ХОЛОДНЫЙ ЯДЕРНЫЙ СИНТЕЗ. Часть 1

More than 30 years ago. Very conventionally, but still, it was in 1989 that the date of the birth of cold synthesis was considered. Then, in the English-language press, information was published about the message of Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Ponce, in which it was stated about the implementation of nuclear synthesis in the following installation. On palladium electrodes, lowered into heavy water, with two deuterium atoms instead of hydrogen, D2O, a current passes, as a result of which one of the electrodes melts, as a result of the emission of too much energy, the source of which was the reaction of the fusion of the deuterium nuclei. After the press conference of Fleischmann and Ponce, the reaction was fast and harsh. They violated scientific ethics by publishing unreliable results, which were not even reviewed in a scientific journal. This was the loudest accusation, since there were no scientific refutations in fact. But even this accusation turned out to be a fake. By the time of the press conference, the scientific article of Fleischmann and Ponce was reviewed and was published in the American scientific journal The Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. The article described the unique results of the experiments, because an incredibly large amount of excess heat was obtained, several times more than the energy spent on electrolysis, and possible chemical energy, which can be produced by simple chemical decomposition of water. At the same time, the registered tritium and neutrons were definitely talking about the process of nuclear synthesis. Moreover, neutrons were registered in two independent ways and with various devices. A year later, in 1990, in the same scientific journal, the following article was published, specifically related to heat release during these studies, from which, according to this drawing, it can be seen that intensive heat release, which means the effect itself, lasts only for 66 days of continuous work of the electrolytic cell and continues for 5 days. And later, in his work in 1996, reported at the 6th International Cold Synthesis Conference, ICCF-6, Stanley Ponce demonstrated two very important things. The first, and perhaps the most important, is that having moved in 1992 from the United States to the south of France, in a new place after a significant period of time, in another country, he was able to not only reproduce the experiment in Salt Lake City, carried out in 1989, but also to get an increase in heat results. The second is that the famous heat release in these experiments began on the 71st day of electrolysis. The change in heat release continues for more than 40 days, and then constantly at the level of 310 megajoules for up to 160 days. This is due to the lack of reproducibility of the result, which was very loudly shouted by those who did not like this discovery very much. The closers of the discovery made a lot of noise very quickly, within a month after the conference. And, of course, there was simply no time for scientifically-based criticism with a repetition of the experiment. The direction of the ICCF was closed by the hands of the American physical society, which, in fact, for many years, prohibited official research in the field of cold nuclear synthesis with its unreasonable and hysterical criticism. Unfortunately, the members of this society, not Fleischmann and Pons, behaved against all scientific ethics, as they rejected scientific work not in a scientific journal, but entrusted it to the New York Times, where in May 1989 an article on Fleischmann and Pons appeared. Despite all the accusations made against the reaction of cold synthesis, large scientists from different laboratories continued to get amazing results. Unfortunately, the scientific inquisition does not depend on the country. The same thing happens and happened, for example, in our country. In our country there is a commission on the fight against false science and falsification of scientific research under the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which has already managed to award itself for the consistent destruction of torsion fields, cold nuclear synthesis and antigravity. At the same time, there is still no scientific article in the reviewed journals that scientifically justify the impossibility of cold nuclear synthesis. In the media, scientists who have never dealt with cold nuclear synthesis, but have often dealt with abstract and very monetary directions of physics, such as thermonuclear synthesis, star physics, the theory of the Big Bang, the emergence of the universe, and the Large Hadron Collider. After all, the first exclamations, this cannot be, were given to physicists engaged in thermonuclear synthesis. It was they who, having spent another couple of decades and several tens of billions of dollars, on the way to Achilles, catching up with the turtle, again find themselves one step away