미국은 1·2차 세계대전과 거품이 꺼진 대공황을 어떻게 해결했을까? 미국 역사 총정리 2부

Hello, this is Historian Doopok. Today, the strongest country in the world would be the United States, which is said to be at risk of a thousand states. The United States was not a powerful country from the beginning. The United States started as a country derived from Europe. Then, how did the United States become the strongest country in the world? In the second part, following the first part of the U.S. General Assembly, I will tell you the story after the U.S. South and North War. The South and North War had a huge impact on the U.S. First of all, the central power of the federal government is so strong that it cannot be compared to the previous one. Before the South and North War, as the Western Revolution began, a lot of speculation began to take place, and the financial world began to bubble. In 1857, hundreds of banks went bankrupt as the bubble began to disappear, starting with the railroad companies. This deflation was resolved by the South and North War. First of all, the factories had to go around a lot because of the war, and jobs were created. Even after the war, many factories continued to operate, so the number of jobs increased steadily. During the war, the amount of food was increased, and the number of grains was increased, and the export and trade levels were blackened. In 1863, during the South and North War, President Lincoln launched a currency reform. In order to increase the total amount, a bill was issued for the first time in U.S. history since January 1863. At that time, the back of the bill was green, so it was called the Greenback. You can think of it as the beginning of the current U.S. dollar bill. In 1867, President Andrew Johnson, the 17th president after Lincoln, bought the region of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million, which is about 2 trillion won in the current standard. Today, Alaska is recognized for its resource value and ridicules Russia for selling Alaska to the United States, but until then, there was no knowledge about the resource storage capacity of Alaska, so the inside of the U.S. was cursed at for buying the ice-free iron. In the 19th century, Mark Twain, a writer who represented the United States, described the post-war period as the golden age. After the South and North War, as the U.S. economy flourished, capitalism developed rapidly, and many entrepreneurs were born. Of course, Mark Twain described it as the golden age to enrich the society that returns to materialism, but at this time, there is a foundation for the United States to become the world's strongest country in the future. By the end of the South and North War, the trading volume of the New York Stock Exchange was 10 times that of London. In 1864 to 1865, when Wall Street was just activated, J.P. Morgan jumped into the U.S. investment market with capital from the U.K. and set up a financial company called J.P. Morgan Chase. As investment became active, many companies became large-scale companies with the possibility of success. Cornelius Vanderbilt, who used to run a shipyard so much that he was called the King of Shipbuilding before the South and North War, also jumped into the railroad business based on the South and North War, and was nicknamed the King of Railroad. John Davis Rockefeller, also known as the King of Oil, set up an oil company based on the funds and investments he made through a military company during the South and North War, and became the largest oil conglomerate in the U.S. Steel miner Andrew Carnegie also expanded his steel mining business during the South and North War. Vanderbilt, Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Sam were all born in a very poor or ordinary family, and eventually became conglomerates and self-sacrificed. As the U.S. built up self-sacrificing entrepreneurs, the concept of American Dream was born. Thanks to this prosperous economy, investment in not only large companies but also in the technological development of scientists was activated. In 1880, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone and won the international science award. However, in reality, it is said that he first made it and applied for a patent. Edison was also active during this golden age. In 1878, Edison set up a company to sell electronic devices to the market. He developed automatic generators, walkie-talkies, telephone transmitters, light bulbs, refrigerators, and tick tapes. After establishing the General Electric Company, in the 1880s, he experimented with trains and even built a power plant. It was possible because of the active investment of J.P. Morgan in the background of Edison's various attempts. In the 20th century, the film industry in the United States began to thrive, and Hollywood was born in L.A. in 1912. In 1898, the U.S. defeated the U.S. in the U.S.-Spain War, and the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Cuba were colonized. From the end of the 19th century to the early 20th century, the golden age was really the time when the U.S. was shaped. The Federal Trade Commission managed joint ventures, large-scale advertising, and indiscriminate M&A. In 1913, the Wall Street made the US Federal Reserve Bank, the central bank of the United States, so that it could rescue it when there was a reasonable financial transaction or inflation. In 1914, the first world war broke out in Europe. President Woodrow Wilson declared that the United States would not participate in the first world war, but the war did not leave the United States alone. In 1915, as Germany was engaged in an unlimited submarine operation, a passenger ship called the Lusitania was sunk by a German U-boat, killing 1,200 out of 1,900 passengers. The problem was that 128 American passengers were on board the