Krebs genial erklärt: "Krebs: wie Dein Körper ihn bekämpft!" Wie entsteht Krebs? [Arzt reagiert]

I have already discussed the topic of cancer on my channel many times. Today, in this video, it is about what cancer is and how our body actually fights cancer. How does cancer develop? Unfortunately, cancer is still one of the most common causes of death. Many of us are afraid of getting cancer. And each of us probably has acquaintances or family members who actually got cancer. They may have died from it. Breast cancer, intestinal cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer. So that's why it's a very important topic. And that's a reaction now. Let's go! And before we take a look, my name is Dr. Tobias Weigel. And with my YouTube channel, I would like to make a contribution. To clarify medically understandable and incorrect. And that also includes doing reactions. And this is a very, very good template. And together we are now addressing the topic of cancer. Somewhere in your body, your immune system has just quietly killed some of your own cells. To prevent them from becoming cancer and to save your life. So even while we're watching now. That happens all the time. Most of the cancer cells that form are cleared out of the way without you noticing. And that's a really hard job. Because cancer cells are part of you that suddenly becomes independent, even if it hurts you. What is cancer actually? And how does your body kill it all the time? These cancer cells look so scary. And yes, that's why it's a mega topic. And let's take a look at that now. But before that, the reference to my advisor. Because that's exactly what the topic of nutrition is about. Also with cancer or cancer care nutrition. Very, very, very important. So if that interests you. A healthy diet. The best foods, for example. Feel free to take a look at my shop. Cancer occurs when damaged cells multiply uncontrollably. In principle, this can affect pretty much any type of cell in your body. So there is not just one type of cancer, but hundreds. Some grow slowly, others are aggressive. Some can be treated well, others end deadly. A cell that becomes cancer turns into something ancient and at the same time new. Over billions of years, evolution has formed cells to survive even in hostile environments. Where they have to fight for space and resources. Then a new strategy was created. Cooperation. Division of labor led to specialization. And let cells become more successful together. But cooperation also calls for victims. In order for a multicellular organism to be healthy, the collective well-being must contain more cells than the survival of the individual cells. Cancer cells leave this bond in the way and become individuals again. A few of such brittle cells are not a problem for your body. But some cancer cells divide over and over again and become a new organism in you. A new organism that eats away the vital resources, takes up space in your body and destroys the organs from which the cells originally came. Cancer, as we all know, unfortunately exists in countless forms and variants. As it is also said here, slow versus fast, growing good versus bad. What we all have in common is that it is based on a change in the genetic material of our cells. We also speak of a genetic mutation. This is important to know. Genetic mutation. And this can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and the suppression of the surrounding healthy tissue, as already shown here. Another important question, and this was also explained here. What actually distinguishes tumor cells from healthy cells? There are a few points that I have listed here. It is crucial to understand that tumor cells, i.e. cancer cells, are no longer regulated and limited, but rather do what they want to do. Whatever they feel like doing. That's what they look like. As just described in the video, the community, i.e. an overall functioning body, keyword cooperation, does not care about cancer cells. They are individuals. They only care about their growth, their multiplication, so that they do their thing. But how does it come about? Why does this happen? According to today's models, the differences between tumor cells and normal cells do not occur at the same time, but gradually. I assume that we will go into this further in a moment. Nevertheless, as I said before, the first step is a random or external effect, e.g. the triggered change in the genetic material, offers an advantage to a cell. For example, it grows faster than its neighbors. The second step then, through another event, one of these cells then receives offspring of daughter cells, which then again has an advantage. For example, it no longer responds to signals for the programmed cell death. I'm sure I'll get to that later. And then there are more steps. In this way, some cells collect all the changes that are necessary to form a tumor over time. Very important. Many different changes are necessary for this. And here I have a picture from the Cancer Information Service, which has summarized this very well. Cancer does not occur from today to tomorrow. Many years, sometimes decades, often pass from healthy cells, so to speak, tumor cells, cancer cells. It just depends on the cancer. Some grow slowly, some quickly. And that is why cancer diseases occur much more often in older people. Now let's see what they say here. Let's see. Do your cells have a nucleus full of DNA? It consists of genes, instructions on how and when individual proteins can be built. These blueprints are copied and transferred to ribosomes, which thus produce proteins. Which protein a cell makes determines what the cell can do. It is important that a damaged gene also has a damaged protein as a result. That comes back into play later. Your DNA is damaged tens of thousands of times a day. It mutates. Mostly without a special reason. That's just life. Almost all of these mutations can be repaired very quickly. My dog. Jago, what kind of noise are you making? And over time, damage accumulates. An important topic here. Imagine you had to make copies of copies of copies for decades. Maybe there was a hair on the scanner or a corner was torn. Every new