1945年密蘇里號戰列艦 日本投降

注意! 世界的民族 世界大戰快要結束 我們在東京湖邊的美軍航空母艦USS Missouri 簽署了日本的投降 三年,八個月,二十五天 自河南攻擊以來 我們已經距離3700公里 但是我們已經跨越了 中東,新加坡,馬裏安納和菲律賓 日本軍隊剛到 軍人身穿軍事服裝 前面有更多的軍人 高級星星和金鳥 在這片海洋上長期建立 美軍航空母艦USS Missouri 我們身處天台 它們的大槍向天空射向海洋 為軍人,軍隊,海軍和海軍 以及在這裡的國家代表 美國,中國,共和國 蘇聯,澳大利亞,加拿大,法國,泰國和新西蘭 這裡有個有趣的時刻 軍隊和海軍人員 前來自戰時的囚犯 在這裡為此投降儀式 Lieutenant General Jonathan Wainwright is here, he who surrendered at Corregidor and Bataan, and General Arthur Percival, who surrendered at Singapore. With General Wainwright are his staff, Brigadier General Louis Beebe, his chief of staff, Colonel John, John Frigger, one of his aides, Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Dooley, and his orderly, Sergeant Hubert Carroll. Planes have been flying overhead. The day is quite cloudy, a mist surrounding the mounds that come down to form the Tokyo Bay. Before us here are flags. Oh, here comes, here comes the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces, General of the Army Douglas MacArthur, William Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, and other dignitaries. General MacArthur is now facing the microphones. He is about to start his speech, which explains his signing surrender, and also causes... Representatives of the major warring powers to conclude a solemn agreement whereby peace may be restored. The issues involving divergent ideals and ideologies have been determined on the battlefields of the world, and hence are not for our discussion or debate. Nor is it for us here to meet representing as we do a majority of the peoples of the earth in a spirit of distrust, malice, or hatred. But rather it is for us, both victors and vanquished, to rise to that higher dignity which alone befits the sacred purposes we are about to serve, committing all of our peoples unreservedly to faithful compliance with the undertakings they are here formally to assume. It is my earnest hope, and indeed the hope of all mankind, that from this solemn occasion a better world shall emerge out of the blood and carnage of the past, a world founded upon faith and understanding, a world dedicated to the dignity of man and the fulfillment of his most cherished wish for freedom, tolerance, and justice. The terms and conditions upon which surrender of the Japanese imperial forces is here to be given and accepted are contained in the instrument of surrender now before you. As Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, I announce it my firm purpose in the tradition of the countries I represent to proceed in the discharge of my responsibilities with justice and tolerance while taking all necessary dispositions to ensure that the terms of surrender are fully, promptly, and faithfully complied with. Of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government and the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters, to sign the instrument of surrender at the places indicated. Mr. Nomura Shigemitsu, Foreign Minister of the Japanese Government. Mr. Nomura has prepared the papers. Here comes Mr. Shigemitsu, who has hired something in the name of arrangements. General MacArthur is standing behind the microphones over which he just talked. He's waiting. Here comes Mr. Shigemitsu now. He's pulling up to the table, pulls the chair back, and he's about to sit down. He is studying the document carefully. Something about it doesn't like. He's having a little difficulty sitting down because of his wooden leg. He takes off his silver top hat, removes his gloves. He's running out of gloves. His assistant is helping him prepare his papers. Mr. General MacArthur is looking around. He's annoyed by a little fuss. He points to his chief of staff, Lieutenant General Richard Sutherland, to go up and help Mr. Shigemitsu prepare everything. This is going a little slower than planned, and the General is possibly a little bit irked because he wanted this to be efficient and rapid in the American custom. General MacArthur is waiting. He's looking down on Mr. Shigemitsu. Mr. Shigemitsu looks at his watch for some reason, consults some papers in his pocket. He's looking for a pen in one of his hands. Now he's got another watch. He's checking two watches. At last he's got a pen out, and he's preparing to do something. He faced himself up to the surrender document. Here he is. He's trying to get some ink out of a pen holder, which has no ink in it. The Japanese do not have any. Mr. Shigemitsu has some ink in his pen, and he's ready to sign the document. He's leaning over the paper. Now this document is a huge thing. It measures about a foot and a half long by a foot wide. It's printed up in beautiful bold type. We can almost read it from here. Mr. Shigemitsu is affixing his signature to the official surrender document, turning over the Japanese armed forces and committing the people of Japan to obey the orders of General MacArthur through the office of the emperor. We have an imperial declaration here for us by which the emperor commits himself, his government, his armed forces, and his people to obey all the instructions on this instrument of surrender. The instrument of surrender is quite general. It would be given, turned over to the Japanese in general order number one, which General MacArthur will handle in just a few minutes. This instrument of surrender deals with the method by which the army, the navy, and the air forces will surrender their arms. Here's another signature. Mr. Shigemitsu is doubly signing. Here's two documents here, of course. One copy for Japan