from the realization of the century-old dream of mankind of obtaining infinite, free and clean energy. The same man-made sun on Earth. At the moment, this last step has been postponed to 2050. And yet, overcoming the scientific inquisition, the direction continues to develop. The number of scientific groups in which the phenomenon of cold nuclear synthesis or transmutation is recorded, is constantly growing, as well as the number of groups that are purposefully engaged in the study of this process and related to it by physical, biological, material-scientific and other effects. This mysterious process of transmutation has a number of amazing features that do not yet have a scientific explanation. In all these experiments, new elements appear, absent in the original material before the start of the specified processes. In the products of transmutation, the relationship of isotopes of chemical elements, different from natural, is registered. As a rule, in most experiments, the products of transmutation are stable isotopes of elements. At the same time, during the experiment, no destructive radioactive radiation is detected, which should be observed when stable isotopes from radioactive elements occur. Another characteristic feature of the process is excess thermal energy in those experiments, which could be recorded. Some authors emphasize that the process of transmutation is accompanied by unknown radiation, which leaves its strange traces in photoemulsions, on metal grinds, and which, when interacting with the substance, change its structure and chemical composition. The phenomenon of low-energy transmutation of elements was recorded with many effects. Here are some of them. In the adhesion discharge in palladium and other metal cathodes. In the electronic melting of slag in zirconia in a vacuum oven. In the ultrasonic processing of water-soluble solvents. In the electro-explosions of metal folks in a liquid dielectric environment. In the implementation of an electrical discharge in a water-mineral environment. In the impact of impulse current on lead in a magnetic field. In growing biological structures. Let's now take a closer look at some of these amazing, alchemical processes in their essence. At the Institute of General Physics of Iran in the laboratory headed by Dr. of Physics and Mathematical Sciences Georgy Mayratovich Shafeev, scientists discovered an amazing effect. The alpha decay of uranium-238 accelerated under the influence of laser radiation with a relatively low peak intensity. In Shafeev's experiments, in one hour of irradiation of a gold target with laser pulses, 10 to the 15th degree nanoparticles of gold were formed in one cubic centimeter of the solution. The optical properties of such nanoparticles are radically different from the properties of a massive gold plate. They do not reflect light, but absorb it. The uranium nuclei and the products of its decay, thorium and protactin, found near these nanoparticles, changed their radioactivity. In particular, the gamma activity of thorium-234 increased by 2 times. Since thorium-234 arises as a result of the alpha decay of uranium-238, the increase in its gamma activity indicates an acceleration of the alpha decay of this uranium isotope. But that's not all. The same scientific team discovered that laser radiation can accelerate not only alpha decay, but also beta decay of the radioactive isotope cesium-137, one of the main components of radioactive emissions and waste. After two hours of irradiation of a gold target with a green laser, in pairs of copper, researchers recorded that a colloidal solution with nanoparticles of gold of 30 nanometers was formed. At the same time, the gamma activity of cesium-137 decreased by 75%, which means that its concentration in the solution decreased by the same amount. The period of semi-decay of cesium-137 is about 30 years. Such a decrease in activity, which was obtained in a two-hour experiment, should occur in natural conditions in about 60 years. That is, the rate of decay increased by about 260 thousand times. Such a gigantic increase in the rate of beta decay should have turned a cube with a solution of cesium into the most powerful source of gamma radiation accompanied by the usual beta decay of cesium-137. However, this does not happen. Measurements have shown that the gamma activity of the salt solution does not increase. According to the canons of modern science, this is simply impossible. After all, it turns out that with a laser impact, the decay of cesium-137 occurs without radiation at all. Why is cesium-137 so interesting to scientists? Why is it constantly paid attention to in scientific laboratories? Yes, because it is, among other things, the main active face in the radioactive contamination of Chernobyl and Fukushima. And the most interesting thing is that the accelerated deactivation of this radioactive substance is possible not only under the influence of a laser but also with the help of