mistake would be part of the new and all subsequent copies. Some things worsen the damage to the DNA, such as smoking, alcohol, overweight, asbestos inhalation, not using sunscreen or getting infected with a virus like HPV. Part 2 in this section were the risk factors. It is often the interplay of different risk factors. Usually one is not enough, unless it is very extreme. Under what circumstances individual or more risk factors really lead to cancer is not yet known exactly and probably also very individual. There are also examples where some people smoke until the 90th year of their lives and do not get lung cancer. In many patients, it is no longer possible to trace back what was the trigger for the disease. Usually it is the last drop that has almost brought it to an end. But it is clear that there are risk factors that we can avoid and others that we cannot avoid. The most inescapable factors so far are certain hereditary components. As I just said, the older we get, the higher the risk of cancer. Then there are the risk factors that we have in our own hands and that are already mentioned in the video. First of all, smoking. Tobacco consumption. This affects at least 19-20% of all cancer cases in Germany. And thus occupies the sad place 1 of the most avoidable risk factors. Nevertheless, unfortunately it is so. Especially younger people smoke more than they did a few years ago. Important! Smoking no longer only increases the risk of lung cancer, but also, for example, for cervical cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, even for certain forms of leukemia. So smoking is really bad. Second, unhealthy diet. An estimated 8% of cancer patients go back to fatty, highly salted or super sweet food. Especially the belly fat is also dangerous because certain hormones are formed there. Similar to smoking, several types of cancer can be affected by the diet. This includes cancer in the digestive tract, i.e. gastrointestinal cancer, prostate cancer and breast cancer. In particular, excessive consumption of red meat and high-processed foods, such as a large number of finished dishes, sweets, lemonades and so on, are in the focus. Also a one-sided and nutrient-poor diet is considered a risk factor. Therefore, what is the best balanced diet? A healthy diet pattern. Third, at least 7% of cancer diseases in Germany should be calculated as a result of overweight. It can be the result of the wrong diet, but it doesn't have to be just overweight. The International Cancer Research Agency sees a connection between at least 13 forms of cancer and excessive body fat, including, for example, liver cancer, kidney cancer, malignant tumors in the male and female genitals. And why is that? One might ask, why does overweight lead to this? Because the fat cells receive and transmit hormones, especially from the belly fat, which can lead to metabolic disorders, inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress. And this, in turn, can promote tumor formation. Another risk factor. So, at least 6% of all cancer cases in Germany can be attributed to this. And by the way, it doesn't matter whether you are overweight and move too little or whether you are normal-weighted and move too little. This is about the movement, not the weight. People who do not exercise for years or do not simply move in their free time in the fresh air are more likely to suffer from, for example, intestinal cancer, bladder cancer, also uterine cancer, throat cancer. You don't necessarily have to exercise. A dog is enough. You have to go out regularly and go for a walk. So here, too, it is assumed that the positive effects of exercise on the hormone balance and the immune system can counteract the development of cancer. And then the fifth point, the fifth risk factor, infection. About 4% of all cancer diseases are caused by infections. Don't worry. I'm not talking about a flu-like infection or something like that, about the viruses that make you cough and sneeze and get a fever. We are talking about infections with the so-called human papillomaviruses, in short, HPV, and also the hepatitis viruses. HP viruses are especially associated with uterine cancer and oral cancer tumors. Hepatitis viruses, which are logically associated with liver cancer. Not every infection, of course, with these viruses inevitably leads to cancer, especially HPV. Many of us have HP viruses. Some even estimate up to 80%. But they can contribute to genetic modification through various mechanisms and thus cause cancer. They are just a risk factor. So you see, there are risk factors that we cannot influence. Age, bad luck, but also those that we can influence. And ultimately, it's often a mix, so to speak, and that's why you should try to keep the influenza as low as possible. But the easiest way to damage DNA and get cancer is to live long enough. For many cancer cases, there is no other reason than bad luck. Yes, so here again, the longer we live, the higher the risk of bad luck, of course. Of course, age and bad luck are probably the worst factors. And yes, we can't influence them in the end. The damage that leads to cancer. This is simplified, but roughly speaking, three categories of genes have to be damaged to cause cancer. The first key mutation concerns the tumor suppressor genes, which are very aptly named. In short, TS. Difficult topic. Watch out now. G. They have different tasks. Among other things, they create control mechanisms to continuously search for damage and copy errors in your DNA and to repair them directly. And they prevent normal cells from multiplying as wildly. So tumor suppressor genes. Suppressor means suppressed. You might remember it that way. If TSGs are damaged, your cells forget how they repair themselves and multiply nonstop. The second key mutation happens in your oncogenes. When oncogenes are activated, this means for the cell to multiply very quickly. Oncogenes were super active when you were still in the womb. To turn a single cell into billions in a few months, this cell has to divide and multiply quickly. If you consist of enough cells, the genes are switched off again for rapid growth. If your oncogenes are damaged, they switch on