54 dân tộc Việt Nam từ đâu tới đất này? | Tomtatnhanh.vn

Name: 54 dân tộc Việt Nam từ đâu tới đất này? | Tomtatnhanh.vn
Uploaded: 2024-04-08T02:00:00.133Z
Duration: 31 min 3 s
Channel: ĐỒNG NAI TƯƠI ĐẸP
Description: #dongnaituoidep #lichsuvietnam #lichsuvanhoa #bansacdantoc #vanhoa #vietnamoi #vietnamtuoidep

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Archaeological evidences show that since the Stone Age, tens of thousands of years ago, the Ancestors have been in the territory of Vietnam. The most famous is the culture of peace more than 12 millennia ago, recognized by international scholars. However, the Ancestors gradually disappeared, or maybe they were assimilated into new civilizations of the Iron Age, namely the Dong Xuan culture and the Sha Huynh culture, new civilizations with a clearer social structure. Since then, the Vietnamese ethnic groups began to form. The South Islanders are considered to be the first ethnic groups to create a great civilization on the territory of Vietnam during the Iron Age, namely the Sha Huynh culture. The South Islander ethnic groups include 5 ethnic groups recognized in Vietnam, the Cham, Ede, Zarai, Raglai and Churu. The South Islander ethnic groups in Vietnam mainly live in the highlands, but going back to the past, their ancestors were the world's largest maritime tycoons. The South Islanders ruled the Pacific Ocean as well as the Indian Ocean, occupying all the islands from Australia to the U.S. and Madagascar in Africa. From a small group of ancient residents, the total population of the South Island has now grown to 400 million people. However, the population of the South Islanders in Vietnam only accounts for 0.3% of that number, which is about 1.2 million people. The South Islanders from Borneo to Central Vietnam and create the Sha Huynh culture, about 5,000 sites, earlier than 2 centuries compared to the Dong Xuan culture of the Vietnamese. The cultural sites of Sha Huynh are very colorful, while the Dong Xuan culture is mainly bronze. At the end of the 2nd century, the Kingdom of Lam Ap was established in the Thua Thien Hue area today. It is considered the starting point for the independence of the Champa history. At this time, the Cham people had conquered the religious and political elements of India. The history of Champa has faced all the neighboring forces such as the Angkor Empire, the Vietnamese Empire, to the powerful and far-flung empires such as Mongolia or Srivijaya. In the 8th century, Champa emerged as a maritime trading force in the area. Perhaps that's why it was attacked by the Srivijaya Alliance in 774 and 787. For the Vietnamese, the big battle between the two countries took place in 1982, under the reign of Lê Đại Hành. After that, it was a series of wars for many centuries. The Vietnamese won more, but not without defeat. From the beginning of the 1,000-year-old Lý dynasty, it was considered as a prosperous country. But in fact, the Vietnamese power could not overwhelm Champa completely. Even when Lý Thường Kiệt Đích Thân reigned in 1075, he could not win over Champa. The Champa people still fought with the Vietnamese, even the Angkor Empire. In 1177, Panduranga, one of the five small kingdoms of Champa, attacked and destroyed the powerful Angkor Empire after a terrible battle on Lake Tôn Lê Sáp. The battle only had the worst impact on Angkor, but it also opened the way for its disintegration. The 13th-century Samlang Dynasty revolution pushed the two Vietnamese states closer to each other. In 1306, Nha Trần gave Princess Huyền Trân to Emperor Chiêm as his concubine, in order to strengthen the alliance against Quan Nguyên. However, as soon as the concubine passed away, Nha Trần and Champa continued to go deep into conflict. Especially when the Russo-Champaign reached 1360, the war between the two countries was more fierce than ever. Under the leadership of the Russo-Champaign hero, Champa retreated five times and four times to the Samlang Dynasty as if he had escaped. The Russo-Champaign was considered a key factor in hiding Nha Trần. When he died in 1390, Chiêm Thành was no longer favored by the Vietnamese. The subsequent conflicts made Champa's territory increasingly fragile. In 1471, Emperor Lê Thánh Tông attacked and destroyed the city of Đồ Bàn and divided Champa into three small Vietnamese kingdoms, namely Hoa Anh, Nam Bàn and Panduranga. Many Cham people had to flee to Malacca, some of which had to be settled in official positions in the