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In classical mechanics, time and space are two completely separate concepts. The same thing always happens over the same period of time, when observing in different coordinates. These events can be synchronized by using an absolute clock. Space is a three-dimensional open space without borders, in which objects and events have relative positions and directions. Physical space is often understood in three dimensions. Although physicists often see it, at the same time, as a common entity of the four-dimensional continuum without borders, called spacetime. The concept of space is considered essential to understand the physical properties and processes of the universe. However, there are still debates among scientists about whether space is an entity, a link between entities, or a defining concept in the framework of consciousness. Time is a concept used to describe the order of events, their transformation and duration. Time is determined by the number of transformations of the objects, or the quantification of the transformations, and often has a starting point associated with an event. Spacetime, or spacetime, is a mathematical model comprising three dimensions of space with one dimension of time, to form a unified structure called a continuous spacetime. Physics materials in Vietnam use the term spacetime. The structure of spacetime is a conceptual model combining three dimensions of space with the fourth dimension of time. According to the best physics theories today, spacetime explains the unusual relativistic effects generated by moving near the speed of light, as well as the movement of large-scale objects in space. The famous physicist Albert Einstein helped develop the idea of spacetime as part of his relativistic theory. Before Einstein's pioneering work, scientists had their own theories to explain physical phenomena. Isaac Newton's law of physics describes the movement of large-scale objects, while James Clerk Maxwell's electronic models explain the properties of light. But the experiments carried out at the end of the 19th century suggested that there was something special about the invisible light. The measurements showed that light always passed at the same speed, no matter what. And in 1898, French physicist and mathematician Henri Poincaré hypothesized that the speed of light could be an impassable limit. At the same time, other researchers were looking at the possibility of objects changing in size and volume, depending on their speed. Einstein combined all these ideas together in his 1905 relativistic theory. This theory says that the speed of light is a number. To make this come true, space and time must be combined into a single framework to keep the speed of light the same for all observers. A person in a super-fast rocket will measure time to move slower and the length of objects shorter than a person moving at a much slower speed. That's because space and time are relative. They depend on the speed of the observer. But the speed of light is more fundamental. The conclusion is that space and time are a piece of fabric that Einstein did not create. This idea comes from the German mathematician Hermann Minkowski, who said in a common story in 1908, from now on, space itself and time itself will disappear into a single framework, and only a combination of the two will preserve an independent reality. The zero time that he described is still called Minkowski's zero time and is the context of the laws of relativistic theory and quantum mechanics. According to physicist and scientist Ethan Seigel, the description of the motion of atoms is a school. In Einstein's relativistic theory model, the time of the same event, long or short, depends on the choice of the coordinate system. The description of events is done precisely on a model system created by Hermann Minkowski. There, space and time are considered as a pair. This is the Minkowski model, where an event is represented by a point system of four zero times in a row. The time term is usually set to ct, with c being the speed of light, and ct is time, to have the same derivative with the space terms. However, the time term is a special term, and ct is not entirely the same as other space terms. ZERO TIME In relativistic theory, no time can be zero. The zero of time is not caused by the presence of matter. In Einstein's model, space-time is characterized by the space-time tensor matrix. Einstein's model is characterized by an arrangement of matter. Some space-time corresponds to special cases, such as the Schwarzschild matrix, the Reissner-Nordstrom matrix, or the Kerr matrix. The Schwarzschild matrix describes the space around an asteroid, a star, or a black hole that does not rotate and does not accumulate electricity, and is the simplest example of space-time around a black hole. When there is no matter, Einstein's model returns to space-time as in relativistic theory. In space-time, each point is called an event, because it happens at a certain time and position. The space-time interval between two events in space can be greater or smaller than zero, and the interval between the two events is divided into three types. Time interval is smaller than zero. Light interval is equal to zero. Space interval is greater than zero. There are many points in between the two events, but the shortest point is called the ground line. In both relativistic theories, an object in space-time follows a linear universe from the past to the future. The linear universe of photons is the connection between continuous events with a light-type distance, S square equal to zero. The linear universe of objects with a mass has a time type. The interval between two events in a linear universe is called a separate time. Time between two events is measured by an observer following this linear universe from this event to that event. In relativistic theory, objects move in a linear manner, following a time-type linear path. Humans used to believe that the Earth was the center of the solar system until Nikolaus Kopernik, a Polish astronomer, proved that our Earth was just a planet revolving around the sun. After that, Newton proved the principle of planets revolving around the sun with his fascinating theorem. He said, the bigger the objects are, the greater the attraction between them, but the further apart they are, the weaker the attraction. Next is Einstein's relativistic theory. He said that all objects in space are on a plane, a four-dimensional continuity called space-time, so that the orbit of the Earth is simply the result of our planet revolving around this plane, similar to Newton's attraction. In addition, we also have another concept, which is quantum theory. In the quantum world, a physical object always has a state of entanglement. Specifically, a particle can exist in many places or in many places in the universe. For example, a particle can exist in the universe A particle can exist in many places or have many elements at the same time. In the 1930s, physicist Erwin Schrödinger came up with an imaginative experiment that is still called Schrödinger's cat to debate this quantum theory. Suppose there is a glass box. Inside is a living cat with a can of poison and a radioactive substance that will be decomposed after about an hour, but maybe not. If entanglement occurs, it will be recorded by quantum measuring devices and counting machines to make the can drop and break the can. The poison will kill the cat. If the can is not broken, the cat is still alive. The problem here is that until the measurement is done, the cat will be in two