Indus Valley Civilization - Lec 3 - Ancient History of India Series - UPSC - GS History by Aadesh

Indus Valley Civilization Part 2 Important Sites and Inferences Friends, we are talking. The Indus Valley Civilization's The first in the history of India Urban civilization was. We saw in the previous video tha Why the Indus Valley Civilizatio This is an important part of our history. And who is in it? Major excavations have taken place so far. We have explored the important architectural and cultural elements of the Indus Valley. It has also tried to understand the evidence. In this second part, we will explore They are talking there. Some important sites abou And they will know that they have found it here. evidences reveal the society and politics of the Indus Valley What do they say about the economy. In addition, Indus The decline of the valley There are many disputes, which are We will learn about it in this video. Let's talk first. Some major IVC sites, some important sites. Harappa. Friends, Harappa Ravi River, Pakista It is located in Punjab Province. Having Ravi here makes it possible. rade networks, aquatic food and drinking and cultivatio There was access to water in Harappa. Trades coming from the eas Routes is also considered a meeting point. Here, the major excavations include granaries with brick platforms, Workers' rooms, Bronze smelting and other processes are involved, which include We talked about it in the previous video. Harappa is a unique site, Where coffin burials take place There is evidence. Next site. Mohenjo-Daro, the English translation of which is Mound of the Dead is there. And this is by the Indus. Punjab Province, Pakista It is in Larkana. Here is The Great Bath, The Great Granary, The Bronze Dancing Girl. Seal of Pashupati, Statue of the Bearded Man, Most Unicorn Seals And pieces of Woven Cotton are available. Mohenjo-Daro is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The next site is Dholavira, which is Gujarat's Run of Kutch is located there. Recently, the Indian Government has included it in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. A proposal to include it has also been sent. This Large Reservoirs and Elaborate System of Water It is famous for harvesting. Let's now understand. The Political System of Hadapa About Theories. Political System Friends, this is a very interesting question. How the Indus Valley Civilization Had Such Poor Communicatio Also in the systems departme Like the Uniform Civilization Has been existing and so much. It spread across a vast area. According to the Theory of Centralized Polity Some historians believe That the architectural magnificence of the Indus Valley and the uniform beautiful sculptures It shows the power of the ruling class here. It shows tha They have Massive Structures and For Brilliant Town Planning Labor and Taxes Mobilize It had the capability. Here is the. Political System is probably a Centralized one. The system was on sale. The IVC culture was a uniform culture. In addition, these towns I met Citadels, maybe. Seat of Power was Mohenjo-Daro The Great Granary, the State's Treasury, where Taxes are stored. Political System Mature It was at its peak during the Harappan phase. And most of all Well developed as well. Many. The city was well fortified. And the entire area is well populated. But here, Organized There are no military proofs available. But maybe a Standing The army existed because Soldiers' depictions are many Stones are here. Any Such a Temple's Archaeology Evidence not being found indicates It seems that Priest is here. There was no Rule and Polity. It was secular. The rulers here were For Trade and Commerce More It was more important than Conquests and perhaps Rulers largely Merchants were. But Polity This Inference is Conclusive about It's not because the other one According to theory, perhaps here. There was no single centralized state. Rather, in Harpan City's Different Rulers were those who Each Urban Center was represented. Perhaps just like the Middle Ages Italian City-States such as Florence, Venice, Genoa, Milan, etc. were Well, any Political It is essential for the system. So now we are leaving. Here is the economy's focus Economy, Agriculture Friends, in the Indus Valley, Agriculture was an economic activity that was major. The reason was the fertility of the Indus Valley. This fertility was The Indus River each year It was due to the overflow. The evidence of burned bricks Walls that are part of flood control They were used for. Wheat, Barley, Rye, Sesame, Mustard And peas are. But Rice in Lothal and Rangpur There is also evidence. One interesting thing about IVC is tha That maybe this is Cotton. They were the first to produce. Handwoven cotton evidence We have received it from Mohenjodaro. And nearly every home has Spindle Whirls tell Weaving was a common practice. Here is any kind of The metal plow or harrow There is no evidence. However, Rakhigarhi and Kalibanga's Plowed Fields They indicate That maybe from Wooden Plows here. Plowing was happening and Stone's Cutting tools for harvesting. Shortugai is the only place for irrigation. Major Canals anywhere There is no evidence, but small