Malaysian capital. The Cham people contributed to the combination of races and cultures on the peninsula, as well as imprinting with the names attached to the name Champa in Malaysia today. Nha Lê's southern advance also created the Champa people's villages along the coast to continuously move to the Bình Nguyên area, mixed with the Rangde community. Rangde was also the southernmost group that settled and fled the deepest into the land due to the impact of the previous wars. The new settlement villages made Rangde divided into two groups, Ê Đê and Gia Rai, as it is today. In 1693, Panduranga became the territory of Nguyễn Phúc Chu, under the name of Thuận Thành Chấn. Finally, King Minh Mạng Nhà Nguyễn abolished the autocratic system. The Kingdom of Champa was no longer on the peninsula since 1832. At this time, only the last small country of the South Island, named Nam Bàn, existed until the French occupied the East Sea. Today, the South Island ethnic group in Vietnam has about 1.2 million people. The most populous is the Gia Rai ethnic group, Ê Đê. Next is the Raglai and Churu ethnic groups. The Cham people, due to the impact of the war in the 15th century, their population in Cambodia is more populous than in Vietnam. In turn, it is 250,000 compared to 180,000. The famous South Island ethnic groups in Vietnam in modern times can be mentioned as the musician Thừ Công Phụng, singer Chế Linh, Vietnamese People's Army General Y Block Y Ban, artist Y Hoan, archer Dũng Quang Nho, queen Hồ Hèn Nghia, and many others who contribute in all areas of life today. Among the ethnic groups divided in Vietnam, the Mon Khmer group is the most diverse with 21 ethnic groups. Their total population is about 2,900,000, of which Khmer people account for nearly half with 1,300,000 people. The Khmer people have been in Southeast Asia for at least 2,000 years before the Qing Dynasty, earlier than a millennium compared to the Cham people, and nearly 3,000 years before the Thai people established the first Siamese kingdom. The Khmer people are said to have the same ancestors as the Mon people, their original homeland is in the northeast of India and Vietnam. Following the Mekong River, they gradually moved to the south. When entering Southeast Asia, the Mon people settled further to the west, while the Khmer people gradually occupied the center of the eastern peninsula. The Mon and Khmer people are in the influence zone of India, which covers the entire Southeast Asia, except for the territory of the Vietnamese. However, like other Southeast Asian tribes, the Khmer Mon belong to the Asia Minor, and have no connection with the Indians. From the beginning of the Communist era, an ancient country of the Khmer people appeared with the name Phu Nam. Developed from the center area of the Kuala Lumpur River, the Phu Nam society was mainly formed by the Mon and Khmer people, along with some residents from Southeast Asia. Phu Nam is recorded as the oldest Hindu culture in the region. Some scholars claim that the first kings of this kingdom came from the Indian nobility. Phu Nam was replaced by another Khmer kingdom, the Chalap, in the 6th century. The Chalap state existed for more than two centuries, until it was occupied by Srivijaya and divided into small tribes. Around the beginning of the 9th century, when Srivijaya weakened, a Chalap nobility named Jayavarman II returned, gathering forces to defeat other small countries, expanding its territory, setting the foundation for the most powerful Angkor Empire in the region. The world-class institutions that the Khmer built made any Southeast Asian country jealous. Angkor flourished for four centuries, until King Jayavarman VII died in the early 13th century. The empire gradually lost its strength, not enough to control the lands of the Thai settlers in northern Thailand and Laos. However, in the following centuries, the Khmer territory was increasingly weakened by the unceasing power of the Siamese and Vietnamese. Throughout the history of existence, from the beginning of the park to the time of the Angkor Empire, this land has had a strong interaction with the neighboring Southeast Asian tribes, both in culture and population. For this reason, we will not be surprised when the French of the time divided the Khmer people into highlands belonging to the original Indonesia, including the ethnic groups such as Bana, Sodang, Koho, Hore, Stiang, etc. While the ethnic groups of the South Island languages such as Cham, Ede, Zarai