이슬람은 어떻게 세계로 퍼져나갈 수 있었을까? 대수학, 알고리즘, 알라딘, 신밧드의 모험 문화의 황금기 이슬람의 역사 3부

Hello, this is History Break. This is part 3 of History of Islam. In part 1, I talked about the creation of Islam, and in part 2, I talked about the division of the Sunni and Shia sects into the Umayyad dynasty, which was the first to lead the Caliphate, to the Umayyad dynasty, which was the first to lead the Caliphate, to the Sunni and Shia sects. In part 3, I'll talk about the Islamic dynasties and states that started making dynasties through the Sejjid. The first dynasty of Islam The first dynasty of Islam was the Umayyad family. The Damascus governor Muawiyah led the Umayyad dynasty to the capital of Damascus and established the Umayyad dynasty in 661. The Muawiyah dynasty, which divided the Umayyad family and the Umayyad dynasty, became the Caliph and started to take over the Caliphate, and the Umayyad dynasty began. As it was the first Islamic dynasty, all the Islamic dynasties to be established in the future were born in the Umayyad dynasty, which is a significant historical event in Islamic history. The Umayyad dynasty, which started in 661, had 14 Caliphs for about 100 years until 750. Yazid I, the son of Caliph I and Muawiyah I, completely subjugated the remnants of Ali, who still resisted. Hussein, the son of Ali and the younger brother of Hassan, was leading the remnants. Yazid I informed Hussein's forces in Karbala and executed Hussein, killing or enslaving his family. However, the forces that still denied the Umayyad dynasty continued to be demonized. But Hussein died cruelly, and there was a negative opinion about Yazid I, and there were many people who were dissatisfied with the fact that he was subjugating the Caliphs, so even the original people who were loyal to the Umayyad family often turned their backs on the Umayyad dynasty. In the meantime, the Caliph Secep, who said he was in love with the meaning of Muhammad, and Ibn Jubayr rebelled, and the Second Islamic War, that is, the Second Fitna, occurred. The Second War of Ibn Jubayr had not been suppressed for a while, but the Caliphs of Muawiyah I lost their support because they could not suppress the rebellion of Ibn Jubayr, and the Umayyad family, Marwan I, was led. When he was the son of Marwan I in 692, Abd al-Malik, who was the Caliph of the Umayyad dynasty, invaded the rebellion of Ibn Jubayr, and Ibn Jubayr died, and the Second Islamic War ended with the victory of the Umayyad dynasty. Abd al-Malik, the Caliph of the Umayyad dynasty, established a mosque called the Stone Dome in Jerusalem to celebrate the end of the civil war. After the civil war was over, Abd al-Malik, the Caliph of the Umayyad dynasty, set out for the North African expedition and extended his territory to Tunisia. The Caliph of the Umayyad dynasty, Walid I, went to the Iberian Peninsula in Portugal, Spain, on the day he came from North Africa. If you cross Gibraltar and Panama from North Africa, it's the Iberian Peninsula. At that time, the Iberian Peninsula had a Western Gothic kingdom built by the Western Goths, a branch of the Germanic European. In 711, in the Battle of Guadalete, the Umayyad dynasty conquered the Iberian Peninsula with the victory of the Islamic army. In the 15th century, with the completion of the Reconquista, the Iberian Peninsula was under the influence of Islam until Islam was completely expelled from the Iberian Peninsula. So one day, in Spain, there were so many Islamic palaces and heritages. As a result, the Umayyad dynasty advanced to Europe with the expedition of Jihad, that is, the expedition of the Holy War. It was the strongest in Islamic history. There was one country in which the Umayyad dynasty could not fall. It was Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire of East Rome. Constantinople, which is called the Fortress of Heaven and Earth, endured several attacks and Islam failed to fall. In the traditional Caliphate era, when the existing territory was the Arabian Peninsula, Syria, Iran, and Egypt, the religion of the non-conquered people was not arbitrarily abolished, and only taxes were paid to guarantee their religion. However, during the Umayyad dynasty, the Arabian Mayanism was established and the non-conquered people were also forced to convert to Islam. In the second reign of Umar, the eighth Caliph, the Umayyad dynasty minimized discrimination policies. However, after the second reign of Yajid, the Caliphs led a luxurious life, and discrimination