and one copy for the allies. Mr. Shigemitsu has signed the American copy. He is now signing the Japanese copy. He's leaning over and affixing his signature. I can almost watch him spell his name out for you. Here's the S-H-I. I hesitate again. He's closing up his pen. I guess I missed it. I'm sorry. We're a little bit blocked off by the line of dignitaries in front of us, which includes all the signers for the allied powers. I'll call them out for you one by one as they come up to the microphone. Mr. Shigemitsu has finished and immediately behind him is General Yoshijiro Uemetsu, chief of staff of the Japanese Army Headquarters. General Yoshijiro Uemetsu who will sign for the Japanese Army and all the Japanese armed forces as personal representative of the Emperor of Japan. General Yoshijiro Uemetsu sits down. He's having no trouble with his hands. And, in fact, he's in very much of a rush. He's sitting down and he's scribbling his name across the American document. He'll lean over in a second and scribble his name across the copy prepared for the Japanese. One copy is bond and gray. It's a beige color, really, sitting on top of the table down there. The other is bond and black. If the black copy is for the Japanese, it is certainly in effect because their nation is in mourning today on this tragic day in their history and they all are looking extremely grim as if they were attending a funeral. One of the Japanese officers as he came aboard the ship was seen to wipe tears away from his eyes. I know him. He's one of the colonels that was sent to Manila for the signing down there. And he is not very happy about the whole thing. Mr. Shigemitsu was watching Japanese General Yoshijiro. He makes a sign and he has a very stern, bearing look on his face. In fact, all the Japs' faces show strong muscular tenseness around the jaw. This ceremony is not at all pleasing to them. And yet, at the same time, I must say that the victors, the allies gathered here, the admirals, the generals and those men, those correspondents who represent the newspapers and radios of the world, there isn't a man here who has any feeling of exultation. Everyone is glad it's over. General Sullivan has just turned around the document now because General MacArthur is next to sign. Both Japanese delegates have signed or have officially permitted themselves, the Emperor, the armed forces and the people of Japan to obey all the orders of General MacArthur as Supreme Commander to be issued through the office of the Emperor. The Allied powers will now sign on behalf of all the nations at war with Japan. Will General Wainwright and General Percival step forward and accompany me while I sign? General MacArthur is just sitting down and Lieutenant General Jonathan Wainwright, Hero Commander of the Battalion of Corregidor and Lieutenant General Arthur Percival, the British commander at Singapore, has stepped up behind him right at the document table. General Wainwright is assisting General MacArthur to sit down. General MacArthur takes one of the two official pens from the table and here's his hand. Here's his hand. It has started the D. D-A-U. He's writing very deliberately. His hand is shaking. He's bothered by emotion. That is obvious. General MacArthur is bothered by emotion but he is doing a magnificent job of carrying this thing up. He's writing his name now. That was his first name. Here it comes. He's turned around. He's talking to Wainwright for just a second. He's giving General Wainwright the pen that he has just signed the document with. He had given the first pen to Lieutenant General Jonathan Wainwright, the hero commander of Bataan and Corregidor. Now he has set completing his signature on the two documents and he turns the second pen. He used two pens. He turned the second pen over to Lieutenant General Arthur Percival, the commander of Singapore when the Japanese took that British base. At last, these two commanders who suffered such ignominious defeats out here because their lives were not ready, at last, these two commanders see the final, ultimate victory of the powers they represent. General MacArthur is turning over now and signing the other copy with another pen. This third pen, if I gather, is just strictly a Navy GI pen on board the ship. The first two were silver-plated pens specially presented for the occasion. General MacArthur is having a little difficulty moving around with this big instrument of surrender document and he has finally got it squared away and he's signed. He has signed both. He's checking now on the signatures and plotting. He's got another pen. Yes, he is signing with yet another pen. This is the fourth pen to be used on the document. Apparently, this pen is for some special purpose and it wouldn't surprise me in the least if it was sent to the President of the United States. General MacArthur is using a fifth pen. Everyone's going to get a pen out of this surrender document and here comes one of the big B-29s which I suppose is the leader of the flight which was to put on a demonstration of air power here over the bay this morning. The weather is miserable for a demonstration of air power that last evening is not more than about 1,500 feet but everything is going according to plan. General MacArthur has finished signing. Lieutenant General Adonis and Wainwright and General Percival have saluted him and General MacArthur is back to the microphone. The representatives of the United States of America will now stand. Coming