10 Discoveries from the James Webb Telescope that Shattered Our Cosmological Model.

and the question a lot of people wonder is so what is on the other side of that Horizon Cosmic Horizon that's an excellent question we don't know for sure but we have very good reason to believe we do know it's there Step Into The Cosmic Revolution as the James web Space Telescope uncovers Mysteries that challenge our understanding of the universe in an unprecedented series of Revelations the web telescope has shattered the traditional Big Bang model rewriting the cosmic narrative in ways that defy our expectations these 10 latest discoveries aren't just scientific breakthroughs they are cosmic Adventures that Inspire us to rethink the fundamental principles that govern the universe from the discovery of strange galaxies that appear older than the Big Bang to the mysterious dark matter and dark energy driving the expansion of our universe each each Revelation is reshaping our fundamental understanding of the universe so prepare to be thrilled by 10 amazing discoveries from the web telescope and learn how these discoveries are challenging what we know about the universe decollage liftoff from a tropical rainforest to the Edge of Time itself James Webb begins a voyage back to the birth of the universe [Music] [Music] [Music] [Applause] recently scientists discovered many ancient super massive black holes which poses a major challenge for astrophysicists one of these black holes is so strange that our theories completely fail to explain it and scientists are claiming that this black hole may have formed before the Big Bang in a paper published in nature astronomy scientists reported the discovery of an ancient super massive black hole one that existed very early in life of the universe while some enthusiasts have claimed that the observation of these gigantic black holes has disproved the theory of the big bang our standard cosmological model which is based entirely on observations and our physics theories predicts that in the early Universe black holes were formed from the remains of massive stars when these Stars ran out of nuclear fuel gravity caused their cores to collapse creating incredibly dense object called black holes however observations from the web telescope have unveiled a more diverse Cosmic group it has discovered a number of black holes that do not fit neatly into the expected story of Stellar collapse some are surprisingly massive challenging traditional views of Stellar Evolution astronomers were surprised when they found that the mass of this strange black hole at the center of the ancient Galaxy was about the same as the total mass of the stars in that same galaxy to put this into perspective the super massive black hole at the center of the Milky Way is only about 0.1% the mass of the entire galaxy given that this ancient super massive black hole formed so quickly after the universe began it cannot have been created by the collapse of stars and merging of Stellar Mass black holes instead another mechanism is required sophisticated simulations have shown that early in the history of the universe it is possible for giant clouds of gas to have collapse directly into very large black holes ones with masses about 100,000 times that of the Sun but the James web telescope found other such ancient super massive black holes at the very edge of our observable universe which indicates that the direct collapse of dust clouds in the early Universe would not be enough to explain this mystery according to this model our universe came into existence about 14 billion years ago after after that an invisible force called Dark Energy started expanding our universe as time passed stars and galaxies formed and began to shape the structure of our universe Dark Matter dark energy and Einstein's gravity collectively weave the intricate tapestry of our Cosmic Evolution Dark Matter's unseen influence guides the formation of galaxies Dark Energy propels the universe's expansion and Einstein's gravity provides the underlying framework that ties everything together but recent discoveries by the web telescope have called these ideas into question recently the web telescope has revealed the image of Galaxy clusters that existed in the early Universe these clusters are the cause of the largest structure present in our present Universe the standard cosmological model beautifully explains how these Galaxy clusters of evolved but there's a problem it predicts that they're 7% more closely clustered together than they actually are well this 7% difference is really huge because this difference can lead to major changes in our current model such that the age of the universe can be completely different to solve this problem scientists use the most powerful supercomputer simulation that is based on the principles of our current physics this time scientists added the role of super massive black holes in the evolution of our universe but unfortunately that's not right either it's still 5% more clumpy so what's going wrong here why our most powerful supercomputer simulations fail to solve this mystery many scientists have proposed that if the best computer simulation ever created can't get the right result then there are two possibilities either web telescope measurement ments are wrong or our theories might be incorrect Professor Carlos Frank believes that perhaps our way of understanding gravity is wrong he posits that Einstein's theory of gravity may not effectively explain the evolution of our [Music] universe well according to Dr Penrose the universe needs an absolute value of the Hubble constant to exist but for 50 years it has remained the biggest mystery in the field of astronomy with Scientists unable to find the real value that governs the universe this discrepancy in the actual value of the Hubble constant is called the Hubble tension there are two very different methods by which we can measure the value of the Hubble constant start right from the beginning move the universe forward in time using the laws of physics and then measure measure the earliest signals and their marks on the universe this will tell us how it expanded over time in this case we use Cosmic microwave background radiation as an early signal of the universe and the value we get for Hubble constant is 67 km per sec per MEAP Parc start from where we are now look out at far away things as they move away from us and then figure out how the universe expanded from that information in this case we use a cied variable star or supernova as the distance source and here we get the value of Hubble constant as approximately 74 km/s per Mega Parc both of these ways use the same laws of physics the same basic theory of gravity and even the same equations but when we actually do our observations and take important measurements we end up with two completely different values that don't