CHINH PHỤC VŨ TRỤ BẮT ĐẦU TỪ MỘT BƯỚC CHÂN | Khám Phá Vũ Trụ Mới Nhất

From the moment the human species appeared and evolved, the universe was born a long, long time ago. The universe is both a familiar home, nurturing, nourishing food and nurturing the life of humans on Earth, but it is also a very dangerous and incomprehensible place. The universe is both dark, deep, but also very beautiful, mysterious, waiting in front of the eyes of humans as if waiting for us to explore to the end of reality. Humans, with a curious nature, like to explore, can certainly not ignore understanding the universe. Even from the moment the human species was born, they knew how to observe and predict objects in the sky to create patterns, wonders of the world, or apply them to their lives, such as foraging, farming. With such knowledge, humans attach the universe to the gods of power, creating the whole world. Then, the technology of the human species develops quickly like a storm. We send hundreds of spaceships to every corner of the solar system, use giant glasses to observe the deep universe to the point where it almost touches the starting point of everything. We study and draw out the principles, learning about this universe. Humans, although at the age of nothing compared to the nine-year-old cosmic self, but we, who were born from the universe, will not stop going further to know about our own origin. And here we look at a very small part of the time stream from the past to the future, where outstanding missions take place, to feel like a part of the work of human space exploration. Who knows that the history of the space industry has been full of ups and downs, with the dream of touching a special planet, attracting us through the eyes of despair, because of the outside of the bright red light, in front of other twinkling stars in the night sky. Until the 18th century, when the first astronomical glasses were directed to the sky, humans had their first glimpse of this planet, opening up a dimension of science and culture attached to the star. In 1877, the Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli discovered on the surface of Mars the clues to the Galaxy. Since then, in the scientific community, there have been theories about the existence of civilizations outside the Earth. Before those theories were rejected by more advanced astronomical glasses, there were many imaginative scientific works that took the theme of life on Mars to life. Inspired by Truesburn's From the Earth to the Moon, astronomer Camille Flammarion described Mars in his imagination to the reader through the 1884 work Les Terres du Ciel. A similar planet to us, with water, air, rain, springs, and a flood of water floating on the earth. Percival Lowell, a man who always believed in the legends of Mars, who laid the foundation for the discovery of the Milky Way, had three books, Mars, Mars in 1895, Mars and its Canals in 1906, and Mars and the Abode of Life in 1930. Despite his blind faith in life on Mars, which made many colleagues uncomfortable, Lowell still left his legacy as a world-class astronomer. Lowell Observatory, which he invested from his own pocket, is located in Flagstaff, Arizona, USA, the most ideal place to observe astronomy. Today, Lowell continues to contribute to the advancement of human knowledge. From the early 1960s to the 20th century, astronomy has become a hot topic. Space race between the U.S. and the U.S. Mankind continuously launches satellites to explore the planet Earth, which is farther than the Earth. Mars is the fourth largest star in the sky, with a size of only half as small and gravity of 38% compared to the Earth. Mars takes more time than the Earth to complete a full orbit around the sun, 687 days compared to 365 days, giving the opportunity to approach this planet only after 26 months once, about more than 2 years, and takes at least about 6 months to get here. But the speed of self-orbit is almost the same as that of the Earth, leading to a day that is only more than 40 minutes longer than that of the Earth. Looking from the Earth, Mars is not only bright red, but also passes through mysterious paths that look like giant mountain ranges or artificial constructions. This is one of the many reasons why Mars is always predicted to be the hiding place of a life outside the planet. Lowell, despite his bizarre theories, has inspired the public's imagination to explore the planet more than anyone else in his time. He has contributed to the imagination of books such as H.G. Wells, Edgar Rice Burroughs, Stanley G. Whitebaum, with classic science fiction works in human history. Then, the mysteries and adventures that literary works of the 19th and 20th centuries bring is a great source of motivation for us to explore, discover, and conquer space. Lien Tso continuously launched nine spacecraft to Mars throughout the 1960s to illuminate human curiosity for decades. However, all missions ended in failure. These missions included orbital satellites, landers, and flybys. The spacecraft were initially launched very small and were launched with the Monia rocket. Among them was the Mars 1M program, also known as Marsnik, with Mars plus Sputnik, according to Western media. They were the first self-propelled satellite aircraft of Lien