ノーベル物理学賞2023を解説します【アト秒物理】

Hello, I would like to explain again this year that the Nobel Prize in Physics was just announced the other day. First of all, the award was for the development of experimental methods for the production of after-disease pulse. And the winners were Agostini, Klaus, and Rue. Congratulations! So, I would like to explain this award carefully to those who know a little about physics this year. First of all, what is the after-disease in this award? This is one of the SI conjectures. What was the SI conjecture? For example, in the most familiar example, the millimeter represents 10 to the minus 3. So, 1 mm was 10 to the minus 3. If you go to the smaller unit, the micro is 10 to the minus 6, and the nano is 10 to the minus 9. I think many people have heard the name around here, but if you go to a smaller unit, it's hard to find in everyday life. The pico is 10 to the minus 12. The name pico is cute, isn't it? Pico Pico Hammer is cute, isn't it? Pico Pico Hammer is not small, but the pico is 10 to the minus 12. And the femt is 10 to the minus 15. And the ato is 10 to the minus 18. So, the after-disease in this award is a short time of 10 to the minus 18. By the way, I don't think you can imagine it, so I'd like to tell you how amazing 1 after-disease is. 1 after-disease is a short time of light that can only go 0.3 nm. It's quite surprising. It's a very short time of light that can only move 0.3 nm in 1 second. Next, let's explain the meaning of the pulse light. The pulse light is a light that shines for a moment. So I drew a picture of it. This is a vibration that represents light. This is a pulse light that represents the vibration of light. In other words, the pulse light has a very limited time range for light to have strength. This time, the pulse light is a pulse light with a time range of about one after-disease. So this is the after-disease pulse light. And the reason why I want to create a light that only shines for a moment is very important this time. First of all, you can imagine the shutter of the camera. If you leave the shutter of the camera open for a long time, you won't be able to take pictures of fast-moving objects. For example, if you try to take a picture of a bullet train with a slow shutter speed, something will move while you're opening it, leaving a residue. So if you don't open it for a moment to increase the shutter speed, you can take a picture of the bullet train stopping. So if you have a high-speed shutter camera, you can capture fast-moving objects. By the way, this is an old story. It is said that it has become a hot topic whether the four legs of a running horse can separate at the same time. A lot of high-speed shutters have been developed to solve this problem. And as a result, it was found that the four legs of a horse can separate at the same time when running. If you take a picture of a super-high-speed shutter, there was a moment when the four legs really separated. By the way, it is said that many people thought that the four legs would not separate at the same time until they saw the evidence. Certainly, it looks like that when you look at it with the naked eye. However, if you take a picture of a super-high-speed shutter, you will understand that. This is a chat. The important thing is that if you have a high-speed shutter, you can capture fast-moving objects. I don't think there is such a thing as a super-short-term movement. For example, the vibration of a molecule is a phenomenon that occurs in the order of 10 to the power of minus 15 seconds. So this is called FEMT. FEMT. FEMT says that we should follow various movements and chemical reactions in this order. Actually, the content of this is that I won the Nobel Prize in Science in 1999. In 1999, the Nobel Prize in Science in FEMT was awarded. So the world of post-disease science and post-disease physics that I will talk about this time is a world where you can see a movement that is one step ahead of this. So what kind of movement is there? There is this. There are atoms and atoms here, and I drew a picture of the atoms moving in the meantime, but the motion of the atoms is insanely fast. How fast is it? It is a phenomenon that occurs in the order of 10 to the power of minus 18 seconds. In other words, this is called post-disease. Yes, so this is the important thing this time. In other words, to summarize what I just said, if you achieve a super-high-speed shutter, you can see the dynamics of the atoms. Understanding the movement of the atoms is close to the ultimate understanding of chemical reactions. So it's a dream story that can do that. By the way, I would like to say a joke based on this story. If Musca waited for 3 minutes in the White Raptor in the sky, if she waited for 3 seconds, Sheeta and Paz would not have had time to chant Pulse. Yes, so I think I confused you, so please forget everything. Next, let's talk about what the three people who actually won the prize have been doing in this story. Now, let's talk about how the dream technology of the light that shines only for a moment at the level where you can see the movement of the electrons was realized. First of all, in 1997, a group of Rune-san When a very strong laser beam of ultraviolet light is transmitted to a gas, extreme ultraviolet light, In other words, I found that a very short wavelength of light came out. To be more specific, when the frequency of light is transmitted to a gas, For example, 9Ω, 11Ω, 13Ω, I found that a large magnitude of light comes out of this frequency. In the field of laser, when a laser beam is hit, the light that comes out of it is the magnitude of the original frequency. This is called ultraviolet light. In particular, this magnitude of light is called ultraviolet light. What Rune-san did was When a strong ultraviolet laser beam is transmitted to a gas, It's a little different, but I found that a large magnitude of light, such as 9Ω, 11Ω, 13Ω, came out. So this is a high-frequency wave, such as 9Ω, 11Ω, 13Ω. At first, I didn't know why this was happening, but as I gradually understood, I realized that the pulse width was also very short. The pulse width is this width. The frequency is also a large high-frequency wave, and I found that it has a very short pulse width. Rune-san will continue to research this phenomenon. This phenomenon will be the basis for creating a post-second pulse wave. Now, let's talk