity. The Han population is formed during the course of history by the migration, assimilation, and integration of multiple ethnic groups from multiple regions and has a very complex system of cultural beliefs. For most of dynasties, the traditional culture is mainly centered on three beliefs, Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, advocating elegance, moderation, magnificence, and inclusiveness. In the history, the court, the nobility, and the folk all have rich and colorful costumes and accessories made with various techniques. The Han people love red and often use it as the main color of the festival costumes. Han costume is a wide robe with big sleeves with the collars diagonally crossing each other and the right lapel underneath the left. With a history of more than 2,000 years, it is not only commonly seen in costume films and TV dramas, but also deeply loved in contemporary life. The Mongolian people in China live mainly in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Their traditional beliefs include shamanism, Buddhism, and Islam. The Mongolian people have been living on the grassland for generations, leading a nomadic life of following water and grass. They are good at singing and dancing and their traditional costume has a strong grassland touch, predominantly robes that are comfortable to wear on horses with vivid colors, broad silhouettes, and red or green belts made of silk or satin. In China, the Hui people are largely scattered in small compact communities. They inhabit mainly the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. In the past, they believed in Islam, but have localized the religion by adding rich local colors to it. Take the headgear as an example. Men of the Hui ethnic group usually wear white round caps but like to add embroidery and other decorations. Women often wear hijabs but tend to choose bright and natural colors. The material varies from silk, satin, to crepe georgette, reflecting strong features that are considered Chinese or secular. In China, Tibetans, the indigenous people of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, inhabit mainly the Tibet Autonomous Region Qinghai Province, the west of Sichuan Province, Dikeng in Yunnan Province, and Gannon in Gansu Province. Over the past 1,000 years, the Tibetan people have created a splendid ethnic culture with rich heritage and achievements in medicine architecture, literature, music, dance, painting, and sculpture. Because of the cold weather and high altitude of where they live, Tibetans wear mostly felt and cashmere. The basic characteristics of their clothes are long sleeves, wide waistline, long dress, and long boots, with gold or jade jewelry as accessories. Uyghurs in China live mainly in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. In the long process of historical development, the Uyghur people have formed unique ethnic costumes. They are good at singing and dancing handicrafts and other skills. In terms of traditional costumes, Uyghur men are dressed in chapan overcoats with belts around the waist. Women usually wear dresses with jackets or blouses. The Miao people inhabit mainly Guizhou, Hunan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, and other provinces and regions in China. Its ancestors first lived in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and later, due to war and other reasons, moved to the mountainous areas in the southwest as well as the Yunnan Guizhou plateau. In terms of traditional beliefs, the Miao people worship both nature and qiyu, one of the ancestors in the Chinese mythology. These beliefs form a unique and mysterious tribal culture that manifests in particular in religious rituals and ethnic costumes. Their clothes are of varied styles and gorgeous colors. The Miao people are known for their silver jewelry. They have dozens of types of hair accessories just to decorate the bun on the head when they dress up in traditional costume. The Yi people inhabit mainly between the plateaus and coastal hills of Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Guangxi province. Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture is their largest community in China. Their traditional beliefs, which are deeply influenced by the concept of animism, include the worship of natural gods, totems, and ancestors. Since this ethnic group has multiple branches, it turns out that there are many types of Yi costume, all of which are heavily decorated with silver ornaments and embroideries. Zhuang is the most populous ethnic minority in China. They live mainly in the south and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region is their main compact community. Zhuang's culture and art are rich, diverse, and of a long history. Their traditional folk belief is polytheistic. Zhuang women are good at weaving and embroidery. The Zhuang cloth and Zhuang brocade are known for their exquisite patterns and bright colors. Inhabiting mainly Guizhou, Yunnan, and Sichuan province, Buyei is a large minority group in southwest China. They have