water. Tanks were definitely needed. Kalibanga. Fields also mentio That two together Crops were grown. Besides Animal Domesticatio It was common to haveOx, Buffalo, Goats, Sheep, Pigs and Humped There are animals in the bull. People here have Dogs, Cats, Elephants were aware of rhinos as well. Donkey and Camels' Use Plowing and Trade was happening. The most shocking one The thing is that the Harappans Horse was not aware. Because there is no conclusive evidence on it. No evidence has been found. A terracotta horse in Mohenjo-Daro Like Creature and Surkotra in Horse Like Animal's Skeletons are there. But this claim is They can't be anything but Horses. Well, apart from the dispute. It is clear that Future Civilizatio Harappan Civilization separately Horse Centric was absolutely not. Agriculture aside, Trade and Commerce also. A crucial component of the Harappan economy was. Then come on, now we Harappan Trade and Commerce Know about it. Economy, Trade and Commerce Found in Granaries Seals, Uniform Script and Weights and Measures Here Trade shows its importance. In this trade, Lothal An important port, which was It is located in the Gulf of Khambat. Trade was largely based on a barter system, That is, here Currency was not in use. Commercial Links of IVC, Tigris And the Euphrates Rivers meet. The records of Mesopotamia refer to a civilization named Melua. They mention, which includes Dilmun, which is Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and the Eas Saudi and Magan, that is, Oman was an important trading site. Melua perhaps Only for the Indus Valley Use was. Important Trading Goods of the Harappans include Terracotta Pots, Gold, Silver, Metals, Beads, Seashells, Pearls, Colored Gemstones Such as Lapis Lazuli And Turquoise is included. Shortu Gai, For Lapis Lazuli, Lothal, Carnelian Trade, Khetri Mines, Copper Imports, Afghanistan, Tin and Silver Imports And South India were famous for trade. Come on, let's understand what Harappa is. About Society and Religio Archaeological evidence gives us What information do you provide? Society, you know About Society. Perhaps one in this society. There was a well-established social hierarchy, which was divided between the Citadel and the Lower Towns. It is evident in existence. Social Differentiation, Here are the Residential Structures There are also differences. Some structures are small and some are large. Good Quality Seals and Sculpture and Poor Quality Terracotta Figures are also here on Social Differentiation is indicated. Rare Objects of Valuable Materials They are mostly found in large settlements. This is one here. There was also a regional divide. For instance, Fions' Miniature Pots They are only found in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, But places like Kalibanga Not in the sites. Harappans His fashion sense also received a lot of praise. It goes, which is here Beads and ornaments are widespread. These beads include necklaces, fillets, armlets, Finger rings, earrings, etc. are included, which are Precious Metals, Gemstones, Bones And were made from Baked Clay. Bead Industries Chanhudaro And it was flourishing in Lothal. This is Fashion Sense here. Different types of clothes, hairstyles And it also shows in Beard. Lipstick, Cosmetics and There are also evidences of Face Paint, They are still fashion items today. When it comes to religion, Here is the Great Alaba's other good thing. Religious structure not found. But the people here are religious. About the practices Evidences can lead to inferences. Here are many Women Terracotta Figurines and The embryo of a woman represents perhaps the goddess of the earth. They show. Adapants may. They see the Earth as a Fertility Goddess They and worshipped. In addition, Pashupa Lord Shiva was perhaps also a deity, The one with a Three Horned Head in a Seal. They appear in the Yogic Posture. Besides, made of stone There are also evidences of Phallus Worship. Adapants may perhaps They also practiced tree worship, because we have A depiction of a deity People meet at the branches. The most important evidence of Animal Worship is the One Horned Unicorn Seal. Many other animals are also represented in seals. Animal worship indicates. Here are Amulets Meeting indicates that perhaps They also believe in evil forces. They. All of these. The question that arises next is, what about? The Language of the Harappan Culture Was there existence? Let's go, Let's see. Language and Script. Friends, in the Harappan Civilization, Speaking of language, this is a It was the Proto-Historic Society. That is, Written Evidences Then they met, but Scrip The code has not been cracked. Harappans The Art of Writing was invented. But these are probably Under-Developed It is a Harappan script, which is a pictographic script. That is, it contains Alphabets. There are diagrammatic symbols. The writing style of these They speak Boustrophedon, The Right to Left and then It was written from left to right. Ancient Civilizations also placed great importance on burial practices. It is given. Therefore, now. We know about Harappan burial practices. They will know. The Burial Practices Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley There are three types of burials. Complete Burial, Fractional Burials and Post-Crematio Burial. Fractional Burials Dead bodies are first eaten by wild beasts. And it was left for the birds. And later, the remaining Bones He was buried. The mos The common burial practice was extended. Inhumation, which includes Head generally northward. It was in Harappa. Wooden coffin and reddish clo Lippti bodies have been found. Evidence of Pot Burial from Suit Kotra. Double Burial in Lothal There is evidence where Male and Female Bodies Together It was buried. This particular one. In the case of a female skeleto Head Injury, which results It was claimed that perhaps here There were practices like the Widow Sacrifice. But later in Rakhigari, Double Burial received in 2019 I didn't find any injury. A double burial like this This indicates tha The Widow Sacrifice Theory is probably It's a week. Apart from that, Burials with pottery and the res Artifacts such as Bangles and Beads and Belief in the Afterlife They indicate. Artifacts in Burials Show Qualitative Differences Here Social Hierarchy Theories support it. It was the society of Harappa, Culture, Quality and The story of economics. Bu Friends, so magnifice Historians on the history of civilizatio They say this is It ended in a mysterious way. Then let's understand the Harappan. Decline it. Friends. There has been a lot of debate about the Harappan decline. Yes and 100% Any with certainty The theory has not been proven. Around 1900 BC Many Indus cities became empty. And historians believe at these processes date from 1700 BC It started around the stars. A therapist's account. The destruction of Harappa was caused by invaders. This is the Aryan Invasio This is called the Migration Theory. Some evidence suggests That people have valued They had turned on the heaters in the houses. They were probably afraid of an invasion. In the 1920s, 39 in Mohenjo-daro Male, Female, and Squealing Skeletons met and these are It is predicted that these may be They were killed in the Outside Invasion. But later it turned out tha Only two Skeletons with Sword-like weapons. They have marks from the attack and those too. In addition, there is no battle here. No direct evidence is found. It may be that Mohenjo-daro was a city. These 39 people have some disease. I have been killed. Debates about the Aryan theory are still ongoing today. Especially in biology and genetic studies. In 2019, Journals Cell And two studies published in Science have challenged Aryan invasion theories. The debate was restarted. The interpretation of studies published in these journals It happened in different ways in the media. Some said these studies have Aryan origins. Migration has been disproven. But some reports said that these studies There has been a misrepresentation. Scroll published a report. According to the studies, they involved Most scholars have outrightly rejected the Aryan theory. Rejected except for a few. The next theory attributes the decline of the habitat to environmental factors. It is responsible. They say. That in 1700 BCE Yamuna and Sutlej, Both old courses were abandoned. The new course began to flow. And Hakra Ghaggar also It will dry up in the same way. As a result, the water supply here It's decreased. In addition, Rainfall also decreased in this period. Rochester Institute of Technology 's mathematician and scientis Nishant Malik has created chaos and an interdisciplinary journal at non-linear science claims that climate change The main cause of the decline of HDB was. This prediction was based on mathematical modeling. In addition, geophysicists from Stanford University Manika Prasad and Amos According to Noor, the earthquake is the main cause of IBC's decline. It was the reason. Actually, this region is It is considered tectonically inactive. But in 2001 happened After the earthquake activities, these Researchers have combined historic and current seismicity data He said that here. Earthquake history has been quite terrible. They say tha Dholavira is a significant archaeological site. 2200 BCE and Black Bengal in 2900 And in 2700 BCE, massive earthquakes caused by the movement of tectonic plates. There is also archaeological evidence. The trade collapse theory Let's say Mesopotamia is the cradle of civilization. Due to the political crisis, trade etworks collapsed, which marked the decline of IBC's urban centers It became the cause. The reason. Whatever happens, this is a fact. That the Harappan cities ' grandeur from 1900 BCE It began to decrease and people Moving from the Indus Valley They spread to the other areas, Where post-Harappan culture is Born. This is Harappa. It was quite backward, important cultures The Malwa culture, Ahar culture, and Jorwe culture are. Those primarily Chalcolithic, meaning copper-dominated. societies were, and this Harappa It was very different from that. After IBC, such a prominent one Civilizational growth has brought us to 1500. Years later, the Great Republic And in Magadha, it appeared, But by then largely India The society village remained dominant. Then, friends, that was The Indus Valley civilization's achievements They still inspire us today.