about the theory we learned later. There is a very easy-to-imagine model that explains how this happens. I will introduce it. It was Koukam who came up with it. This is a person who came up with the theory. If the Nobel Prize winner's acceptance speech was not limited to experimental methods, and if it was a post-second physics, and if the acceptance speech of up to four people, including the theory, was OK, Koukam-san was definitely included. This time, there are three people in the experiment. What kind of model is this? Imagine that this is an infrared laser beam. I drew it with a random wavelength, but imagine that it represents only the electric field that vibrates like this. Light is the vibration of the electric field. It represents the electric field of light. This is also called the electric field of light. Imagine that it is written. And what I wrote below is that normally, electrons are trapped in the atomic nucleus. Electrons are trapped by the potential created by the atomic nucleus. I drew an image of an electron like here. An electron trapped in a quantum potential. Now, a large, strong electric field is coming, so it is coupled with a quantum potential, and this tends to tilt in this direction. In other words, the quantum potential and the potential due to the electric field are coupled, which is the potential that electrons feel, but sometimes it tilts like this. Even if this electron still feels a wall on the right side, quantum mechanics has a tunnel effect. It is possible to slip through this potential wall. It goes out of the potential like this. Then, the electron is separated from the atom, so it ionizes. It is called tunnel ionization, which is ionized using the tunnel effect. And this is the electron that came out, but since the electric field is vibrating right now, the potential may tilt in the opposite direction. So now, the electron feels this tilt, and it goes down this slope. In other words, it gets exercise energy here. It gets exercise energy that the electron has left over. Then, it goes back to the original place, to the atom, and is trapped in the quantum potential created by the atomic nucleus. It falls down again. In other words, it goes back to the atomic nucleus. This is called a re-collision. I didn't have confidence in the word collision, so I wrote it in Hiragana. Once the electron is separated, it goes back. At that time, the exercise energy that was left over becomes light and is released. The light that comes out when it is released is thought to be something like this. This is called the three-step model. I said it was a semi-classical model earlier, but of course, if you want to think accurately, you need to understand it using quantum mechanics. I found out later that when I thought about a solid quantum mechanics model, I found out that it was a semi-classical model that well-established the model. In other words, it was a very easy-to-imagine model, and it was a good model that gave a lot of inspiration that was not at all separated from the essence. This is the three-step model. I won't explain in detail here, but if you use this, you can actually get this kind of number. And I was able to explain why the pulse width is short. Let's do it here. Now this is about 800 nanometers. Let's say that the wavelength is about 800 nanometers of infrared laser light. The one with this wavelength is called infrared laser light, so let's say that's about it. So now the horizontal axis is written in terms of time, so in terms of time, how much is it? It's this one cycle. In the case of a wavelength of 800 nanometers, it's about 2.66 femtoseconds. So in terms of time, it has a very short cycle. And this three-step, the three-step, where the electron is re-contacted by tunneling and the kinetic energy is re-contacted, is a momentary phenomenon that occurs within the width of this time, so it's a phenomenon that occurs on a much shorter scale than this. So as a result, this kind of very short pulse light comes out. This is a story that I was able to understand well with the three-step model. Did you understand this story? Now, I'd like to talk about what Klaus and Agostini have been doing since Louis. Of course, the only thing I'm going to talk about now is not the achievements of Klaus and Agostini, but I'd like to talk about something representative. In 2001, Agostini succeeded in creating a very short pulse width of 250 atomic seconds. It says continuous here, but it succeeds in generating a continuous pulse light. What is a continuous pulse light? Now, the light is vibrating, so the electric field is vibrating. If you think about this, I want you to think about it normally now, the light is vibrating, and the first impact occurs, and it comes out, and it comes out, and it comes out, and the pulse light comes out in a series of vibrations. However, Klaus, who I'm going to talk about in 2001, is doing research in a different direction, and it takes a little longer than 250 atomic seconds, but it succeeds in creating a single pulse light. In other words, what I'm imagining here is a continuous pulse light, but Klaus succeeded in creating a single pulse light that is easy to use in experiments in 2001. By the way, in 2017, it succeeded in creating a pulse light of 47 atomic seconds, and it's getting shorter and shorter. So this is the subject of this talk. It's about the development of experimental methods for generating atomic pulse light. I'd like to talk about how these atomic pulse lights are actually applied. First of all, it seems that Klaus has been thinking about the application of these methods in medicine. I'm not familiar with this area, but it seems that using laser technology against blood vessels can lead to early detection of diseases. The rest is a basic problem in physics, but using laser technology, it seems that we can see the wave function. It's amazing to see the wave function. The wave function is, of course, something that indicates the state of an electron. It seems that we can see the wave function in the form of a complex number, not the absolute value of the wave function. I think it's a dream technology for those who have studied quantum mechanics. It seems that physics has reached such a place. So I would like to look forward to the movement of this field in the future. So let's look forward to next year's Nobel Prize in Physics. See you in another video. Goodbye.