policies against non-conquered people continued, and rebellions broke out in various places, and the Umayyad dynasty was on the verge of bankruptcy. In 732, during the reign of Caliph Hisham of the 10th Caliphate, the Islamic army, which was trying to enter Europe from the Iberian Peninsula beyond the Pyrenees Mountains, was defeated in the Battle of Turfwati, and the Umayyad dynasty was on the verge of bankruptcy. The Umayyad dynasty was on the verge of bankruptcy. In particular, in 740, the battle of Akroin was defeated by the Byzantine Empire. At this time, most of the commanders were royals, so the authority of the Umayyad dynasty was lost. As many rebellions broke out in various provinces, the Umayyad dynasty was on the verge of bankruptcy. The biggest rebellion among the rebellious groups was the Abou al-Abbas, the descendant of the founder of Islam, the Muhammad family. Al-Abbas was supported by the Shiites, who denied the Umayyad dynasty, saying that the Muhammad family was the origin of the Caliphate. In addition, the Iranian Islam, which rebelled against the Umayyad dynasty, and even the non-Islamic groups were also involved in the rebellion. In fact, the rebellion at this time, As it was an opposition to the incompetent Umayyad dynasty, it was with Al-Abbas, the top leader of the Umayyad dynasty. Al-Abbas regrouped his forces in Coupa, where Ali had seized the territory. The 14th generation, the last Caliph of the Umayyad dynasty, Marwan II, tried to suppress the rebellion of Al-Abbas, but after the defeat, he tried to enter Damascus, the capital, but Marwan II, who had already lost his people, was expelled from Damascus and fled to Egypt. Al-Abbas occupied Damascus, killed the Umayyad dynasty in it, and executed Marwan II, who fled. In 750, the Umayyad dynasty was cut off like this, and Al-Abbas was exiled to the Caliphate, and the Abbas dynasty began. The Abbas dynasty moved the capital several times, and the most and longest capital city was Baghdad in Iraq. The capital of Islam, the center, moved more eastward than Mecca and Medina in the traditional Caliphate era, and Syria and Damascus in the Umayyad dynasty era, and the influence of Islam spread to Central Asia in earnest. The year 750 is a very coincidental year. It was the year when the Abbas dynasty was founded, and in the East, it was the year when China's Tang Dynasty advanced from the westward expedition that had been carried out through Goguryeo people from a few years ago to Uzbekistan and Tashkent. So, of course, it had to fight against the Abbas dynasty. The place where the two huge forces met was in the middle of Central Asia, so their fight had to be a fight for the defeat of Central Asia. In 751, the two powerful forces, the Abbas dynasty of Islam and the Tang Dynasty, faced each other on the river Talas in Kazakhstan. Although it was a famous battle, there is no exact information about the military strength of the Talas battle. However, what we can know for sure is that the Islamic military strength was more than twice as much as that of the Tang Dynasty. The Turkic peoples of the west, who were kicked out of the origin of the Tang Dynasty, joined Islam. On the other hand, the Tang Dynasty was too far away from the capital, so they couldn't get enough supplies and support. The result was the victory of Islam. It is believed that the Tang Dynasty was annihilated because the surviving troops were very few, including the high-ranking officials. The battle of Talas spread throughout Central Asia. The battle of Talas was another historic and meaningful battle in the East-West exchange. Among the Tang Dynasties that the Islamic army took in the battle of Talas, there were those who defended the country, and through them, the art of making paper moved to Islam. And the Abbas dynasty, which saw that the Umayyad dynasty was annihilated by various rebellions, tried to minimize at least great discrimination, although there may be no difference between Arab and non-Arab, Islamic and non-Islamic. It is true that some Caliphs sometimes annexed other religions and other nations. However, the Abbas dynasty tried to treat non-Arabs, Yekkers, Iranians, Turks, non-Muslims, Yekkers, Jews, Zoroastrians, and Christians equally as much as possible, and even if they were non-Arabs, they tried to treat them equally as much as possible. In the case of non-Muslims, rather than just annexing them, they were the ones who converted them into nomadic