are considered by the French to be of Malaysian origin. In Vietnam, the Khmer ethnic groups are mostly of two languages that are closely related to each other. The first is 1.3 million people who speak Khmer, concentrated in the Southwest, called the Khmer Crom. The second is more than 1.2 million people belonging to the Chibana language, along with some other languages such as Chikatu, Chikatu has about 220,000 people and Khmu has about 120,000 people. Famous Khmer people in modern times can be mentioned. Son Ngoc Thanh, a Khmer from Tra Vinh, twice became the Prime Minister of Cambodia and the Khmer Republic before 1975. Son Ngoc Minh, a Khmer from Tra Vinh, is the first president of the Khmer People's Party. Yeng Sari, a Khmer from Tra Vinh, is the third power of Khmer after Pol Pot and Nolchea. Western ethnic groups include the hero of the People's Armed Forces, Dinh Nuc, the singer Siu Black, the hero of the People's Armed Forces, Ho Cat Lich, Nguoi Ta Oi or Van Kieu, the captain No Trang Long and the king of the elephants, Ama Kong, Nguoi Nong. Starting from the south of the Yangtze River, the Thai-Kadai languages ethnic groups are also referred to as a part of Northern Vietnam. At the end of the 3rd century BC, the reign of the United Chinese Emperor led the Han people to move to the south. The people of Northern Vietnam were gradually pushed out of the Yangtze River. At this time, there was an alliance of the Thai-Kadai languages ethnic groups called the European-Vietnamese and an alliance of the Lac Viet ethnic groups. According to legend, An Duong Vuong united the European-Vietnamese-Lac Viet into a European-Lac state. This is probably the most turbulent period between the Thai-Kadai people and the Vietnamese. Ignoring the doubts about the legend of An Duong Vuong, history still records a large-scale war that the Tan people aimed at the people of Northern Vietnam at the end of the 3rd century BC. The general of the Tan Thuy Hoang was a great conqueror of Northern Vietnam and created the South Vietnamese state, quickly invading, wiping out Luan O Lac in 179 BC. The Northern Vietnamese in the North began to enter the Northern period of more than 1,000 years, and the Thai-Kadai people were divided into many groups. The first is the residents of Quang Tay and the Northeast Vietnam, today developed into the white ethnic groups Tai and Nung. The second is the group of people who continue to go to the Northwest Vietnam, today is the Thai ethnic group. A group that goes further west to the northeast of Myanmar forms the San ethnic group. The largest group flows down the Mekong River, Chao Phraya River, mixed with the local Khmer people to form the Lao and Thai people today. In the North Vietnam in 1041, Nung Chi Cao led the white, Tay, Nung ethnic groups, formed a country called Dai Lich, confronting both the Tong and Ly families. Ly Thai Tong Sai rose up to fight and capture, still allowing Nung Chi Cao to rule this area. In 1052, Nung Chi Cao rose up and attacked the whole land of Tong. Ly Thai Tong asked to bring the army together with the Tong family to fight Nung Chi Cao. But because he was afraid that the army would pull into Luang Kwang, the king refused. Three years later, Nung Chi Cao was captured and executed. Later, the Tay, Nung, Chang established Mieu Tho and Ton Ong as a hero, with the title of King Nung. In Ly's time, there were also many Tay, Nung generals, such as Tong Dan, the general of Ly Thuong Kiet, or Pho Ma Than Canh Phuc Quoc Phan in the battle of Phong Tuyen, Nhu Nguyet River, or the commander Duong Tu Minh, who was conferred the title of Ly Vien Don, in the province of Cao Son, Chi Than Province. In the Northwest, in the middle of the 11th century, the Black Thai established the Ngu Hong Empire. This empire was then completely subjugated by the Vietnamese. According to records, Ngu Hong first besieged Ly in 1067. After two centuries of subjugation by the Vietnamese, Ngu Hong reunited with Lao Noi Dai to fight against Nha Tran, but was quickly defeated in 1280. Ngu Hong was appointed as the direct manager of Nha Tran. In 1337, under the reign of Tran Hien Tong, Ngu Hong rebelled again. King Tran sent a general, Zep Yen, and annexed this small province into the territory of the Vietnamese, changed the name to Muong Le, and gave them the title of Thai Trang Cai Kwan. The Thai Trang Cai Kwan occupied this land 600 years later. This territory was still an administrative unit of the Nguyen family, until