traditional beliefs of ancestors and various gods. Their culture and art are rich and diverse, and their handicrafts such as textile, batik, embroidery, bamboo weaving, and sculpture enjoy a high reputation. Buyei costumes are mostly turquoise, blue, and white, featuring homemade brocade and batik. The Korean ethnic group in China inhabit the three northeastern provinces, Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Liaoning. In the long course of history, the Korean people have created lifestyles, customs, and cultures that suit their own survival. The colors of Korean costumes are either simple and elegant or bright and lively. Koreans are called the white dress ethnic group for their preference for the color white. Korean women usually wear short tops and long dresses and men are dressed in short tops and loose pants. Men also wear robes as ceremonial attire. Manchu people rank the second in population among the ethnic minorities and live all over the country, mainly in Liaoning, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Autonomous Region, and Beijing. They are renowned for staying open to foreign cultures, being able to integrate different cultures, and enrich their own. Manchu men wear robes slit at both sides, with belts around the waist to make it easy for riding and shooting. Women wear loose, straight chongsams. After Manchu people entered the hinterland, Manchu and Han costumes have gradually assimilated, and women's chongsam has evolved into a symbol of the traditional costume for Chinese women. The Dong people live mainly in Gijou, Hunan, Guangxi, and Hubei. Since ancient times they have built villages near mountains and rivers, where men cultivate and women weave. Their traditional belief is polytheistic. Some ancient rituals and lifestyles are well inherited and are still in practice. The Dong costume is diverse in style with silver ornaments as their main decoration. The Yao people inhabit mainly the mountainous areas of Guangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Jiangxi Province in South China. Since most of them live in Guangxi, people say, there is not a single mountain in the south that doesn't house a Yao. Due to the characteristics of Yao's legend of origin, production mode, as well as way of living and clothing, there are more than 30 branches of this ethnic group. Hong Yao, Pan Yao, Guoshan Yao, Cheshan Yao, Hongtu Yao, and so on. In general, the Yao costume is gorgeous and splendid, especially the women's clothing, which are mostly pleated skirts decorated with The Bai people live mainly in Yunnan, Guizhou, and Hunan, among which Yunnan has the largest Bai population. Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture is their main compact community. The Bai people advocate white and consider white clothes as a sign of nobility. The traditional religion of Bai is the worship of its own master Benju, who is called Wuzeng in the Bai language and is the guardian of Bai villages. The Bai people have many festival activities, such as March Street, Benju Festival, Butterfly Fair, and Zhanchuan's Horse and Mule Fair, all of which have regional and ethnic characteristics. The Tujia people call themselves Bizhika, Mejika, or Beijingka, meaning native people. They live mainly in the mountainous area of Wuling where Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, and Guizhou provinces meet. The Tujia people believe in polytheistic religion and attach great importance to sacrificial ceremonies. Their clothes are simple and plain. Tujia women are good at spinning muslin and using their homespun blue cloth or linen to make clothes. The Tujia people are also good at dyeing, weaving, embroidery, carving, painting, paper cutting, and other folk crafts. Most of the Hani people live in the middle of Yuanzhang River and Longkang River in southern Yunnan. It is their specialty and longtime tradition to take advantage of the natural conditions in the mountainous areas to cultivate terraced fields. Thus, the famous landscape of Hani terraced fields was created. Embedded in the terraced fields is the long history and rich extensive culture of the Hani people. Their clothes are usually made of blue and black cloth, dyed and woven by themselves. Hani men usually wear duijin coat with the left side of the front closure jointing but not overlapping with the right side, loose trousers and turbans made of black cloth. Women's clothes boast sophisticated styles and decorations. The Kazakh people in China live mainly in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Their traditional beliefs include shamanism and Islam. The Kazakh costume has a unique style. Tumake, a hat worn by Kazakh men in winter, can protect against wind, snow, and cold. Women wear hats and headscarves and girls grow up wearing Takeya, a hat topped with auspicious owl feathers and glittering pearls. The Dai people in China mainly live in Yunnan province. They live by water and are fond of water. Thus, they are called the ethnic group of water. They regard peacocks and elephants as mascots and