Arch. Practice in Yemen: Vermessung /مدخل إلى طُرق القياس البسيطة للموجودات المُكتشفة أثناء التّنقيب

Documentation of archaeological sites, sites, and locations plays an important role in the knowledge of archaeological sites and the knowledge of preserving archaeological sites. Since the geographical data is linked to the Geographic Information System, GIS, for example, the digital map is linked to other information stored in the database. Also, geometric documentation is the basis for many other methods of documentation, and this documentation runs using the methods of geometric scanning and its tools. At the present time, different types of modern technology are used to perform the required measurements. The tachometer is used, as well as GPS devices in an increased way, in addition to laser scanning devices and image processing programs. It gives more accurate and faster results. We can also use relatively simple traditional methods for measuring sites and locations and documenting them during archaeological excavations. There must be a lower level of understanding in the calculation. This also applies to modern technology. The alignment of the squares of the excavation on the ground with the pillars and ropes is one of the most important measurements, as all the elements and features inside the square are assigned to it, especially its corners. Based on this, all points can be measured later during the excavation in a three-dimensional way. Here, at the beginning, the tachometer would like to align a square of excavation 5 meters long. To do this, Fitha Kors used a theory. The sum of the squares of the two pillars is equal to the square length of the rock. To ensure that the angles of the pillars are aligned, a known number was calculated for the length of the pillars. That is, when the pillars of the two pillars are 3 and 4, the length of the rock is 5. 25 and the Pythagoras of 25 is equal to 5. The starting point was chosen and the rock was fixed in it, then the first measurement was made, which is 4 meters, and the second rock was fixed at the end. To determine the third point, each rock is divided by 5 meters and another by 3 meters, so that their intersection point is the required point that fulfills the Pythagoras theory, and a third rock is fixed in its place. After that, the rock can be extended to 5 meters in the middle of the measurement strip. And again, the last point of the square is determined in the middle of the rock. We now have four pillars fixed at an angle. They were measured to be 7 meters long, which is the required number according to the Pythagoras theory. Here, a square with a width of 5 meters is produced at an angle. The measurements of the locations, heights, and spaces are made using the Tychometer. In principle, all archaeological sites must be measured, and this also applies to architectural sites. The points that were measured later on the Pythagorean scale are used as reference points for drawing and planning, and all the rocks are on them. Measured points can also be used to issue initial drawings in the daily calendar to be useful additions and clarifications. They can also be used to lay a plan for the scale on the AutoCAD program. The measurement is not limited to the plans of the building and the horizontal leveling surfaces, but also includes the profiles, which can only be placed in a comprehensive context when measuring its three-dimensional location. This allows us to measure the profiles and draw them manually in a traditional way by hand if the modern equipment is not available, and this method is effective even though it is slow. To start drawing, we need a horizontal line and a vertical main line. Here, we prefer to draw two lines, and we use the horizontal line to measure the water level. The main line is measured using the vertical and vertical lines. The profile is drawn after identifying the blocks and layers. The important points are measured using a scale, each on its own, and we use it to measure the individual layers or blocks starting from the horizontal and vertical lines, and they are transferred to the paper in the pre-determined scale. We get several points for one of the blocks or blocks, and they are connected by a single eye to form closed lines. This process becomes faster with practice, and we get a drawing that is properly measured for the profile in its archaeological context. It is also necessary, as in all archaeological and architectural sites, to measure the locations of the blocks and samples in a three-dimensional way, and measurements are carried out here, for example, using a Tycometer. If it is not available, it is carried out using a scale, and if necessary, it is carried out using a ruler. The distances between the discovered blocks are measured in the place and known horizontal points in the excavation area, or the distance from the discovered element can be measured, as is the case in this example, by measuring its distance from fixed architectural elements, and the elevation can also be measured in the same way. Of course, the results of the measurement obtained are more accurate when using modern technology. The laser scanner can, in a short time, for example, measure millions of points and form what is called a point cloud. Even without turning it into a solid object, the point clouds are densely collected in it on the computer and form a three-dimensional element. The excavation can be accurately documented within its archaeological context, and its drawings remain freehand and with the help of simple measuring tools sufficient and well documented. However, regardless of the availability of modern technological capabilities for the archaeological team, it remains important to measure all the points and clouds during field work, and to understand the relationship between individual blocks, and the location of the clouds within the individual layers, and to understand the archaeological site in all its complexity, and finally, to carry out a good scientific analysis and evaluation of the results.