states of entanglement, which are alive and dead. The human body and the cat are within the same space that is a circle, and the circle is constricted by the bodies around it. This is not solving the continuous space-time and the matter around it. So when there are two states of entanglement, one of the particles can go on one way and the other can go the other way. then matter and energy exist in many states at the same time. So, where is the attraction? Hudson Fowler asked. However, no one has the answer to that question. To be able to blend the two theories, physicists have tried to find a common theory that can solve both quantum physics and time-free theories. Perhaps the most famous theory is the Thread theory of physicist Andrew Stromanger. It is the idea that atoms, such as electrons and quarks, are created by the continuous interaction of super-small strands, not by the combination of atoms. However, the strands must move in 11 directions, while Einstein's time-free structure has only 4 directions. The Thread theory is an interesting mathematical formula. But does it describe the time-free space we are living in correctly? We need an experiment to prove it. Dr. Thomas Leuco from the University of Nottingham said, The Thread theory, a way to blend the relativistic theory with the quantum theory, says that the reality is created by moving strands. Developed from the limitations of the Thread theory, other physicists have turned to a substitutional solution called the LQG. They argue that time-free space is created from a series of spiral rings with a structure in the smallest dimensions, like a fabric. However, it is made up of a network of lines, or like a computer image, made from individual pixels. According to LQG physicists, these rings are very small, up to the number of rings in a centimeter of space compared to the size of the entire observable universe, in centimeters. If time is not only different on the Planck line, it will be difficult to check in any nuclear reactor. Leuco said, You will need a nuclear reactor more powerful than 1,000 billion times than the LHC at CERN. To find the answer, scientists have to use light from gamma rays to look for evidence for LQG. The signals we receive from space may have passed billions of light years, under the influence of space-time. The cosmic rays emit when the stars go around their lives. Scientists are still trying to understand the meaning of the explosions outside this space. Their solution has a system-like gravity. Hossenfelder said, However, the problem now is to find the answer to the cause of this curvature. A replacement picture says, space and time are not pearlescent, but instead created by a series of small rings. The phenomenon of quantum entanglement. According to Einstein, space-time still exists, even when there are no stars or planets around it. However, Laurent Fredo, Robert Lay and George Minnich believe that space-time does not exist independently of the objects in it. According to them, space-time is determined by the interaction between objects. This sounds complicated, but it's the best way to approach the problem. Minnich said, The above theory is called the module of space-time, Modular Space-Time. This can be explained by a well-known phenomenon called quantum entanglement. Quantum entanglement is when two atoms are brought close together and link their quantum properties. Then, when scientists separate them apart, they find that the atoms still maintain their properties. When the properties of an atom change, the atom at the top will feel this change immediately, faster than the speed of light. Einstein was confused by this phenomenon to the extent that he called it the quantum entanglement effect at long distances. Because according to him, the speed of light is the greatest. The theory of the module of space-time can be adjusted to the properties of an atom by looking at the difference in another plane. If space-time appears from the quantum world, then being closer in quantum terms each person will have different concepts depending on the context. Minnich said, It's like the relationship between people. We can feel closer to our loved ones from afar than to strangers around us. Hossenfelder added, Albert Einstein gave Newton's picture of the attractive force as a force, replacing it with time. Friedel, Lay and Minnich have been working with their ideas for 5 years and believe they are gradually completing it. According to Minnich, this will be a new approach to bring the concept of the attractive force into the quantum world instead of quantumizing the attractive force as in the LQG theory. However, any scientific theory needs to be tested. Currently, the three ministries are looking This new discovery may have a deeper impact on our daily lives. All our current devices only operate thanks to the quantum theory. If we understand better the quantum structure of space-time, it will affect the technologies of the future, possibly in 200 years. Hossenfelder said, Today, when people talk about space-time, they often describe it as a skyscraper. This is also from Einstein, who realized when he developed his relatively wide theory that the attractive force is due to the arcs in the structure of space-time. Giant objects such as the Earth, the Sun, or you create a deformation in space-time, making it broken. In turn, these arcs limit the challenges that everything in the universe moves. Because the objects have to follow the arcs along this deformed arc. The gravitational movement is actually the movement along the rotation and rotation of space-time. A NASA mission named Gravity Probe B, GPB, measured the shape of the space-time circle around the Earth in 2011 and found that it was close to Einstein's prediction. But most of this is still difficult for most people. Although we can discuss about space-time like a skyscraper, but the similarity has finally been broken. A skyscraper is 2 million, while space-time is 4 million. It not only follows the space that the graph shows, but also follows time. Complex programs used to explain all this are very difficult even for physicists. The physicist Paul Sutter wrote that Einstein created a beautiful machine, but he didn't leave a manual for us to use. Just to drive home, the book was relatively large and complicated to the extent that when someone discovered the answer to the equation, the simplest way to understand the structure of space-time is to imagine a skyscraper directing everything in the moving universe. But the similarity is not entirely accurate because space-time has 4 million, while a skyscraper has only 2 million. Despite its complexity, relativistic theory is still not fully compatible with quantum mechanics. This explains the properties of quantum nuclei with extremely high accuracy but not combined with attractive quantities. Quantum mechanics is based on the fact that small particles create the universe and leave it, or quantumize it. Therefore, photons, or particles, are small particles with a separate package. Some theorists have speculated that perhaps time itself also appears in these quantum particles to help connect relativistic theory and quantum mechanics. Researchers at the European Space Agency have proposed international experimental experiments to measure the super-accuracy of space-time. A powerful explosion is called a T-gamma. This explosion may reveal the nature of space-time. Such a mission will not be launched in at least a decade and a half, but if it does, it may help solve some of the most pressing questions. Don't forget to subscribe to Radio Vũ Trụ for the latest videos!