boast rich folk stories, various dances, and advanced medical science. Dai's traditional beliefs include primitive religions and Buddhism. Dai costume is unique. Traditionally, women wear short tops with narrow sleeves and tube skirts. Men wear collarless tops with buttons down the front or short shirts with large fronts and small sleeves and use white or turquoise cloth to wrap the head. The Li people mainly live in Hainan province and are the earliest residents of Hainan island. Li women's textile, especially the unique and original kapok textile, has long been famous in the world. The costumes of Li have a rich cultural connotation. Traditionally, Li women often wear duijin jackets with the left side of the front closure jointing but not overlapping with the right side, with straight collar, no collar or no button, and tube skirts of different length. Men wear collarless tops with front openings with a loincloth underneath. Lisu has its origin from the ancient tribes of Di and Qiang and is closely related to the Yi ethnic group. The Lisu people live mainly in Yunnan and Sichuan province. Their traditional belief is a primitive religion that worships nature and soul. Lisu's traditional clothes are mainly made of linen, they vary in color and can be divided into three categories, black, white, and colorful Lisu. The artistic activities of the Lisu people mainly include singing folk songs and dancing. The most commonly used musical instruments are pipa, or Chinese lute, and kuxian, or jaw harp. The Wa people mainly live in the southwest Yunnan province, and their long-time interaction with Han, Di, and Lahu ethnic groups has promoted their economic development. Wa's traditional religious beliefs include primitive religions and Buddhism. Their traditional festivals include the New Fire Festival, the Sewing Festival, and the New Rice Festival. The first one is their New Year Festival. Traditionally Wa men wear short collarless tops and short loose pants. Women wear short black collarless tops with folded tube skirts. Xi is an ethnic group of sheep farming in South China. For more than 1,000 years, most of the Xi people migrated from Chaozhou in Guangdong province, their original place of residence, to Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and Anhui to open up virgin soil and live in peace and contentment. In the process of migration, the Xi people have created colorful culture and art. Folk songs are a part of their working life, and there are also many types of handicrafts. The weaving skills, such as bamboo weaving, straw weaving, and embroidery, are particularly well acclaimed. The traditional Xi costumes advocate turquoise and blue, and are mostly made of self-woven ramey fabrics. The Gaoshun people mainly live in Taiwan province of China, with a few scattered in the coastal areas of Fujian and Zhejiang. Their economy is mainly rice farming, supplemented by fishing and hunting. The handiwork of the Gaoshun people is mainly composed of weaving, bamboo weaving, rattan weaving, wood ripping, carving, bamboo cutting, and pottery making. Their costumes are splendid and colorful. Gaoshun women are good at dyeing and weaving all kinds of colored linens. They like to embroider exquisite patterns on the front sleeves and headscarves, and they also like to use shells and animal bones to make accessories. Lahu, one of the oldest ethnic groups in China, mainly live in the mountains of the Lankang river basin in Yunnan province, and its traditional religion is polytheistic. They worship the great lord Ursha. Lahu's traditional clothing features both the early nomadic culture of the north and the modern and contemporary farming culture of the south. The clothes are generally made of black cloth, trimmed with laces and patterns made of colored threads and cloths, and inlaid with white silver bubbles making the outfit both somber and distinct with contrast. The Shui people inhabit mainly the upper reaches of Longjiang river and Duliu river along the border of Guizhou and Guangxi province. With a long history it still follows the ancient writing system of Shui writing, with compatible features of pictographic characters, hieroglyphs, and abstract characters. Shui has many unique festivals, all of which are closely linked with their history, calendar, farming culture, original beliefs, and habitation. The traditional costumes of the Shui people are self-spun, self-woven, and self-dyed. Being dyed with self-made indigo is the main feature of their clothes. Dongxiang got its name from inhabiting mainly in Dongxiang, Hezhou, now Lingxia of Gansu province, and its origin was Its traditional belief is Sunni Islam. Almost everyone can sing and compose folk songs called Hua'er. In the past, Hua'er used to be mostly bitter songs and love songs, nowadays they have become tributes to the new life. Dongxiang women generally wear hijabs and navy blue or black blue dresses made of cloth. Men often wear wide robes fastened by a wide belt to which they hang small items such as a knife or a pouch. Most Naxi people live