now is now up to the table where these great documents rest. Street Admiral Chester Nimitz standing on behalf of the United States of America. Standing behind him in posts of honor are Admiral William Halsey and William, Rear Admiral Forrest Sherman of Admiral Nimitz's staff. Admiral Halsey tight-fitting neat cap is leaning across as he signs with great intensity and earnestness this document. This means a great deal to Admiral Nimitz who has brought his fleet across the Pacific to join forces here with General MacArthur in this momentous occasion. General MacArthur is looking around for some of the representatives of the Republic of China will now sign. A very youngish-looking General Hugh Young Chang representing the Chinese Republic steps up to the table and sits down. General Hugh Young Chang is found Admiral Chester W. Nimitz who has just signed flanked as honor man his own chief of staff and Admiral Bull Halsey. The two naval officers were superb here this morning. They have run off a completely efficient organization for this signing, this surrender signing on behalf of the Supreme Commander. The job the Navy is doing here this morning in the Bay of Tokyo is magnificent and they deserve every praise for the way this thing has been arranged and set up. General MacArthur, I know, is very grateful to the Navy assistants and he was quite pleased. He was quite pleased the other day when... Kingdom will now sign. Admiral Sir Bruce Fraser representing the United Kingdom. He is asking for honor men to flank him. Admiral Sir Bruce Fraser is on the pen for a second. There, Sir Bruce Fraser of the instrument of surrender. He commits all of Japan to the orders of General MacArthur. General Daryl Genko of the Russian... representing the Russian government representing Marshal Joseph Stalin and the Russian people is signing now on the surrender document. He has signed the American copy. He's now signing the Japanese copy. He has finished. He rises, salutes General MacArthur. General MacArthur smiles and adds approval on him and turns back to the microphone. The representatives of Australia will now sign. Sir Thomas Blaney, Commander-in-Chief of all the ground forces in the southwest Pacific area when General MacArthur was Supreme Commander down there and Commander-in-Chief of all Australian forces has stepped forward and saluted General MacArthur. He then has called forward for honour guards to flank him, a member of the Australian ground forces, a member of the Australian Navy, a member of the Australian Air Forces, and a member of the Australian Home Defence Command. General Blaney has sat down. He's a large man. His chest is covered with decorations. He again is wearing the red tabs on his cap which designate a senior staff officer of the British Army. He's wasting no time in signing the documents. He reverses the procedure. He signs this time the Japanese document first and the American document second. It doesn't make much difference. The thing is all getting very formal and down on paper. This horrible world is about to finally officially come to a close. General Sir Thomas Blaney has finished signing. He again salutes MacArthur, receives a salute in return, and back to General MacArthur. The representatives of Canada will now sign. Colonel L. Moore Cosgrove. Colonel L. Moore Cosgrove representing the Dominion of Canada. He is alone. He steps up to the table, salutes General MacArthur, wastes not a second, picks up the pen, and affixes his signature. We're still waiting here for the show of air strength which was scheduled for this morning. It was to be a shared job by Navy carrier planes and General Spatz's strategic air forces. However, the weather, as I said, is very bad and it's particularly bad around the shores of the bay where there are a number of mountains that disappear at very sudden approaches into the cloud level that is not very high. The ship we're on, the Missouri, is absolutely surrounded by a terrific armada of American and British fighting strength. Just off our port bow are two British battleships, King George V and Howe. Just to the right of us are two American battleships and back to General MacArthur. The representatives of France will now sign. General Jacques Leclerc, Hero of the Chad, Hero of France is stepping up to the table now to sign and he calls two of his staff officers up to stand by him as honor guard. He has saluted General MacArthur and he sits down and picks out his own fountain pen to sign the document. He is wasting not a second and fixing his scent. General Jacques Leclerc, the man who led the handful task force from the Chad all the way up through the desert to Libya to team up with General Montgomery and come on through to Tunisia to join General Eisenhower's forces then into Italy, then into France, finally into Germany and here he is saluting MacArthur. He has signed the document. The representatives of Netherlands will now sign. Admiral Conrad Helfrich, representing the Netherlands, the man who commanded the Allied fleet in the Java Sea battle way back in 1942 when the Allies had so little and the enemy had so much. Admiral Helfrich is now affixing his signature. General MacArthur is giving him a hand here. There's a little hitch about the pen and the General's gone up to lend him a hand and Admiral Helfrich is now affixing his signature. It was Admiral Helfrich who decided that all Allied power that was available in the Pacific, in the Java area and the Netherlands, East