the French split the Thai territory into the Thai Autonomous Region in 1948 to fight for the support of the local people against the Vietnamese. A year earlier, the French also established the Ngu Hong Empire in the Northeast for the same purpose. When the French lost the war in the East, the Ngu Hong Autonomous Region was expropriated. As for the Thai Autonomous Region, it was transferred by the Vietnamese government to the Thai Miao Autonomous Region in 1955, then changed to the Northwest Autonomous Region in 1962, and in 1975, it was divided into the administrative units of the provinces. Today, the Thai-Kadai languages spoken by the ethnic groups in Vietnam are divided into 2 groups. The first is the Chi-Thai group, which has 8 ethnic groups with a population of more than 5 million people. The second is the Chi-Kra group, which has 4 ethnic groups with 30,000 people. The Chi-Thai group includes 2 main groups, the Westerners and the Chinese, while the Thai ethnic groups are in the same group with the Lao and Thai people today. The Thai ethnic group in Vietnam has many famous people in the 20th century, such as the activist Kach Mang Hoang Van Thu, General Vy Thu Nong Duc Manh, Lieutenant General Chu Van Tan, Minister of Defense of the People's Republic of Vietnam, Hero Be Van Dan and La Van Cau, Hero Thieu Niem Kim Dong, Vietnamese People's Army Generals Dam Quang Trung, Vu Lap and Be Xuan Truong, Deputy Commanders of the 2nd Military Region, including General Cam Xuan E and General Hoang Ngoc Dung. Starting from the North Vietnamese origin, if we consider the Chinese as brothers with the Westerners, the Vietnamese and Thai ethnic groups can be considered as brothers. Recent research on the history of the commune has a solid support for this view. The Vietnamese group is divided into 4 ethnic groups that speak Vietnamese in the South Asian language, including the Chinese, Westerners, Thais and Chinese. At the same time as the formation of the culture of the South Island people, the Vietnamese also infiltrated North Vietnam with the Dong Son culture. At the time of Dong Son culture, due to the pressure from the Han people, the North Vietnamese ethnic groups moved to the South and Southwest. Some settled in the East and developed into the Kinh people, others moved to remote areas, creating the remaining ethnic groups. The research of the Vietnamese Genetic Institute in cooperation with the Institute of Genetics and Evolution of Lanz Duc and the University of Lyon-France shows that the model of migration in Southeast Asia during the prehistoric period includes two layers. The first is the ancient people, from Africa to 30,000 to 60,000 years ago. And the second is from East Asia, from 2,500 to 4,000 years ago. In 2019, a study on genetic studies based on the shape of the bone also pointed out that the modern Vietnamese was formed by the migration from 4,000 years ago from the South of the Yangtze River. If there was no migration thousands of years ago, the modern Vietnamese would have genetic characteristics similar to the genetic characteristics of the people of Australia today. The migration of the North Chinese and the migration of the Vietnamese is still different from the migration of the North Chinese when comparing the main components. From the 10th and 11th centuries, the Vietnamese state gradually escaped from the oppression of the Northern Hoh Phuong and entered the Autonomous Period. After 1,000 years in the North, from the Ly period, the Vietnamese began to move to the South to expand their survival space. However, the powerful Champa Kingdom still held the Vietnamese reins for 4 centuries, went through a series of fierce battles with the Chiem Thanh and attacked Pha Huy Thanh Do Ban, making this kingdom weak quickly. In the reign of Nguyen Van Tranh, Nguyen continued to colonize the remaining Champa kingdoms, strengthening the stronghold of the Vietnamese in the New Territory, and expanding the territory down to the Ca Mau Ngui. The territory of the Vietnamese reached an extremely low level, until the French jumped in and drew the Eastern Peninsula. Nevertheless, the remaining territories are still a proof of their success in the process of expanding the territory full of blood and tears. The Muong people have a close relationship and have the same origin as the Kinh people in a group called the Viet Muong Co. In the millennium of the Northern Thuoc, a tribe of nomads in the mountains preserved the identity of the