tribes. As a result, the Abbas dynasty was definitely able to last for a long time. In addition, the Abbas dynasty conquered Central Asia after the battle of Talas, and even conquered the existing Silk Road, and served as a king in trade, and made a lot of money, and was able to interact with many countries. At this time, if you count Korea, it was the era of the unification of Islam, and the Muslim merchants who came to Ulsan and interacted with the unification of Islam were the Muslims of the Abbas dynasty. If a country guarantees diversity like this, it is called a cultural golden age. That's why the Abbas dynasty is also called the golden age of Islam. The golden age of Islamic culture was welcomed in a variety of fields, but among them, the fields that showed the greatest achievement were math and science. Originally, the Middle East was developed by math and science, but it is more dazzling than the Abbas dynasty. In the field of mathematics, the concept of big mathematics itself was created at this time. Al-Khalizmi, who created the concept of big mathematics, was actually the first to create a solution of the first equation and the second equation, and the solution method we learn in the Middle East is to learn the solution of Al-Khalizmi, and the word algorithm came from his name. There are many excellent astronomers, so you may have heard that the law of Islam is the law of the year. The law of the year is the law of the year translated into Chinese characters for the first document made during the Abbas dynasty, and this will have an impact on Korea in the future, so it will be a great reference for King Sejong to make the seven-point line. If math and science develop, naturally engineering will develop, and then architecture will develop. The capital of the Abbas dynasty, Baghdad, was a city with high-level technology that was recognized all over the world. The literature that has been passed down since the Persian era is also developing. During the Abbas dynasty, it was reborn as a novel called the Thousand-Day Night. The Thousand-Day Night is the Arabian Night. This novel contains stories such as the adventure of Aladdin and Simba. Even philosophers such as Ibn Sina and Ibn Lucid were people of this era. Ibn Sina and Ibn Lucid were even in the Christian European literature, and they were scholars who have been around since the Middle Ages. The capital of the Abbas dynasty, Baghdad, was a labyrinth of knowledge. The 7th Caliph of the Abbas dynasty, Al-Mamun, who said he met Aristotle in a dream, established a large library called the House of Wisdom in 816, and the House of Wisdom is one of the largest libraries in human history. It was a library with no material, regardless of time, culture, and space. In addition, there are more Islamic scholars, and as they spread to Southeast Asia, it will be an opportunity for Islam to spread to Southeast Asia in the future. Meanwhile, when the Abbas dynasty overthrew the Umayyad dynasty and the Umayyad royal family was massacred, the only surviving dynasty, Al-Rahman I, fled to the Iberian Peninsula, where Spain and Portugal were among the former Umayyad dynasties, and rebuilt the Umayyad dynasty there in 756. This dynasty is called the late Umayyad dynasty. At first, the title of the supreme ruler in the late Umayyad dynasty was used by Amiri, not Caliph, but from the age of Al-Rahman III, Caliph was also used in the late Umayyad dynasty. Therefore, from the 8th century onwards, the Islamic dynasty was divided into the Abbas dynasty and the late Umayyad dynasty, and the Abbas dynasty was called the East Caliphate, and the late Umayyad dynasty was called the West Caliphate. The appearance of the Abbas dynasty and the splitting of the Islamic dynasty were symbolic. The center and capital of the Abbas dynasty, which caused the golden age of culture, was the former Persian territory, and although the royal family was still Arabs, the center of Islam gradually crossed the Arabian Peninsula, and the Islamic activities of Persians, not Arabs, were highlighted, and the dominance of Islam gradually moved from the Arabs to the Turks or Persians. And finally, the Turks colonized Islam, so the country continues in the 4th part. Then it was the history of history. We started membership registration. Thanks to those who signed up for the membership, it is a great help in making videos. Thank you. If you enjoyed the video, please subscribe, like, and set up notifications.