Indies area would fight rather than wait for the Japs to attack. And he sent forth the Allied Naval Task Force to the Battle of the Java Sea where America lost to Houston, where Britain lost to Exeter, and Admiral Helfrich lost what was left of the Dutch Navy with the exception of two light cruisers. However, that battle delayed the Japanese and enabled us to pull a number of key personnel and a lot of air strength out of Java back to Australia and every bit in that time, every bit saved in that time helped save the entire democratic world. Admiral Helfrich suits MacArthur and that's the end of New Zealand. Air Vice Marshal has just finished his signature. He turns the salute to General MacArthur and back to MacArthur. Be now restored to the world and that God will preserve it always. These proceedings are closed. And so now we have peace in the world. Symbolically, during the latter part of the signing of the document by the representatives of these allied nations, the sun, which had been behind the clouds here at Tokyo Bay during the early morning up to almost the very end of the signing through the clouds and we had sun that had shone down on the assembled might of the vast allied fleets. Old Mount Fujiyama, which has seen many strange things in this strange land, has looked down now upon one of the most momentous surrenders in all the history of the world. Perhaps, and let us hope that this is the last I'd like to point to you that the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. Missouri now stands with its bow pointing toward Japan. The Allied General Staff are standing by. The Japanese are preparing to depart. Soldiers, sailors, marines, the informal cacky of the representatives of the United States fleet and I do have because the Japanese have not gone. He is here in the Pacific. Strategic Air Force and General Kenney of the Far Eastern Air Force and General Lieutenant General Robert L. Eichelberger of the Eighth Army and Lieutenant General Charles Lockwood and Vice Admiral Ladies and gentlemen of the world. Ladies and gentlemen, the President of the United States. My fellow Americans, Supreme Allied Commander General MacArthur and Allied Representatives on the battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay. The thoughts and hopes of all America, indeed of all the civilized world, are centered tonight on the battleship Missouri. There on that small piece of American soil anchored in Tokyo Harbor, the Japanese have just officially laid down their arms. They have signed terms of unconditional surrender. Four years ago, the thoughts and fears of a whole civilized world were centered on another piece of American soil, Pearl Harbor. The mighty threat to civilization which began there is now laid at rest. It was a long road to Tokyo and a bloody one. We shall not forget Pearl Harbor. The Japanese military will not forget the USS Missouri. The evil done by the Japanese warlords can never be repaired or forgotten. But their power to destroy and kill has been taken from them. Their armies, and what is left of their navy, are now impotent. To all of us, there comes first a sense of gratitude to Almighty God, who sustained us and our allies in the dark days of grave danger, who made us to grow from weakness into the strongest fighting force in history, and who has now seen us overcome the forces of tyranny that sought to destroy his civilization. God grants that in our pride of this hour, we may not forget the hard tasks that are still before us, that we may approach these with the same courage, zeal, and patience with which we faced the trials and problems of the past four years. Our first thoughts, of course, thoughts of gratefulness and deep obligation, go out to those of our loved ones who have been killed or maimed in this terrible war. On land and sea and in the air, American men and women have given their lives so that this day of ultimate victory might come and assure the survival of a civilized world. No victory can make good their loss. We think of those whom death in this war has hurt, taking from them fathers, husbands, sons, brothers and sisters whom they loved. No victory can bring back the faces they long to see. Only the knowledge that the victory which these sacrifices have made possible will be wisely used can give them any comfort. It is our responsibility, ours, the living, to see to it that this victory shall be a monument worthy of the dead who died to win it. We think of all the millions of men and women in our armed forces and merchant marines all over the world who, after years of sacrifice and hardship and peril, have been spared by providence from harm. We think of all the men and women and children who during these years have carried on at home in lonesomeness and anxiety and fear. Our thoughts go out to the millions of American workers and businessmen, to our farmers and miners, to all those who have built up this country's fighting strength and who have shipped to our allies the means to resist and overcome the enemy. Our thoughts go out to our civil servants and to the thousands of Americans who, at personal sacrifice, have come to serve in our government during these trying years, to the members of the Selective Service Board and Ration Board, to the civilian defense and Red Cross workers, to the men and women in the USO and in the entertainment world, to all those who have helped in this cooperative struggle to preserve liberty and decency in the world. We think of our