Tso. These launchers were designed in the same way as the Venus 1 spacecraft, with a 2-meter-tall fuselage, two solar panels, a 2.33-meter-tall antenna with a signal orientation, and a 650-kilogram-long antenna arm. The first goal was to observe the effects of the Lien satellite environment on the spacecraft's equipment. From there, radio broadcasts about the Earth. The spacecraft carried 10 kilograms of scientific equipment, including a design, a 7-ion plasma spacecraft counter, a launch vehicle, a space shuttle, and a launch vehicle to study the C-H solution, a mysterious number about life on Mars. It was launched in October 1960. However, the Monia rocket failed to approach the Parking Orbit, which was used to make the spacecraft fly to Mars and then back to Earth due to an incomprehensible collision on the third floor of the rocket, leading to a fuel pipeline shutdown in both launches. By early November 1962, Lien Tso had just had a satellite ship named Mars 1. It was equipped with special equipment for surface imaging, magnetic field measurements, environmental detection, atmospheric composition, and even life on Mars. In addition, the ship was also capable of measuring space detection and astronomy, opening the way for future missions. In the next mission, Lien Tso's mission commanders used the Proton-K missile more heavily to launch a large 5-ton spacecraft, including a orbiter and a lander, to Mars. The design of the orbiter was a bit rushed and still not complete. Lien Tso's lack of confidence in space hardware at the end of the 1960s and early 1970s was a common problem because most of them were reused. Lien Tso's leaders seemed to want to save as much money as possible, often combining missions with each other, or fixing current designs rather than creating new hardware. The pioneers, the U.S., also joined the race to the red planet from an early age. Whether it's the ocean or space, people always have big ambitions, conquering new lands, and the Mariner mission represents that ambition. The Mariner 3 and Mariner 4 spacecraft opened the way for Mars exploration. In 1964, NASA's JPL launch vehicle made the first two attempts to reach Mars. The Mariner 3 and Mariner 4 couples are identical spacecraft designed to make the first flight to Mars. The Mariner 3 was launched on November 5, 1964, but the hatch around the spacecraft on the top of the rocket could not be opened, ending the mission in failure. Three weeks later, on November 28, 1964, the Mariner 4 was successfully launched during a seven-month journey to Mars. The Mariner 4 flew past Mars on July 14, 1965, providing 21 close-up images of the red planet. The images were then sent back to Earth by a small camera on a rover, showing the collisions. The data provided accurately estimated the atmospheric pressure on the surface of about 1% of the Earth, and the temperature during the day was 100 degrees Celsius. No magnetic field or radiation band was detected. The new data showed that life could not exist like many previous conjectures, and they needed to redesign the spacecraft to fit the new conditions. By November of the same year, the Mariner 9 became the first spacecraft to successfully enter orbit around Mars. The rover's video camera system was ready for activation, and American scientists eagerly awaited the first detailed images of Mars. The Mariner 6 and 7 flew past Mars just two years earlier. But what was captured from the deep space was not an image of the mountains, the volcanic mountains, and the complex mountains of Mars, but an image of a mysterious world covered in thick dust. Two days after the launch of the Mariner 4, the Soviet Union tried again with the Sol 2. But the radio equipment was defective, and it did not return any data. NASA continued the Mariner program with a pair of other Mars rovers, the Mariner 6 and 7. Usually, rovers are launched in pairs to prevent accidents of other ships in the background of space races. The Mariner 6 and 7 are no exception. They were planned to be launched into space with the Mariner 9, but unfortunately, the mission to Mars once again failed. Next, in 1971, the Mariner 8 brought NASA a lot of hope for the first successful solo spacecraft. However, there were accidents during the launch. It was impossible to let failure take the lead, missing a chance every two years. Only about half a month later, the Mariner 9 was launched into space with the Mariner 8. The ship was designed to continue the ambition to study the atmosphere from the failure of the Mariner 6 and 7, and to map the 70% surface of Mars from a height of about 1,500 km and at a resolution of about 1 km to 100 m per pixel, the highest compared to any mission to Mars until that time. An infrared sensor was brought on board to examine the sources of heat to find evidence of the activity of the volcano, study changes over time in the atmosphere and the surface of Mars, and analyze the two small moons of Mars. Together with the two orbiters of the Soviet Union, Mars 2 and Mars 3, the Mariner 9 captured a large-scale dust storm that had never been seen before, covering almost the entire planet, causing efforts to capture the planet's surface to be delayed. Scientists controlled the mission to take advantage of the delay to wait for sandstorms on Mars to