Eastern Lak and later became the Muong people. The tribe in the Central and Eastern Plains has a fusion with the Northern people in terms of culture, language and race, then became the Kinh people. The process of separating the Muong Kinh according to the language began in the 7th and 8th centuries In general, today, all four ethnic groups speak Vietnamese can understand each other at a certain level depending on the region. Let's listen to some of the native language and Muong language later. According to an official survey in 2019, the Vietnamese language group has 83.6 million people, accounting for more than 86% of the total population of Vietnam, including mainly Kinh people with 82 million, Muong people with 1.45 million, indigenous people with only about 100,000. Not counting the Kinh people, some famous people of the modern era can be mentioned. The Prime Minister of the People's Army of Vietnam, Bui Dinh Phai and Bui Minh Thu, are also well-known. In addition to the Muong people, there are also the Muong people Bui Dinh Phai and Bui Minh Thu professional football players Bui Tien Dung, Bui Tien Dung, Ha Duc Trinh, Dien Kinh athletes Quach Thi Lan and Quach Cong Lich. According to the Muong language group in Vietnam, in addition to the Hmong people and the Dao people, there are also the Pha Thanh people. The total population of all three ethnic groups is more than 2.3 million people. There was a time when people thought that the ancestors of the Hmong people came from the area near the Arctic. This belief originates from the legend of the Hmong people telling about their father who used to live there, the sun in the south and the darkness in the south. However, recent studies have refuted this theory. Evidence shows that their farthest hometown is in the north of China, suitable for genetic research. Accordingly, the Hmong people are a group of the Miao people. They just migrated from China to Southeast Asia a few centuries ago. In the ancient times, in the Chinese history, there were three main forces led by three clans namely Vimde, Huangde and Xiviu. According to Chinese research, Xiviu was the former leader of the Miao people. According to a document from Ma Tian, in the 26th century, the Vimde-Huangde alliance collided with Xiviu in the battle of Chaglok, an area called Northwestern and Southwestern today. Xiviu's clan was defeated and he was killed in the Northwest. After the battle, the Huangde-Dongdo in Chaglok established an agricultural alliance which later called the Huahang civilization will develop into a Han Chinese country. Meanwhile, most of the Miao people migrated from the North and established the Tam Miao kingdom. They lived mainly in the south of the Yangtze River, but over time, they were pushed further south by the Han people. For thousands of years, the Miao people were not mentioned in Chinese documents until the Tang Dynasty. It was in the 8th century, a part of the Miao people combined with three other clans established the Nam Chieu kingdom and became a part of the Tang Dynasty. In the 10th century, after the Mongol invasion, the Miao people rose up against the central government. However, from the beginning of the 18th century to the end of the 19th century, there were at least three major initiatives against the colonization and oppression of the Manchurian dynasty. The biggest was the uprising from 1854 to 1873. After the end of the Han people's rule, the Tang Dynasty quickly mobilized a large force to deal with the Miao people. Chinese scholars believe that only 30% of the Miao people remained in their homeland after the failure of the Manchurian dynasty. The rest of the Mongols fled to Laos and Vietnam as well as other Southeast Asian countries. In the 1940s, the French took advantage of the support of the high-ranking ethnic minorities to fight the Vietnamese. Therefore, they established a self-governing area under the command of the White Thai leader. However, the highlands of the Northeast were still dominated by the Mongols or the so-called Miao people. The most famous Mongols at this time was King Chinh Duc who ruled a large area with 7,000 people. Later, his son, King Chi Sinh, took part in the revolution as a representative of the Vietnamese National Assembly and held the position of President of Huyen Dong Van. In the Vietnam War, a Mongol general named Vang Pao was helped by the United States to lead the 2nd Army in northern Laos against the communist forces. In this secret war, the