bacteria. Yes, yes, now is the time to talk about the very barrel that we have already shown once. Dr. Alla Aleksandrovna Kornilova, a physicist of mathematical sciences, has been working on the search for nuclear reactions in biological objects for more than 20 years at the Physical Faculty of the Moscow State University. The discovery of transmutations of chemical elements in natural biological cultures was made back in 1993. The first patent for obtaining the Bauer isotope of iron-57 was obtained in 1995. The results of these studies were repeatedly published in authoritative international and domestic scientific journals, as well as state expertise in the field of inorganic materials named Bochvar. At the same time, the observed effect of transmutation is not a low-applicable laboratory experience, but, in fact, a ready-made industrial technology that has no analogues on the world market. Here, as, in fact, in all examples from this issue, we should not blame everything on some weird inventor-self-taught uncle Vasya from a neighboring garage, who, at the necessary degree, could not have got such a transmutation. The essence of Kornilova's technology is extremely simple. Specially prepared microbial cultures are added to the container with the water solution of the radioactive isotope cesium-137. As a result, after 14 days, the concentration of cesium decreases by more than 50%. But at the same time, the concentration of non-radioactive barium increases in the solution. That is, microbes in some magical way turn radioactive cesium into non-radioactive barium. But it all didn't start with cesium. In the initial studies, bacteria were placed in a nutrient environment combined with iron, but containing MnSO4 salt and heavy water D2O. Experiments have shown that a deficient iron isotope, ferrum-57, was produced in this system. That is, in the initial experiments, bacteria turned barium into iron. And only after making sure that the nuclear transformation of stable chemical elements is possible in microbiological cultures, Kornilova used her method to deactivate long-living radioactive isotopes. Moreover, for this purpose, superheroes among bacteria were taken, a super-association of microorganisms of various types, to increase their survivability in aggressive environments. Each group of this community is maximally adapted to joint activity, collective mutual assistance and mutual protection. As a result, the super-association is well adapted to the various conditions of the environment, including increased radiation. Super-associations withstand a maximum dose of radiation by several orders more than ordinary microbiological cultures. Moreover, their metabolic activity is almost not weakened. Well, now about transmutations in biological environments. Let's move to the technical laboratories again. ICAT reactor Andrea Rossi. In mid-October 2014, the world scientific community was excited by the news. A report by Giuseppe Levi, a professor of physics at Bologna University, and his co-authors on the results of the ICAT reactor test, created by the Italian inventor Andrea Rossi, was published. Three years earlier, in 2011, Rossi presented to the public the installation he had been working on for many years in cooperation with the physicist Sergio Focardi. The reactor, called ICAT, abbreviated from the English Energy Catalyzer, produced an abnormal amount of energy. Over the next few years, ICAT was tested by different groups of researchers, since the scientific community insisted on independent expertise. The longest and most thorough test, summarizing all the necessary parameters of the process, was carried out in March 2014 by the Giuseppe Levi group, which included such independent experts as Yvlin Foxi, a physicist-theoretician from the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics in Bologna, a professor of physics Hanno Essen from the Royal Technological Institute in Stockholm, and, by the way, a former chairman of the Swedish Society of Skeptics, as well as Swedish physicist Bo Hoisted, Roland Pettersson and Lars Tegner from Uppsala University. In general, they gathered more skeptics from science. Nevertheless, even these experts confirmed that the device, in which 1 gram of fuel was heated to a temperature of about 1400 degrees Celsius using electricity, produced an abnormal amount of heat. The reactor was a ceramic tube 20 cm long and 2 cm in diameter. Inside the reactor there was a fuel charge, heating elements and a thermocouple, the signal from which was fed to the heating control unit. Power was supplied to the reactor from an electric grid with a voltage of 380 volts to three heat-resistant wires, which were heated to red during the reactor operation. The fuel consisted of 90% nickel powder and 10% lithium aluminum hydride. When heated, the lithium aluminum hydride decomposed and released hydrogen, which could be absorbed by nickel and enter an exothermic reaction with it. In the report, it