Elementary Korean 14 Conjugating the 요 form 해요체 Speech Levels meaning grammar

Annyeonghaseyo. It's Tomi. Let's have fun learning a beautiful language, Korean. In today's class, we will learn about the 요 form. In the previous class, we briefly touched on 이에요 and 에요. But today, we will go over them in more detail. For this, today's class will not be based on a conversation as usual, but instead will be an intensive lecture on the 요 form from the beginning to the end. A phrase in 요 form that many of you may be already familiar with is 사랑해요. Like this phrase, expressions that finish with 요 are called the 요 form. On the other hand, expressions that finish with 비웁니다, 씁니다, such as 학교에 갑니다 or 토미입니다 are called the 니다 form. Native Korean speakers use the 요 form more often in their conversations. So, in order to pass topic 1 level 1 and 2, you definitely should know this 요 form. Actually, today's class is going to be the most important, yet the most difficult class of the whole elementary Korean course. We will continue learning various things, but nothing will be more challenging than what we are going to learn today. So, if you have a hard time understanding this concept, please review this video again and again until you completely master it. I'm sure you will be able to fully understand the rules in the end. I will try to explain the concept as easy as possible, so please stay with me until the end. I'm sure we can get through this together, and you can be the shiny super master of Korean. As I mentioned earlier, the 요 form is a sentence that finishes with 요. Korean people use this form in polite conversations. I will give you some examples of 요 form. 먹다, to eat, would be 먹어요. 가다, to go, would be 가요. And 사랑하다, to love, would be 사랑해요. Did you notice here that in the case of 먹다, 다 is removed and 어요 is added? Whereas in the case of 가다, only 요 is added? Also, in the case of 사랑해요, 다 became 해? What I am trying to emphasize is, you need to be aware of various patterns of verbs and adjectives when using the 요 form. Today, I will explain these patterns one by one. So, it'll be crystal clear in your head. Eventually, you have to get used to it. But if you have this concept in your head, it is going to make your Korean learning much easier and faster. Trust me on that. Anyway, before going to the main topic, I would like to explain two concepts that you should know before diving in. That is, the type of vowels and the stem of verbs and adjectives. I already touched on these concepts, so you might already know them. But I will go over them again because these are super super important. In Hangul, there are two types of vowels called the positive vowels and the negative vowels. The positive vowels are ㅏ, ㅑ, ㅜ, ㅛ and the rest ㅏ, ㅑ, ㅜ, ㅕ, ㅡ, ㅣ are the negative vowels. I will use positive and negative vowels to explain the 요 form. So, please keep this in mind. Actually, in the previous lesson, I said ㅣ is a neutral vowel. But in the 요 form, it would be in the group of negative vowels. One other thing to keep in mind is the stem of verbs and adjectives. All Korean verbs and adjectives end with 다 in the original form. And the letter before 다 is called the stem. For example, if the word is 놀다, to play, 놀 that comes before 다 is the stem. The reason I mentioned the types of vowels and the stem is because the patterns of the 요 form is determined by these elements. I'll be mentioning these two concepts frequently from now on. So, you will probably get used to them gradually. Now, let's learn about the patterns in the 요 form. Let's first start with a list of variation patterns in the 요 form. I will show you the list. There are two main types, basic rules and irregulars. Here's the list of the basic rules. The basic rules are two types. You check the type of vowel in the stem and whether or not there is a final consonant. If the stem has a positive vowel, you add 아요. On the other hand, if it has a negative vowel or a diphthong, you add 어요. That's it for basic rules. Pretty simple, right? Next, here is the list of irregulars. If the stem has ㅌ, ㅂ, ㅅ, ㄱ final consonants, or the vowel of the stem is ㅡ, there will be a bit unique variations. Especially in the ㅡ or ㄹ irregulars, the variation patterns depend on the vowel of the letter before the stem. We will learn everything in the list today. First, let's take a look at the cases of positive vowels in basic rules. There are three patterns to this. First, if you can see a positive vowel 아, 야, 우, 요, and the stem has a final consonant, you add 아요 directly. Let's look at the word 살다, to live. 살다 has 아 as a positive vowel and the stem has ㄹ as the final consonant. So, you add 아요 after the stem to make 살아요. I will give you one more example, 좋다. To be good, like has 우 as a positive vowel and the stem has ㅎ as the final consonant. So, you add 아요 to make 좋아요. Next, if there is no final consonant and the stem has 아, you add 요. For example, 가다, to go, will become 가요. And 비싸다, to be expensive, becomes 비싸요. Finally, if there is no final consonant and the stem has 오, you add 아 to the vowel of the stem and it becomes 와요. For example, 보다, to look, becomes 봐요. And 오다, to come, becomes 와요. Next, let's take a look at the cases of negative vowels. The negative vowels are 오, 요, 우, 유, 으, 이, or diphthongs. If the stem has one of these vowels, you add 오요. However, as I will explain later, if there is no final consonant in 으, it will be classified as another pattern called the 으 irregular. First of all, when you can see negative vowels and the stem has a final consonant, you add 어요. For example, the verb stem of 먹다, to eat, is 먹. 