玫瑰戰爭第一話 1461年陶頓之戰 【中英字幕】 P2 - 無字幕

這部影片是由我們Patreon的贊助者Jetson提供的 可以參加國王和總統的永續軍隊 透過Patreon或YouTube的會員 戰爭經常發生 因為不同的角色有不同的意義 但每場新的戰爭 都會為下一場新的戰爭創造原因 英國和法國之間的百年戰爭並不相同 造成了歐洲許多的衝突 在英國 百年戰爭源自《玫瑰的戰爭》 那場戰爭的第一階段 結束在英國土地上戰爭中最血腥的一場 Towton戰爭 英國國王Edward III 生育後有五個兒子 英國歷史上第一次 他為他們創造了國王 讓他的兒子成為國家最大的土地主 一方面 它強化了國王 但同時 它創造了一種新的榮譽 擁有國王的聲譽和足夠的力量 Edward的兒子和父親 著名的百年戰爭領袖Edward the Black Prince 在1376年過世 後來由國王自己繼承 The Black Prince's son was crowned as Richard II The reign of this monarch was tumultuous The Peasants' Revolt of 1381 was followed by the Parliamentary Crisis of 1386-1388 Richard's attempts to reach peace with France, his marriage to the young Valois princess, the lack of an heir and the constant strife with the nobility made him deeply unpopular Richard's cousin and one of the most powerful lords, the Duke of Lancaster Henry Bolingbroke was exiled to France in 1398 In May of 1399, Richard embarked on a campaign in Ireland and Henry used the opportunity to return to England He immediately garnered enough support to dethrone Richard and assumed the throne as Henry IV, the first Lancastrian king Richard was arrested and died in 1400 while his heir presumptive, another grandson of Edward III, Edmund Mortimer, was bypassed That created legitimacy problems for the king and he faced at least six significant rebellions In 1413, Henry IV succumbed to chronic disease and was succeeded by his son Henry V The new king was one of the most talented monarchs of England during this era In 1415, he renewed hostilities with France and won an impressive victory at Agincourt In less than a decade, he conquered more French land than any English king before him The Treaty of Troyes was signed with France in 1420 according to which Henry married French princess Catherine Their descendants would inherit the French throne after the death of Charles VI the Mad Both sovereigns passed away in 1422 Henry V's son, Henry VI, who was less than one year old was crowned as the king of England The king's uncle, John of Bedford, became the regent and took command in France while his other uncle, Humphrey of Gloucester, looked after English affairs Although Bedford was a decent commander the French soon rallied around Jean of Arc and Charles VII was crowned as king of France in Rheim Henry's coronation in Paris was a mere symbol By the time Henry reached adulthood and started governing in 1437 Bedford was dead and the situation in France was untenable The king was weak and easily swayed by his nobles and at that point the Peace Party led by Edmund of Somerset and William of Suffolk had more influence on the king than the War Party of Gloucester and Richard of York The sides agreed to peace at Tours in 1444 According to their agreement Henry was to marry Charles' niece Margaret of Anjou and return Maine and Anjou to France The marriage and the peace conditions were unpopular in England Among those who protested was Gloucester and that gave Henry a chance to imprison his uncle in 1447 Gloucester died shortly after and this weakened the War Party even more Richard, who commanded the English lands in France was stripped of his office and sent to govern Ireland which was an exile Somerset and Suffolk became dukes in this period However, Suffolk was exiled under popular pressure and then murdered Hostilities with France were renewed and Somerset, who was appointed the commander in Normandy lost all the northern holdings save for Calais by 1450 and returned to England He and Queen Margaret had the king under their influence The prestige of the monarchy was at an all-time low The Hundred Years' War impoverished England The losses in France were hard to swallow and the nobles who had lost their land on the continent were unhappy At the same time, all the duchies created in the last century had become too strong and independent and the dukes often had personal retinues larger than that of the king At this point, it is essential to show you the family tree of the Plantagenet dynasty as many grandsons of Edward III controlled these duchies ushering in the era of what is controversially known as bastard feudalism This era was characterized by the loyalty of the soldiers being to their lords rather than the king The nobles would use that to procure offices lands and finances from the king These lords and their heirs would play a central role throughout the Wars of the Roses Richard, who had a strong claim to the throne as a great grandson of Edward III used the circumstances to return from exile in 1452 Although many came to his banner and demanded Somerset's arrest the queen's party was still stronger and Margaret's pregnancy made her position even more secure The situation would change in 1453 Affected by the loss of Bordeaux and Aquitaine the king suffered a mental breakdown and became unresponsive Scholars still argue about the nature of this illness but it is clear that Henry VI lost the remainder of his political power In the north, two noble families the Neville's and Percy's used the lack of central power to renew a feud and as Somerset supported the latter the Neville's allied with Richard By 1454, Richard had enough backing to become the royal protector and appoint his supporters to offices while Somerset was arrested However, in 1455, the king recovered and Queen Margaret managed to influence him yet again Richard's decisions were rolled back and he was exiled This time, the Duke of York wasn't going to take it and he raised an army to move to London The conflict that would later be called the Wars of the Roses because of the heraldic badges used by the Lancasters and the Yorks became inevitable Henry knew that he would receive no support in London and moved out to a town called St. Albans with his 2,000 men where an at least 5,000 strong Yorkist army was waiting for him Richard wasn't ready to dethrone Henry so negotiations started but as the latter refused to surrender Somerset the Yorkists attacked Many Lancastrian commanders among them Somerset were killed while the king was captured Richard returned him to London and was appointed