match up this discrepan in the value of the Hubble constant is called the Hubble tension scientists previously thought that the Hubble telescope might be giving us false information about the actual brightness of sepi variable Stars due to dust in front of the stars and scientists hoped that the web telescope would be able to better examine the stars and tell us the real value unfortunately the web telescope showed that the Hubble tension is real and the Hubble constant has no special value no matter how we try to solve a problem if everyone's way is correct they should all end up with the same right answer this rule applies not just to puzzles we make for each other on Earth but also to the big Mysteries that nature hides so why there is a discrepancy in the value of the Hubble constant to figure this out scientists are coming up with new ideas about how the universe was in its early days before that leftover radiation was sent out they think maybe there's something like mysterious dark energy or different kinds of tiny particles called neutrinos or maybe even a way these neutrinos and dark matter interact well we've already added dark matter and dark energy to the cosmic picture and we're only now discovering that maybe that isn't enough to resolve the issues scientists have recently claimed that our current model has some major shortcomings and the answer to this question lies beyond the Dark Ages recently a research team has discovered two new most distant confirmed galaxies in web telescope new Deep Field image now the number of confirmed galaxies has surpassed any prior theoretical predictions made before the launch of the web telescope these four standard theoretical models consider different values of Dark Matter content in the universe to achieve computer generated Sim ulations of Galaxy formation but recently discovered Galaxies have proven all four models wrong the research team led by yuichi harrian assistant professor at The Institute for cosmic ray research the University of Tokyo for the first time they made precise measurements of distant galaxies discovered by the web telescope because countless galaxies from 13.4 to 13.6 billion years old have been discovered by the web telescope however these objects are candidates for distant galaxies discovered from images and determining their exact distances requires detailed analysis through spectroscopic observations for instance Sears 93316 reported as a Galaxy candidate from 13.6 billion years ago last summer was later determined through spectroscopic observations to be a Galaxy galxy from 12.6 billion years ago recently the team led by harri Kane deeply analyze spectroscopic observational data obtained through the James web Space Telescope using this method they discovered the two most distant galaxies whose exact distances were 13.40 and [Music] 13.42% to 13.5 billion light years away three galaxies had previously been confirmed through spectroscopic observations with uncertainty prevailing regarding whether these findings contradicted theoretical predictions with the addition of two new galaxies confirmed by the team a total of five Galaxies have now been identified in the early Universe dating back approximately 300 to 400 million years after the big bang but the surprising thing is that the discovery of these five galaxies was not predicted in any theoretical models published before the launch of the James web telescope professor uichi harcane said before the launch of the James web Space Telescope large telescopes like the Subaru and Hubble were used to study distant galaxies and their results were well explained by various theoretical models however the disc discovery of these five galaxies in the most distant Universe by the James web Space Telescope was unexpected in any of those theoretical models scientists are saying that there could be more candidate galaxies in this era the real Count might further increase astronomers are facing a new challenge with these discoveries they're observing a huge population of early galaxies just a few million years after the big bang all this raises serious questions about our understanding of the evolution of galaxies as you can see here the record for the most distant Galaxy before the web telescope was held by the distant Galaxy gnz11 discovered by the Hubble telescope it existed just 400 million years after the big bang when the universe was only 3% of its current age it belong bels to the first generation of galaxies in the universe but the web telescope's early observations have broken the record for the most distant Galaxy with Scientists recently confirming four most distant galaxies that are even older than the most distant Galaxy seen by the Hubble telescope one of these galaxies named gsz13 became the most distant Galaxy ever observed Galaxy Jade's GS z13 was imaged by web as it was 325 million years after the big bang this most distant Galaxy is now estimated to be 33 billion light years from Earth due to the expansion of the universe in the time since the light that has just reached web left the Galaxy but when scientists looked at the new observational data they were stunned no one expected that we would see something like this scientists noticed that that many early galaxies Beyond the Edge of the early Universe suddenly appeared in this data Peter Van doam an astronomer at Yale University not involved in the latest research said that the web telescope has observed possible galaxies even closer to the Big Bang but they have yet to be confirmed however some of the candidate galaxies if confirmed would have existed when the universe was less than 200 million years old scientists say what this data is showing is actually a big problem for our standard cosmological model this huge population of galaxies near the Big Bang brings more questions for us to solve our standard cosmological model which is based entirely on observations and our physics theories predicts that there should be a order in the evolution of early galaxies this means as we look deeper into the early Universe there should be less organized and smaller young galaxies but unfortunately recent observations from the web telescope show that some galaxies in the early Universe are more organized and more massive than expected also some early galaxies are exceptionally complex and massive like our Milky Way this discovery poses a serious challenge to our understanding of how stars and galaxies formed in the early Universe even Nobel laurate Dr John c ma senior project scientist for the web telescope was stunned by this recent discovery we are looking farther back in time than we could before and we are really thrilled with this picture uh we have been working on the story how the galaxies grew uh I told you we were going to see the first ones growing and we saw some and they were a big surprise they were bigger brighter hotter than we