was reported that the total amount of heat generated by the device in 32 days of continuous operation was about 6 gigajoules. Elementary estimates show that the energy capacity of the powder is more than a thousand times higher than the energy capacity of, for example, gasoline. As a result of careful analysis of the element and isotope composition, experts reliably found that changes in the ratio of lithium isotopes and nickel appeared in the processed fuel. If in the original fuel the content of lithium isotopes coincided with the natural one, lithium-6 is 7.5%, lithium-7 is 92.5%, then in the processed fuel the content of lithium-6 increased to 92%, and the content of lithium-7 decreased to 8%. The distortion of the isotope composition for nickel was just as strong. For example, the content of nickel isotope in the hall was 99%, although in the original fuel it was only 4%. These two factors, the detected changes in the isotope composition and anomalously high heat release, indicated that nuclear processes were flowing in the reactor. However, no signs of increased radioactivity, typical for nuclear reactions, were recorded neither during the operation of the device nor after its stop. The processes flowing in the reactor could not be nuclear separation reactions, since the fuel consisted of stable substances. But scientists could not agree with the fact that the reactor was flowing and that nuclear synthesis reactions were flowing there. After all, from the point of view of modern nuclear physics, they could not flow there, since the temperature of 1400 degrees Celsius is insignificant to overcome the forces of Coulomb's nuclear repulsion. After that, similar experiments began to be carried out in many countries. The Russian inventor Alexander Georgievich Parkhomov achieved certain successes in this direction. He managed to design a heat generator working on a mixture of nickel powder and lithium aluminum hydride, which gives an excessive amount of energy. From a scientific article, we can learn that the manufactured device, after reaching a working temperature of 1200 degrees Celsius, worked continuously for more than three days, producing about 500 watts of super-consumable power. In total, more than 40 kilowatt-hours, or 150 megajoules, were produced from this device. You can get so much energy by burning several kilograms of oil products. Another Russian scientist, Yuri Nikolaevich Bazhutov, a candidate for physics after getting acquainted with Rossi's results, also conducted a series of experiments from the point of view of his own theory, using nuclear physics diagnostics. Bazhutov's device allowed to register neutron radiation in the form of a series of short bursts for up to several dozen minutes. This radiation was indicative of nuclear processes. And these are the authors of the ENERGO-NIVA installation, Anatoly Vasilievich Vachaev and Nikolai Ivanovich Ivanov. To describe the process briefly, in their installation there was a transmutation of elements in the electrolyte in liquid mediums. The following effects were observed. The production of a large number of new chemical elements from water that did not previously contain in it. The generation of excess energy, both thermal and electrical. The generation of strange radiation, after the optical illumination of the installation while working. The experiments in which different liquid mediums were fed to the installation inputs were water, water-mineral, water-carbon, organic mixtures. All work was carried out in the so-called metallurgical regime, that is, with the maximum output of solid phase, on average up to 300 grams per liter. The chemical analysis of samples was carried out in three independent labs. Here, for example, are the outputs of extraneous elements in the case of processing distilled water and household resources. It should be emphasized that the installation is almost industrial in nature, allowing you to get tens of hundreds of kilograms of transmutation products in real time. In fact, with all these examples, the topic of cold nuclear synthesis is not exhausted. Different experimental groups in different physical processes independently discover similar effects from each other. And the fact that this is not science fiction and not fake, this process proves the interest of corporations. For example, Google was activated by the United States, providing sponsorship support for the study of cold synthesis in several universities. Also, the company is working to attract promising young scientists to study cold synthesis. Do you believe that in the next 20 or 30 years installations based on cold nuclear synthesis will be created? Vote by rating under the video. Let everyone see how many of us are optimists. Or write in the comments why this is impossible, what prevents us from mastering these technologies in the near future. Well, we are not saying goodbye, because right now we are already preparing new amazing films for you. See you!