the protector by Parliament By that time, Margaret gave birth to Edward and became the leader of the Lancastrian party It seemed that both sides were shocked by St. Albans as hostilities continued only in the form of the Percy Neville feud between 1456 and 1459 Henry attempted to reconcile the parties on a few occasions but the suspicions were too strong and in the fall of 1459 the sides clashed once again This time the Lancastrians gained the upper hand and the Yorkists were forced to find refuge in Calais and Ireland The Yorkists recovered quickly and returned to England in the summer of 1460 The king's forces were defeated at Northampton and Henry was captured Richard attempted to claim the throne but even his staunchest supporters refused Instead, the so-called Act of Accord was adopted according to which Henry VI would rule for life but would be succeeded by Richard of York The queen was willing to fight for her son's inheritance and was gathering her forces in the north Richard moved towards the Lancastrian troops to prevent their recruitment efforts but his enemies were already on the way and their 18,000 blockaded his 5,000 to 10,000 strong force near Sandow Castle What happened next is still debated but the Yorkists sallied out from the castle and were crushed near the town of Wakefield Richard of York was killed In early 1461 his son Edward became the leader of the Yorkists In February, he defeated a Lancastrian army at Mortimer's Cross Meanwhile, a smaller Yorkist force under Warwick was defeated at St. Albans by the army commanded by the queen Henry VI was recaptured by the Lancastrians Edward learned about this defeat and moved south where he united with the remainder of Warwick's troops As Lancastrian soldiers committed atrocities in the area Margaret and Henry lost all their support and decided to move to the north That allowed Edward to enter London in March and take the throne as Edward IV The showdown was imminent Both sides continued to recruit troops over the next few weeks Edward left London on the 13th and arrived in Nottingham on the 22nd Here he received the news that 30,000 to 35,000 Lancastrian troops commanded by Somerset were to the south of the city of York Edward had less than 30,000 On the 28th of March King Edward sent Fitzwalter to secure the bridge over the Eyre River near Ferrybridge However, Fitzwalter was ambushed by Clifford's cavalry Many Yorkists were massacred or drowned King Henry had sent a messenger to negotiate but his offer was refused Edward knew that the main Lancastrian force led by Somerset was waiting two miles away ready to crush the Yorkists if they pushed Clifford away and crossed the river He sent a vanguard under Suffolk which managed to push the Lancastrians back to the end of the bridge Edward then marched with the main force to Ferrybridge and led his men personally to Suffolk's aid To stop the Yorkist advance the Lancastrians destroyed the bridge but the former constructed a narrow raft to ferry across This raft was captured by the Lancastrians and the fight continued in the area for some time until the Yorkists managed to cross the river to the north at Castleford and set up camp At dawn on the 29th of March both armies found themselves in a snowstorm At 11 in the morning the Yorkists marched northward and encamped on the hill 10 miles south of York with their backs to the village of Saxton Edward put his men in formation their lines stretched for a mile along the ridge At the same time the Lancastrians moved north and took positions to the north of the Yorkists on high ground 100 feet above them on the meadowland to the south of Toughton Part of their cavalry was hidden in the forest to the west of the Yorkist positions The Lancastrians had the advantage of the high ground The Yorkist position was shaky as any retreat would trap them along the river Edward had artillery but the weather conditions did not allow its usage Somerset didn't want to descend from the high ground and waited for the Yorkists to approach The battle started with archers exchanging volleys However, the wind was blowing into the face of the Lancastrian archers and they were unable to see the enemy properly Their arrows fell short of the mark and according to the sources all they could hear through the whirlwind was the laughter of their counterparts A hail of countervolleys accompanied this The Yorkists were gathering thousands of enemy arrows and were firing them back at them retreating after each volley to avoid the return fire The Lancastrians suffered heavy losses and were forced to descend from the hill taking up melee weapons and charging The Yorkist archers sent a few more volleys and then retreated behind their men-at-arms As the main Lancaster force charged into the Yorkist army a fierce melee began across the line At the same time the hidden flanking force attacked the left flank of Edward's army did significant damage and almost routed it Edward himself led the reserves and stabilised the situation on the left side Still, the Lancastrians outnumbered their enemies and slowly pushed them back It was then that the forces sent by Norfolk to assist Edward arrived It is not clear if Edward gave an order or if the commander of this unit took the initiative but these troops attacked the Lancastrians in the flank Soon Henry's forces were routed Sources claim that 20,000 Lancastrians and up to 10,000 Yorkists were killed making Towton the bloodiest battle fought on English soil Henry, alongside his wife and son escaped to Scotland Edward IV's position was strong for now but the Wars of the Roses were just starting We are planning more videos about the Wars of the Roses down the line so make sure you are subscribed to our channel and have pressed the bell button We would like to express our gratitude to our Patreon supporters and channel members who make the creation of our videos possible Now, you can also support us by buying our merchandise via the link in the description This is the Kings and Generals channel and we will catch you on the next one