CIA trained a large number of Mongolians to fight. On the other hand, the Laotian Pathet also recruited the same number of Mongols on his side. After the war, the Mongols, according to Vang Pao, were afraid of the enemy from the Laotian Pathet for cooperating with the CIA. Therefore, more than half of the Mongol population left the country. According to the U.S. census in 2019, there are about 327,000 Mongolians here. The U.S. is the 4th largest community of Mongolians in the world. At least 2 Mongolians were enrolled in high-ranking positions in the United States at the Minnesota Senate and House of Representatives. In Vietnam, there are 3 ethnic groups belonging to the Miao ethnic group, including the majority of Mongolians and Miao. They live mainly in the northern and northern mountains. In 1990, the Mongols began to migrate to the West, concentrating the most in Dak Lak and Dak Nong with about 45,000 people. Some of the famous Mongols in the 20th century can be mentioned. Vang Pao, General of the Royal Lao Army, commander of the secret force of the CIA. Cong Le, General of the Royal Lao Army, who conducted the coup to overthrow the Royal Lao government in 1960. Vu A Dinh, General of the Royal Lao Army, who conducted the coup to overthrow the Royal Lao government in 1960. The name of the Miao ethnic group also shows that their origin originates from the north of Myanmar and Tibet. This ethnic group is widely distributed in Southeast Asia, South China and to the northeast of India with many ethnic groups. One of the most successful ethnic groups is the Miao, but they are a large ethnic group with nearly 10 million people. Most of them live in the southwest of China under the name of the Yi ethnic group. The Yi people have been present in this area for thousands of years. They are a powerful force and often put pressure on the Han dynasty. They are also a component of the South Chou and Dai Ly Kingdom in the 8th to 13th centuries. The Yi people did not stop their efforts to resist the policies of Dong Hua, Ming and Tang Dynasties, The Han, La Hu and Phu La ethnic groups are said to be the descendants of the Lolo people, the Yi people. According to the Han people, they also originate from the Yi people and separated into separate ethnic groups about 50 generations ago. In Vietnam, the Miao ethnic group has 6 ethnic groups with more than 58,000 people. Among them, the Han ethnic group accounts for nearly 50% with 25,500 people. The next two ethnic groups in this group have more than 12,000 people per ethnic group. The main settlement area of the Han ethnic group is in Lai Chau. The provinces have a significant population of Lau Cai and Dien Bien. In the 3rd century BC, the Han people began to invade the southern territory of other ethnic groups. Since the fall of the Han dynasty, the Northern nomadic tribes have continuously created political instability causing the population of China to change dramatically. In particular, the 8th century of the Han Dynasty led to an increase of 75% of the population in the Guangdong region. During the Mongol invasion of China, it also created a large population of Han people who migrated to the south. In the end, the southern land of Northern Vietnam was completely Hanized and became an inseparable part of China. But in the territory of the Vietnamese, although the population is quite modest compared to the Han people, in the first year of the reign of the Han dynasty, China had a population of 60-65 million people, mostly Han people. That is a huge number if compared to the Giao Chi district at the same time which only has 92,000 households with nearly 750,000 people. If you add Giao Chi and Kieu Chan, it is less than 1 million people. The activities of the Han people in the North during this period show that the process of Vietnameseization for the Han people is stronger than the Hanization for the Vietnamese. In the independence period, there were still great Vietnamese kings who came from ancient China but it was difficult to distinguish their ethnic groups. The Chinese community only really developed in a large wave of migration that began in the middle of the 17th century when the Ming Dynasty collapsed. Han people with the idea of reconquering the Ming Dynasty fled to the south, mainly to Dang Chong. Vietnamese women joined and their children were called Ming people. The name clearly states that they did not belong to the Chinese of the Tang Dynasty, they were just an ancient people