in Lijiang city in northwest Yunnan province. Their traditional beliefs are the native religion of Dongba and Buddhism. The Dongba religion has great influence on the life of the Naxi people, and is preserved in various cultural forms such as rituals of the Dongba religion, Dongba language and Dongba sutra. The traditional Naxi costume seven-star cape has unique characteristics, it is made of a whole piece of black sheepskin, with patterns of the sun, the moon, and the seven stars embroidered on both shoulders. It is also called wearing the stars and the moon, a symbol of the hard work of Naxi women. The Jingpo people mainly live in Dehongdai and Jingpo autonomous prefecture of Yunnan province. Their origin can be traced back to the ancient Dianqiang people on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. There are five branches of this ethnic group, Jingpo, Zaiwa, Lechi, Lange, and Bola. Jingpo has a unique style of clothing, men are dressed mostly in black and white carrying a tongpa, which is a backpack and a long knife. Women wear tops decorated with silver bubbles, silver plates and silver tassels, colorful woolen tube skirts with beautiful patterns, and red jacquard scarves made of wool over their heads. The Kyrgyz people is also known as the Kyrgyz people out of China. They mainly live in the Kizilsu-Kyrgyz autonomous prefecture in the southwest of the Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region. In the past, the Kyrgyz people believed in shamanism, most of whom nowadays believe in Islam. The Kyrgyz people usually wear a small cap with its lower edge trimmed with a black cloth or black velveteen, and a fur hat in winter. Men usually wear band collar shirts embroidered with white lace, and women usually wear pleated long skirts and colorful plush vests. The Tu people is one of the ethnic groups with a small population in China who mainly lives in the Huzhou-Tu autonomous county, Qinghai province, with Buddhism as its traditional religion. The traditional costumes of the Tu people are brightly colored, the most distinctive feature of which is the colorful flower sleeves for women. They are made of cloth in five colors, which consist of red, yellow, green, turquoise and purple. Women usually wear various nuda, a local headwear. The Daur people are mainly distributed in the Molodawa-Daur autonomous banner in Inner Mongolia autonomous region, the Marist-Daur district of Chikihar city, and the Iwenki autonomous banner in Heilongjiang province. Hala is the name of a Daur clan, which is a social group formed by the patriarchal blood relationship. The Daur people are one of the ethnic minorities with a relatively developed agricultural and animal husbandry culture in northern China, focusing on agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing and hunting. The Daur people are good at singing and dancing, and their folk music has many forms such as mountain songs, duiku singing, which is duo singing in turn, and wording dance. The Mulao people are mainly distributed in the Guangxi-Zhuang autonomous region and also live in Guizhou province. The Mulao people live in clans, and people in the same clan often live in the same village. Clothes in dark blue color are favored by the Mulao people, with a simple and plain style. Men usually wear long trousers and duijin coats, with the left side of the front closure jointing but not overlapping with the right side. Women usually wear short piped coats with a large front and wide sleeves, embroidered tube skirts or trousers, and blue cloth aprons. They like wearing a variety of gold and silver accessories. The Qiang ethnic is an ancient people in western China, who are mainly distributed in the Aba-Tibetan and Qiang autonomous prefecture of Sichuan province, and are known as the people above the clouds. The Qiang folk crafts are unique, with cross-stitch work and embroidery being the best features. The Qiang costumes are simple and beautiful. Both men and women wear headscarves and cotton or brocade gowns that resemble Qiang Sam. Middle-aged and elderlies usually wear clothing in single blue and black color, while most of the young girl's clothes are colorful. The Blang people mainly live in the mountains and forests in the border areas in western and southwestern Yunnan province. Its rich culture has long been passed through continuously, including ethical language, costumes, songs, dance, customs, and habits. The Blang people usually wear black and blue costumes. Young men wear headscarves. Elderlies like to grow long hair and braided or top of their heads covered with white headscarves. Women all bun their hair on top of their heads, and young girls use thread spikes and pom-poms made of colorful silk and woven thread to decorate their earrings. The Salars mainly live in Qinghai province and Gansu province and sporadically in Xinjiang. The Salar people are deeply influenced by Islam and social life, customs, and habits. The Salar men wear brimless white or black luya caps or small round hats, and white short coats with blue vests. Women