expected and some people said well then our whole story of the expanding Universe might be wrong and I think more likely our story of how the Stars grow is wrong here's a Galaxy called Sears 2,112 as seen by the web telescope a few million years after the big bang scientists say that the size of this galaxy is almost similar to our galaxy the existence of such galaxies like our Milky Way just few million years after the big bang poses a major problem for our standard cosmological model astronomers thought barred spiral galaxies such as the Milky Way didn't appear until the universe reached at least half of its current age because it was believed that it took several billion years of Galactic Evolution before the massive collections of stars within galaxies could form Central bars a astronomers previously thought this Galactic structure marks the end of a Galaxy's formative years so it was expected to be seen only in Old galaxies that may have reached full maturity perhaps those that existed halfway through the evolution of the universe indeed the Hubble space telescopes past observations of Galaxy morphologies have shown the early Universe hosted very few barred galaxies however the new findings leaned from data by the James web Space Telescope conclude it may not be necessarily true that barred spirals must have roam the universe for so long the discovery of spiral galaxy Sears 2,112 reveals galaxies that resemble our own already existed 11.7 billion years ago when the universe had just 15% of its life over billions of years galaxies under underwent remarkable Transformations through processes like mergers collisions and the formation of new Stars this Evolution observed through telescopes shows how Galaxies have changed in size shape and composition the Intriguing aspect is that this Evolution isn't just random it's a continuous learning process but the discovery of cers 201112 has suggested that this Evolution only took about 1 billion ion years or less well the existence of these impossible oldest Galaxy candidates in this Milky Way like Galaxy a few billion years after the big bang is a serious challenge to our theories are we missing something in our galaxy Evolution models or are we completely wrong about the early universe and its Origins astronomers have been left baffled by the discovery of heavy elements in distant teenage galaxies that are far younger than previously thought possible these galaxies which form just two to three billion years after the big bang are unusually hot and contain elements like nickel which are typically only produced by massive stars that explode as Supernova Allison STM an assistant professor of physics and astronomy at Northwestern University and and Lead author of the study says never in my wildest dreams did I imagine we would see nickel even in nearby galaxies people don't observe this the presence of nickel was particularly surprising as it is a heavy element that is rarely seen in young galaxies nickel is produced when massive stars collapse and explode releasing a burst of radiation that heats up the surrounding gas and dust this process is thought to take billions of years to occur so it was not expected to be seen in galaxies that are only a few billion years old while the lighter elements were expected the presence of nickel which is heavier than iron in the periodic table came as somewhat of a surprise the discovery of nickel in these teenage galaxies suggests that they may be forming stars at a much faster rate than previously thought this could explain why they are so hot and why they contain such a large amount of heavy elements but we still don't know what exactly accelerated the process of star formation in the early Universe in recent images astronomers found that a giant Galaxy that is much larger than our Milky Way and a Galaxy that is too small to exist are both located in the same place in the early universe and this discovery created a stir in the field of astronomy like never before recently astronomers have also discovered a Galaxy that has started forming stars at a high rate just 500 to 550 million years after the big bang the radius of this galaxy is only 16 parek and this is where the real problem comes in this galaxy is so small that we have never seen such a small Galaxy before four and it is forming stars at such a high rate that it is absolutely impossible so what is this is it a Galaxy or something we have no idea about Joel Leeder assistant professor of astronomy and astrophysics at Penn State University says we expected only to find tiny young baby galaxies at this point in time but we've discovered galaxies as mature as our own in what was previously understood to be the dawn of the universe when some scientists took a closer look at these galaxies they found that some of these galaxies were not only larger and more organized but surprisingly they started forming Stars earlier making current theories more suspicious here's what astronomers say about this unexpected Discovery nobody expected them they were not supposed to be there and now nobody can explain how they had formed recently some astronomers revealed that they have discovered a black hole which is the most distant black hole ever discovered this black hole is nearly 500 million years after the big bang and they also found that like web's early galaxies this black hole shows unexpected properties that don't comply with our existing model this black hole is showing rapid growth only a few million years after the big bang the scientists said this black hole is showing unusual growth and this is impossible with current understanding this black hole is about 10 million times more massive than our sun so it's actually a medium-sized black hole but still this black hole must have needed an external boost to be so big if we look at the current model then this this black hole looks older than our universe the discoveries made so far by the web telescope have broken the traditional limits of our cosmological models galaxies of unexpected size and strangeness have emerged from the depths of cosmic Antiquity defying our expectations and stretching the limits of our knowledge these massive and mature galaxies pose a serious challenge to our established theories and force us to re-evaluate the foundations on which our understanding of the universe rests these findings have shown us that the start of the universe might be much more complicated than we previously thought we have to rethink our ideas and explore new possibilities it's an exciting time for scientists all over the world as they work together to understand these new Mysteries and come up with new explanations for How the Universe began well maybe in the future the web telescope will reveal how the entire Universe came into being until then we are on a journey to unravel the mysteries of the universe with our powerful telescopes