of the Ming Dynasty. Under the permission of Mr. Nguyen, some Chinese made great contributions in expanding the territory of Dang Chong to the south. With Chen Shuangxuan, expanding the territory of Bien Hoa, Duong Ngat Dich, developing the area of My Tho and Mạc Cửu Khai Phá, forming the area of Hà Tiên. Chinese relations were close and extremely loyal to Mr. Nguyen. That is also the reason why thousands of Chinese were killed by Westerners in the late 18th century. When Nguyen was founded, the Ming people received a lot of benefits in taxes and were even subjugated to the founding of the seven self-governing states of the Chinese. In the Ming Dynasty, they were called Ming people, to distinguish from the Chinese in the Tang Dynasty, called Tang people. Over time, most of the Ming people's children gradually disintegrated into Vietnamese society and became Chinese, according to the cultural standards of this ethnic group. For example, although the musician Chị Công Sơn was from the Ming people, no one considered him a Chinese. However, the Chinese community did not disappear. A part of the new settlers was integrated by Nguyen into the Ming people, making these communities continue to be maintained. Researchers believe that Nguyen may have used the Ming community as a soft tool to assimilate the people into Vietnamese society. Chinese people still immigrated to Vietnam during the French and Chinese dynasties. With a quick mind for business, during the Vietnam-Republic period, they became a force that largely dominated the Southern economy. By 1974, the Chinese held 100% of the stock market, more than 50% of retail and 90% of imports. The United States in the Vietnam-Republic almost achieved commercial independence and completely controlled the market price. The effects of the Vietnam War along with the bad relationship between the two countries at the end of the 1970s caused tens of thousands of Chinese to leave Vietnam. The policy to rebuild the stock market also eliminated a large portion of their commercial interests. The number of Chinese in Vietnam has decreased from 1.8 million in 1975 to 900,000 in 1989. Today, according to the 2019 census, the country has nearly 750,000 Chinese, of which more than 50% live in Saigon. Along with being divided into groups of Han Chinese, there are also the Ngai ethnic group with a population of 1,600 people and the San Rieu ethnic group with 183,000 people, mainly living in the northeast provinces. Both ethnic groups use the word Han and speak Cantonese. According to scholars, the Ngai people were originally from Lung Quang. As for the San Rieu ethnic group, because they called themselves San Riau, the French colonial era had classified them as a branch of the Riau ethnic group. However, the language, cultural customs of the San Rieu people moved from Lung Quang to Vietnam in the 1600s. Perhaps they fled after the uprisings against the Ming Dynasty. There are too many famous Chinese who cannot be counted. In addition to the famous people who opened the border with Nguyễn, such as Mạc Kiểu, Dương Hạn Địch, Trần Thượng Xuyên. We cannot not mention Võ Trường Toản, a famous teacher who was the teacher of the Nguyễn dynasty. The name of the teacher's family was given to many schools, such as Phan Thanh Giàn, a great god of Nguyễn dynasty. Trịnh Hoài Đức, a god of Nguyễn dynasty, was one of the three families. Châu Văn Tiếp and Võ Tánh, two generals were given the title of Tam Hùng family, who contributed to the unification of Sơn Hà. Phan Xích Long, a self-proclaimed emperor, was honored as the leader of a religious movement at the end of the 19th century. Nowadays, there are many talented people who are well-known in the entertainment world, such as Trường Vũ, Lam Trường, Lương Bích Hữu, Ông Cao Thắng, actor Tăng Thanh Hà, Yên Bình Phát, MC Trấn Thành, etc. In fact, the classification of ethnic groups is only relative. Each country will have its own standard. They can group or separate groups of the same ethnic group. Thailand has 70 ethnic groups. Myanmar has 135 ethnic groups. Indonesia has 300 ethnic groups. Vietnam has 54 ethnic groups. The 54 ethnic groups have different starting points and finally come together on this land. Each community has its own past, sad or happy. They used to confront each other and often fought against each other. They will continue to maintain their identity, contribute to the development and protection of this land where their ancestors chose as their homeland.