departed gallant leader, Franklin D. Roosevelt, defender of democracy, architect of world peace and cooperation. And our thoughts go out to our gallant allies in this war, to those who resisted the invaders, to those who were not strong enough to hold out, but who nevertheless kept the fires of resistance alive within the souls of their people, to those who stood up against great odds and held the line until the United Nations together were able to supply the arms and the men with which to overcome the forces of evil. This is a victory of more than arms alone. This is a victory of liberty over tyranny. From our war plants rose the tanks and planes which blasted their way to the heart of our enemy. From our shipyards sprang the ships which bridged all the oceans of the world for our weapons and supplies. From our farms came the food and fiber, for our armies and navies and for our allies in all the corners of the earth. From our mines and factories came the raw materials and the finished products which gave us the equipment to overcome our enemies. But back of it all were the will and spirit and determination of a free people who know what freedom is and who know that it is worth whatever price they have to pay to preserve it. It was the spirit of liberty which gave us our armed strength and which made our men invincible in battle. We now know that that spirit of liberty, the freedom of the individual and the personal dignity of man are the strongest and toughest and most enduring forces in all the world. And so on V-J Day we take renewed faith and pride in our own way of life. We have had our day of rejoicing over this victory. We have had our day of prayer and devotion. Now let us set aside V-J Day as one of renewed consecration to the principles which have made us the strongest nation on earth and which in this war we have striven so mightily to preserve. Those principles provide the faith, the hope and the opportunity which help men to improve themselves and their lot. Liberty does not make all men perfect nor all society secure. But it has provided more solid progress and happiness and decency for more people than any other philosophy of government in history. And this day has shown again that it provides the greatest strength and the greatest power which man has ever reached. We know that under it we can meet the hard problems of peace which have come upon us. A free people with free allies who can develop an atomic bomb can use the same skill and energy and determination to overcome all the difficulties ahead. Victory always has its burdens and its responsibilities as well as its rejoicing. But we face the future and all its dangers with great confidence and great hope. America can build for itself a future of employment and security. Together with the United Nations it can build a world of peace founded on justice, fair dealing and tolerance. As President of the United States I proclaim Sunday, September the 2nd, 1945 to be V-J Day, the day of the formal surrender of Japan. It is not yet the day for the formal proclamation of the end of the war nor of the cessation of hostility. But it is a day which we Americans shall always remember as a day of retribution as we remember that other day, the day of infamy. From this day we move forward. We move toward a new era of security at home. With the other United Nations we move toward a new and better world of cooperation, of peace and international goodwill. God's help has brought us to this day of victory. With his help we will attain that peace and prosperity for ourselves and all the world in the years ahead. We take you now from the White House in Washington to the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers in the Pacific, General of the Army, Douglas MacArthur. My fellow countrymen, today the guns are silent. A great tragedy has ended. A great victory has been won. The skies no longer rain death. The seas bear only commerce. Men everywhere walk upright in the sunlight. The entire world lies quietly at peace. The holy mission has been completed. And in reporting this to you, the people, I speak for the thousands of silent lips for lovers still among the jungles and the beaches and in the deep waters of the Pacific which mark the way. I speak for the unnamed brave millions homeward bound to take up the challenge of that future which they did so much to salvage from the brink of disaster. As I look back on the long tortuous trail from those grim days of Bataan and Corregidor, when an entire world lived in fear, when democracy was on the defensive everywhere, when modern civilization trembled in the balance, I thank a merciful God that he has given us the faith, the courage, and the power from which to mow victory. We have known the bitterness of defeat and the exaltation of triumph, and from both we have learned that there can be no turning back. We must go forward to preserve in peace what we won in war. A new era is upon us. Even the lesson of victory itself brings it profound concern, both for our future security and the survival of civilization. The destructiveness of the war potential through progressive advances in scientific discovery has in fact now reached a point which revises the traditional concept of war. Men since the beginning of time have sought peace. Various methods through the ages have been attempted to devise an international process to prevent a subtle dispute between nations. From the very start, workable methods were found in so