probe and take photos of Phobos, one of the two natural satellites of Mars. After the dust storm stopped, enough to cover Mars for the Mariner 9 to take photos. The images recorded show a significant progress compared to previous missions. These are the first live evidences that provide more details about the dust storm. The dust storm is one of the few features that can be seen in the dust storm. This is the highest mountain, more precisely the volcano, on any planet in the entire solar system, and leads to the classification of it as Olympus Mons, the highest volcano in the solar system. In terms of the chain, after many failures, until 1971, the United States launched the next generation of satellites to Mars to compete with the Mariner 8 and Mariner 9 orbiters, according to the US launch plan. In May 1971, a day after the Mariner 8 collided with the launch pad and failed to reach the orbit, the Cosmos 419, Mars 1971C, a heavy-duty probe of the Soviet Union's M-71 rocket program, also failed to launch successfully. This spacecraft was only designed as a orbiter, while the next two probes of the M-71 project, Mars 2 and Mars 3, are a multi-purpose combination of an orbiter and a lander with a small propeller, expected to be the first robot to travel on a planet after successfully landing on the Moon. On November 27, 1971, the Mars 2 lander took off due to a computer glitch on the ship and became the first man-made object to reach the surface of Mars. On December 2, 1971, the Mars 3 lander became the first spacecraft to take off lightly, but its transfer process was interrupted after 14.5 seconds. Mars 2 and Mars 3 sent back a relatively large amount of data from December 1971 to March 1972, although the transfer continued until August. On August 22, 1972, after sending back the data and a total of 60 images, Mars 2 and Mars 3 ended their mission. The images and data allowed the ship to create a map and provide information about the attraction and magnetic field of Mars. In 1973, the Soviet Union sent four more probe ships to Mars, the Mars 4 and Mars 5 orbiters, and the landing ship combinations Mars 6 and Mars 7. Mars 5 only transmitted 60 images before it lost control in the launch vehicle and had to end the mission soon. The Mars 6 lander transmitted data during the landing, but was unsuccessful when it crashed. Mars 4 flew across the planet at an altitude of 2,200 km, returning a series of images. The Mars 7 probe separated from the landing due to the accident in the operation of one of the systems on the ship, controlled the magnetic field or the reverse rocket and escaped the planet about 1,300 km, immediately setting foot on Mars. NASA has been researching how the Viking 1 was launched in 1975, and the second, Viking 2, was launched on September 9, 1975. Both were launched on Titan 3E, a multi-storey rocket named Centaur. Viking 1 entered orbit on June 19, 1976, and Viking 2 followed on August 7. At the time of launch, Viking 1 cost more than $5 billion and was considered the most expensive, but at the same time was a huge success, helping humanity expand its knowledge of Mars in the mid-20th century. After orbiting Mars for more than a month and returning the images used to choose the landing sites, Viking 1 landed on Mars on July 20, 1976, more than two weeks before Viking 2 landed on the orbit. Viking 2 then successfully landed on Mars on September 3. The orbiters continued to take pictures and perform other scientific activities from the orbit, such as deploying devices on the surface. Space technology is entering a new era. In recent years, the aerospace sector has seen many breakthroughs, making the link between humans and space closer and closer. Of course, these changes always come with consequences. According to astronomer Elon Musk, there are more than 5,000 satellites operating on the orbit by the end of 2021, which is five times more than 10 years ago. Among them, Elon Musk's own company SpaceX has launched about 2,000 Starlink satellites in recent years. If companies like Amazon, Boeing and even China all participate in the ambitious launch of about 30,000 satellites in the next 10 years. In 2022, we can expect SpaceX and OneWeb to at least continue to launch hundreds more satellites to expand the Internet broadband. In addition, another big man is Amazon, which also plans to deploy more satellites and push the broadband trajectory of its Cooper project. Of course, with the increasing number of satellites in space, companies in the field will find it very difficult to maintain safety and balance. As a result, the war to conquer space is expected to be hotter and fiercer. Traveling in space and looking at the Earth through a spaceship is no longer strange. However, can humans bring more space to Earth? Maybe. But it would be too difficult to do that without space. To bring the most modern space activity to Earth would take people to Mars. The other thing we need to think about is how we connect the field of science In the future, Professor Moribacha hopes that countries can build a link system to keep the environment safe near the Earth orbit. It is an urgent issue, similar to environmental protection stories. What do you think of the above information? 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