먹 has a negative vowel 어. So, you just add 어요 to make 먹어요. In the case of 만들다, to make, the verb stem is 만들. 늘 has a 으 negative vowel. So, you add 어요 at the end to make 만들어요. Next, when there is no final consonant, you add 어요 to the end. Even in the cases with diphthongs other than 에, 에, 왜. For example, 쉬다, to rest, becomes 쉬어요. Next, if there is no final consonant, and the stem has a vowel that has 어, such as 어, 여, 에, 에, you add 요. For example, 서다, to stand, becomes 서요. 켜다, to turn on, becomes 켜요. 보내다, to send, becomes 보내요. And 세다, to be strong, becomes 세요. Next, in the case of 우, 왜, you add 어 to the stem and make 워, 왜. For example, 배우다, to learn, becomes 배워요. And 되다, to become, changes to 되요. Lastly, if there is no final consonant, and the vowel is 이, change 이 to 여, and add 요. For example, 마시다, to drink, becomes 마셔요. And 버리다, to throw away, becomes 버려요. Next, let's take a look at the verbs finishing with 하다. This is the easiest pattern because you just need to change the end of the phrase to 해요. Nice and easy, isn't it? Simple is the best. For example, 사랑하다, to love, becomes 사랑해요. And 공부하다, to study, becomes 공부해요. From here, I will explain exceptional variations, which is called irregulars. Although it is called irregulars, there are still rules to it, so you don't have to worry so much. First of all, I will explain the case of irregulars when the stem has ㄷ, ㅂ, ㅅ, or ㅎ as the final consonants. The first one is ㄷ irregular. When the final consonant of the stem is ㄷ, you change ㄷ to ㄹ, and add 아요 or 어요. You can see the vowel of the stem to determine whether it will be 아요 or 어요. For example, 깨닫다, to realize, has the stem 깨닫, which has a positive vowel of 아. So, you change the final consonant ㄷ to ㄹ, and add 아요 to make 깨달아요. The stem of 듣다, to listen, is 듣. It has a negative vowel ㅡ, so you change ㄷ final consonant to ㄹ, and add 어요. So, it becomes 들어요. Next is ㅂ irregular. If the stem has ㅂ as the final consonant, you remove ㅂ and add 와요. It does not matter whether the stem has a positive or a negative vowel. For example, if the word is 고맙다, to thank, you remove ㅂ and add 와요 to say 고마워요. In the case of 가볍다, to be light, you remove ㅂ and add 와요 to say 가벼워요. Next is the ㅅ irregular. Here, when the stem has ㅅ as the final consonant, you remove ㅅ. Then you add 아요 when there is a positive vowel or add 어요 when there is a negative vowel. This is quite simple. For example, 나타, to get cured, has the stem 나, which has a positive vowel 아. So, you remove ㅅ and add 아요 to say 나아요. In the case of 짓다, to build, the stem is 짓, which has a negative vowel 이. So, you remove ㅅ and add 어요 to say 지어요. Next is the ㅎ irregular. In this case, you remove the final consonant of the stem, ㅎ. Then you add 에요 instead when the stem has a positive vowel or add 에요 when the stem has a negative vowel. For example, 빨갛다, red, has a stem 빨갛, which has a positive vowel 아. So, you remove ㅎ and add 에요 to say 빨개요. In the case of 누렇다, yellowish, the stem is 누렇, which has a negative vowel 어. So, you remove ㅎ and add 에요 to say 누래요. Next is the ㅡ irregular. This is when the word is like 쓰다, to write, or 예쁘다, to be pretty when the stem is ㅡ without a final consonant. Here, the rule is different depending on whether the stem is ㄹ or not. Let's first take a look at the cases with a stem that is not ㄹ. Basically, you can decide whether to add 아요 or 어요 depending on whether the letter before ㅡ is a positive vowel or a negative vowel. The key point is that it is the letter before the stem. If there is no preceding letter, like 쓰다, to write, then you just add 어요 to say 떠요. For example, in the word 나쁘다, to be bad, 나 is the letter before the stem 뿌, right? Since the vowel is a positive vowel 아, so you replace ㅡ with 아요 to say 나빠요. In the word 기쁘다, to be happy, the letter coming before the stem 뿌 is 기, which has a negative vowel 이. So, you replace ㅡ with 어요 to say 기뻐요. Next is the case where the stem is ㄹ and there is no final consonant. This is called the ㄹ irregular. It is almost the same as the ㅡ irregular. You add 아요 or 어요 depending on whether the letter before ㄹ is a positive vowel or a negative vowel. However, one thing that is different is that you add ㄹ as a final consonant to the letter that comes before a stem. For example, 모르다. As it has a positive vowel ㅜ, you add ㄹ라요. In other words, you add ㄹ as a final consonant right under the ㅁ and replace ㄹ with 라 to say 몰라요. 누르다. To push has ㄴ coming before 르. The vowel is a negative vowel ㅜ, so you add ㄹ라요. In other words, you add ㄹ as a final consonant right under the ㄴ and replace ㄹ with 라 to say 눌러요. Now, I will announce two assignments. The first assignment is to use your form and write about your hobby. I would write like this. I often cook Korean food. As for the second homework, I usually ask for a memorization of 40 words. But this time, I want you to memorize this list of your form as my homework. I specially made a quiz for your form on my website, so please try it 100 times until you can answer everything instantly. I posted my website in the description section below, so please check it out. That's all for today. I'm very happy that you watched this video all the way through, even though this was the hardest one ever. Once you understand the rules, you'll be able to change the words to your form by yourself just by looking at the verbs and adjectives. I'm sure you can do this.