like brightly colored flowered coats with a large front and usually wear gaitu, a special headscarf, long strings of earrings, rings, bracelets, bead strings, and other hand accessories. The Maonan people mainly live in the Xiangnan, Zhongnan, and Xianan mountainous areas in Huanjiang county, Guangxi province. The Maonan people have formed unique customs and habits and colorful culture and art. Its costumes are similar to their neighboring Zhuang people and Mulao people, and both men and women wear coats with a large front or with duijin, where the left side of the front closure joins but does not overlap with the right side. Men's clothing is called five-button clothing, without lace, while the most outstanding features of women's clothing are their three parallel black laces decorated on their trousers and their left open tops. Young girls also wear a small rectangular waistband embroidered in beautiful patterns. Most of the Gilao people are living in Wuchuan and Daozhen, the two Gilao and Miao autonomous counties, and Shikian county in the northern part of Guizhou province. Due to their living in the mountains, the Gilao people's clothing, food, shelter, and transportation are closely related to the mountains and forests. They still continue their worship of gods, such as the Bamboo King, the Ancestral King, and Mountain Gods. The traditional Gilao costumes are made of home-woven linen dyed in green and blue. Men wear collarless gowns with qiaojin, a special type of coat front, down to below the knee. Women wear short coats with qiaojin decorated with lace. The Sibo people are an ethnic group with a long history among ethnic minorities in China, who mainly live in northeast China, Xinjiang, and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The traditional religions of Sibo people are shamanism and Buddhism, and they mainly worship the Haile Mama and the Higher Khan Mafa that protect livestock. The traditional costumes of the Sibo people absorb the features of the costumes of Mongolian, Manchu, Han, and other peoples. Men wear robes in blue, green, gray, and brown with thick-bottomed shoes for riding horses. Women like to wear a variety of cheongsams, mostly piped, made in colorful cloth and gingham, embroidered shoes, and vests, among other items. The Achang people are one of the less populous ethnic minorities living in Yunnan, mainly distributed in the Dehongdai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province. The ironware made by the Achang people is extremely famous, with the husa knife being particularly well known. The Achang traditional costumes are unique. Men usually wear blue, white, or black duijin coats with the left side of the front closure jointing but not overlapping with the right side and black trousers. Women's clothing varies from place to place. The traditional costumes for girls are light-colored duijin coats with the left side of the front closure jointing but not overlapping with the right side and dark trousers. Girls pin their braids on the top of their heads with flowers. The Pumi people are mainly distributed in the northwestern Yunnan and southwestern Sichuan. The Pumi people are originally nomadic people who are good at breeding and grazing, and their traditional craft industry includes textiles, leather and ironmaking, winemaking, oil extraction, and bamboo weaving. The painted wood bowls in Ninglang area are well made and well known. The Pumi costumes are mostly preserved in the Ninglang region. Women wear piped coats with a large front and headscarf, and men wear linen short coats and loose trousers. The Tajik people in China mainly live in the Taxkorgan-Tajik Autonomous County in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region whose traditional belief is Islam. The Tajik people are good at singing and dancing with eagle dance as the most famous one. Tajik adult men usually wear a black velvet high-grade tumok hat embroidered with patterns, and the inner part is sewn with high-quality black lambskin. Women's costumes and accessories are splendidly colorful. They usually wear one-piece dresses and trousers, and kuleta, a thick and embroidered dome hat, which is an important symbol for Tajik women to be distinguished from those of other ethnic groups. The Niu people are mainly distributed in the Niujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province, who traditionally believe in primitive religion and believe that everything is with its own spirit. Because of living in the Niujiang River Grand Canyon with precipitous rocks and roaring water, the Niu people can only rely on liu suo, an ancient rope instrument to cross the river from the above. Men and women of Niu people usually wear linen clothes, and women like to use coral, agate, shells, silver coins, and so on to make beautiful headwear and chest ornaments. The Uzbek people are distributed from both China and abroad with the same origin those of which in China are scattered in many counties and cities in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Their costumes