far as individual citizens were concerned. But the mechanics of an instrumentality of larger international scope have never been successful. Military alliances, balances of power, leagues of nations, all in turn failed, leaving the only path to be by way of the crucible of war. The utter destructiveness of war now blots out this alternative. We have had our last chance. If we do not devise some greater and more equitable system, our margadon will be at our door. The problem basically is theological and involves a spiritual recrudescence and improvement of human character that will synchronize with our almost matchless advance in science, art, literature and all material and cultural developments of the past 2,000 years. It must be of the spirit if we are to save the flesh. We stand in Tokyo today reminiscent of our countryman Commodore Perry92 years ago. His purpose was to bring to Japan an era of enlightenment and progress by lifting the veil of isolation to the friendship, trade and commerce of the world. But alas, the knowledge thereby gained of Western science was forged into an instrument of oppression and human enslavement. Freedom of expression, freedom of action, even freedom of thought were denied through suppression of liberal education, through appeal to superstition and through the application of force. We are committed by the Potsdam Declaration of Principles to see that the Japanese people are liberated from this condition of slavery. It is my purpose to implement this commitment just as rapidly as the armed forces are demobilized and other essential steps taken to neutralize the war potential. The energy of the Japanese race if properly directed will enable expansion vertically rather than horizontally. If the talents of the race are turned into constructive channels the country can lift itself from its present deplorable state into a position of dignity. To the Pacific Basin has come the vista of a new emancipated world. Today, freedom is on the offensive. Democracy is on the march. Today, in Asia as well as in Europe unshackled peoples are tasting the full sweetness of liberty. The relief from fear. In the Philippines America has evolved a model for this new free world of Asia. In the Philippines America has demonstrated that peoples of the East and peoples of the West may walk side by side in mutual respect and with mutual benefit. The history of our sovereignty there has now the full confidence of the East. And so my fellow countrymen today I report to you that your sons and daughters have served you well and faithfully with the calm, deliberate, determined fighting spirit of the American soldier and sailor based upon a tradition of historical trait as against the fanaticism of an enemy supported only by mythological fiction. Their spiritual strength and power has brought us through to victory. They are homeward bound. Take care of them. That was General of the Army Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers. We will now hear Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, United States Navy, the Commander in Chief of the United States Pacific Fleet. On board all naval vessels at sea and in port and at our many island bases in the Pacific, there is rejoicing and thanksgiving. The long and bitter struggle which Japan started so treacherously on the 7th of December 1941 is at an end. I take great pride in the American forces which have helped to win this victory. America can be proud of them. The officers and men of the United States Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, and Merchant Marine who fought in the Pacific have written heroic new chapters in this nation's military history. I have infinite respect for their courage, resourcefulness, and devotion to duty. We also acknowledge the great contribution to this victory made by our valiant allies. United we fought, and united we prevail. The port of Tokyo, which was first opened by Commodore Perry in 1853, is now crowded with United States men of war. The process of bringing Japan into the family of civilized nations which was interrupted when Japan launched her program of conquest will soon begin again. Today all freedom-loving people to the world rejoice in the victory and feel pride in the accomplishments of our combined forces. We also pay tribute to those who defended our freedom at the cost of their lives. On Guam is a military cemetery in a green valley not far from my headquarters. The ordered rows of white crosses stand as reminders of the heavy cost we have paid for victory. On these crosses are the names of American soldiers, sailors, and marines. Cowpepper, Tomino, Sweeney, Bombay, Defu, Malloy, Ponziani, names that are across sections of democracy. They fought together as brothers in arms. They died together and now they sleep side by side. To them we have a solemn obligation, the obligation to ensure that their sacrifice will help to make this a better and safer world in which to live. To achieve this it will be necessary for the United Nations to enforce rigidly the peace terms that will be imposed upon Japan. It will also be necessary to maintain our national strength at a level which will discourage future acts of aggression aimed at the destruction of our way of life. Now we turn to the great task of reconstruction and restoration. I am confident that we will be able to apply the same skill, resourcefulness, and keen thinking to these problems as were applied to the problems of winning the victory.