Lusitania. In April 1917, before the U.S. declared war on Germany, U.S. financial institutions lent more than $2.1 billion to European countries. After the declaration of war, the U.S. government decided to support $10 billion to the consortia, saying that it would contribute to the economy. Of course, the U.S. military also participated in the 100-day battle, which can be said to be the last battle of the first world war. However, the war compensation that Germany had to pay back with the Versailles system was not a size that could be paid by Germany alone. In 1924, the U.S. Secretary of State for Taxation, Dossan, and in 1929, the U.S. Treasury and Owen Young's plan, Young-An, reduced the burden of war compensation that Germany had to pay. The economic prosperity of the U.S. in the pre-World War II gold age is at its peak after World War I. After World War I, the U.S.'s glorious heyday is called the Jazz Age. It is a concept that contains the negative meaning of criticizing excessive luxury and materialism. The U.S. of the Jazz Age had a ridiculous golden age. It was a time when anything could be done. In a short period of time, the number of poor people who become rich increases exponentially, and thus the luxury culture is lost. As the United Kingdom and France, which have been driving the world economy, went through World War I, industrial facilities were destroyed, and the loss of human lives was serious, and the tariffs borrowed from the U.S. were enormous. After World War I, both the United Kingdom and France had only 9% of their own gold reserves. The value of the U.S. dollar was really high because the pound in the U.K. and the pound in France became shit. The war zone was in Europe, so there was no damage to the U.S. pound. Rather, due to the concept of war, all the heroes of the powerless were gathered and turned into factories. Since the war, the productivity of the factories has grown so much that it cannot be compared to before, and the number of jobs has increased exponentially. The luxury culture is so serious that the morality of young people is being destroyed. In 1919, a temporary ban was enacted to create these mafias. But these economic mafias collapsed in 1929. The economic mafias of the pre-Cold War era created a huge bubble in the U.S. economy. The U.S. people consumed infinitely on the subject of not being able to buy because of the inexhaustible luxury culture, and the factories began to produce infinitely. But the bubble is going to go away someday. The false image of the U.S. people's surplus demand began to be revealed little by little, but in the financial sector, bonds and bonds still played a role. There were customers who couldn't pay the loan at the bank, and the bank ran out of money. Then, there was a situation where customers who had deposited money in the bank could not receive the money. As the stock market fell more and more, on Tuesday, October 29, 1929, Wall Street set the worst record ever, with 16 million shares sold in just one day. It was the beginning of the Black Tuesday, the Great Depression. From 1929 to 1933, there were 10,000 banks that went bankrupt because they had no money. There were 140,000 companies that went bankrupt because they couldn't get a loan at the bank and couldn't get investment money from the stock market. The unemployment rate was 30%. Since the First World War, the U.S. had been economically dependent on Europe, so when the U.S. collapsed, Wall Street collapsed with it. This is how the U.S.'s Great Depression spread to the Great Depression. The U.S. accepted Keynes, an English economist, as President Roosevelt in his 26th term, and overcame the Great Depression with the New Deal policy of creating jobs. Europe, the U.K., France, etc. overcame the Great Depression by strengthening protectionism, while Italy, Germany, and Japan could not overcome the Great Depression and suffered the worst result of fascism's totalitarianism. Eventually, the three countries formed an alliance and waged World War II. In World War II, the U.S. also pursued the impossible line of war in Europe. However, President Roosevelt was providing material support to the allies. In May 1941, President Roosevelt decided to lend U.S. military supplies to the allies through the Weapon Treaty, and if the war ended, he would return the military supplies, or if he could not return it, he would exchange it for money. In December 1941, the U.S. attacked the Pearl Harbor in Hawaii and occupied Southeast Asia as a whole. The U.S., which was attacked by the Pearl Harbor, decided to participate in World War II and led the war on the European and Pacific lines. On the European front, the U.S. moved to Italy through North Africa and surrendered Italy first, and on April 30, 1945, Germany's Hitler killed himself with a pistol, and in May, Germany surrendered. On the Pacific front, the Magado Army and the Nimitz Navy competed for the leadership, but in general, the U.S. military occupied parts of the Pacific, and by June 1943, the U.S. military occupied Okinawa, leaving only the Japanese mainland. Even though Italy and Germany were all destroyed, Japan did not surrender, and in August 1945, the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and in the end, Japan shouted for surrender, and World War II was over. The U.S. carried the World War II, so the U.K. and France could not express their dissatisfaction, and as a result, the U.S. was awarded the world's strongest country ahead of Europe. The history after this continues in the third part of the U.S. History. So it was a history reading. Our history reading started membership registration. Thanks to those who signed up for membership, it is a great help in making videos. Thank you. If you enjoyed the video, please subscribe, like, and set notifications.