are with special and unique Uzbek style, and both men and women wear a variety of hard shelled bonnets. Men usually wear patterned gowns, and women wear kilak dresses whose features are wide, pleated, and in bright colors. The Uzbek people are good at singing and dancing and their traditional tambourine dances with unique feature. The Uyghur people mainly live in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Uyghur means people living in large mountain forests. From nomadism to settlement, they have always been engaged in animal husbandry. Uyghur ethnic culture is rich with a long history of reindeer culture. Life utensils are made of birch bark. Its traditional costumes are mainly made of leather. Winter robes, trousers, boots, hats, and gloves are made of roe deer skin, deer skin, and sheep skin, etc. The Diang people, also known as the Benglong people, is an ethnic minority in the China-Burma border area. The Diang people in China mainly live in bamboo buildings and mountains in Dehong, Baoshan, and Lincang in Yunnan Province. The traditional religion of the Diang people is Buddhism, with its own Buddhist temple in almost every village. The Diang costumes have a feature of its own, out of which the most striking one is the women's waistband. When a girl grows up into an adult woman she will wear several or even dozens of rattan waistbands around the waist. The Baowan ethnic group is one of the ethnic groups with a small population in China who mainly lives in the Lingxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province, with Islam as its traditional belief. Due to the fact they neighbored the Mongol people, their costumes are similar to theirs. Men usually wear white caps, white shirts, and black vests, while women generally wear hijabs, colorful coats with left front crossing over the right, and vests with embedded laces. The Uyghur, also spelt as Uyghur, people mainly live in Gansu Province and is an ethnic group focused on animal husbandry. The Uyghur people originated from the ancient nomadic Uyghur of the Tang Dynasty in the Orkhon River Basin, most of whom used to believe in shamanism or manichaeism, but now in Buddhism. Uyghur men and women wear high-necked robes with a large front, men wear felt hat, belt, and high boots, and women wear high-necked robes with separated bottom hem and embroidered lace. The Jing people of China is mainly distributed in Fangchenggang City of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, who is a less populated group in the ethnic minorities in China. Their ancestors migrated from Vietnam, most of them depend on fisheries for a living. The Jing people's costumes are simple and beautiful, and wearing long gowns and conical hats is one of the typical symbols of the Jing people. The Tatar people in China are mainly scattered in the northern part of the Tianshan Mountains, in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region with a relatively less population among the ethnic minorities in China. The Tatar women are good at embroidering, whose clothing is with geometric patterns, such as crosses and diamonds, embroidered on the neckline, cuff, and chest of their shirts. The Tatar traditional belief is Islam, with major traditional festivals being the Eid al-Fitr, the Eid adha, and the Saban festival. The traditional costume of the Dulong people is a unique Dulong carpet woven in threads in five colors, which could be pulled from the left shoulder across the chest. The Dulong men and women do not tie their hair, and girls have the customs of face tattooing. The Orokin ethnic group is mainly distributed in Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia, and is one of the less populous ethnic groups in northeastern China. It is a hunting people, thus its lifestyle reflects a strong hunting culture. Their costumes are mostly made of deer skin, roe deer skin, and lynx skin, and are often decorated with embroidery, cloud, and antler lines. Their traditional belief is shamanism, and the ancestors' worship and totem worship have been passed down to today. The Hezhi people are mainly distributed in the Sanjiang Plain and the Wanda Mountain in the Heilongjiang Province. It is the only ethnic group who used to focus on fishing in the ethnic minorities in northern China. The kuxiankin, a special cord, is a traditional instrument of Hezhi people, whose traditional dance also simulates scenes of fishing, hunting, and fighting. The Hezhi people wear traditional clothing embroidered with cloud patterns, geometric patterns, flowers, butterflies, etc. They also cut fish and animal skin into various dyed patterns. The Monba people are mainly distributed in the Menyu and Metuk areas in the southeast of the Tibet Autonomous Region, who mainly engage in agriculture, animal husbandry, and traditional craft industry. The Monba people's most developed industry is bamboo and woodcrafts making, out of which the Monba wooden bowl has long enjoyed a high reputation. The Monba women's costumes are colorful, most of which are made of dyed paluni, a local wool.