again. The third important mutation is the suicide switch in your cells. Most cells are constantly being renewed. If a cell is damaged too much, it usually notices it. Then special genes trigger a kind of controlled suicide, the so-called apoptosis. If the genes that control this process are damaged, cells continue to live even if they are damaged dangerously. So if a cell can no longer repair the errors in its gene code, the ability to destroy itself in the event of excessive damage is lost and unhindered grows very quickly, it becomes a young cancer cell. These cells have to get out of the way as quickly as possible. At this stage, they are already dangerous, but still quite weak and easy to fight. But if they continue to mutate and become more and more, they can learn to deal with your defense. Then they become a real threat. So, that was really, really well summarized. And the three essential steps were explained again. It is important to note that tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes and apoptosis, i.e. self-mortification. I once heard the number 14 in my studies. That doesn't have to be true. It doesn't matter if it's 10, 14, 15 or whatever. But there are so many different barriers or protection mechanisms that have to be overcome first until the dangerous cancer is formed. Tumor suppressor genes are such barriers, but also apoptosis, i.e. programmed cell death. If a cell doesn't work normally, it dies. And if a cancer cell doesn't work normally, it would have to kill itself. But unfortunately, it doesn't do that if this mechanism doesn't work either. And there are so many barriers, 10, 12, 13, 14. And only when they all fail, a cancer cell is formed. And again, the older we get, the more likely it is that we will eventually come to these many failing barriers. How to find cancer? Well, now the proteins come into play again. Good question. When your cells are reassembled. For example, when your oncogenes switch back on, the cell builds oncogenic proteins. Your immune system knows that there should be no such proteins in the adult body. In order to know which cells are damaged and which are healthy, your immune system must know which proteins they produce in their interior. For this, evolution has invented the MHC class 1 molecules. So a really difficult topic, but really cool to understand. Really well done. Yes, also mega exciting for me. Cells constantly take small samples of the proteins they produce and present them in thousands of such MHC molecules. For a current situation report, the selection is constantly being renewed. There are a lot of proteins that are very dangerous and should not produce a healthy cell. Your immune system has practically stored them all in a library and has billions of specialized cells, the T-cells, that can recognize specific proteins. If a T-cell sees a forbidden protein in an MHC window, it knows that the cell is damaged and kills it immediately. But this system has one mistake. Two important terms here again. MHC class 1 molecules, super explained with the window example, so you can remember super well and I don't want to go any further. And T-cells. T-cells are the important cells that should actually eliminate the tumor cells. The killer. At this very moment, hundreds of millions of natural killer cells are patrolling your body and are looking for cells that have already become cancer or have been damaged by a virus. Natural killer cells go from cell to cell and check whether they have MHC class 1 molecules. Wow, what's going on in our body. And the cell sticks to its duty. We're going to watch the video right now, too. That's brilliant. Because you're several times protected. While T-cells are looking for the unexpected, for something that shouldn't be there, natural killer cells notice when something is missing, what should actually be there. The logic behind it? Does a cell not have a window? Does it want to hide something? And a cell that has something to hide has to be cleared out of the way. What makes the natural killer cell so blatant is that it's always in killer mode. It patrols your body and checks cell after cell with the intention of killing them. Healthy cells have to convince themselves again and again that they deserve to live on. And a way to do that are MHC class 1 molecules. All young cancer cells that your body ever forms in life are cleared out of your immune system. Okay. But if your body is so well prepared, why do you still get cancer? Well, sometimes cancer cells can mutate even more and then adapt much better. Cancer is a bed of roses. One that we will win at some point. Maybe with the help of natural killer cells. Natural killer cells are Richter and Henker. And that is absolutely well described here. And summarized again. First, tumor cells have to form at all. And then there are many, many hurdles. Which I just said before. With the number 10, 14. And if they manage to do it and live, then the killer cells come into play. And these cells recognize and destroy, especially viruses and damaged body cells, but also tumor cells. And in most cases, of course, this also works, as we have just described. And this process is probably even the normal case. Especially with you. With me, this is also happening in the body right now. Without you feeling anything of it. It doesn't hurt right now. And if that weren't the case, then cancer would be much, much more common. But what happens when cancer cells escape the immune defense? The question came up here now. Tumor cells are not as foreign to the immune system as bacteria, viruses or fungi. These are our own cells, so not so foreign. And that makes it more difficult for the defense to recognize them. So it's harder or easier to recognize bacteria, fungi, than our own cancer cells. So you have to know that. And then it can happen that cancer cells escape our immune system. And that's not a targeted strategy. Much more often than not, the immune system feels that cancer cells have escaped the immune system. And that's not a targeted strategy. Much more often than not, a series of random changes lead to the immune system not recognizing the tumor cells as damaged. Or maybe it doesn't attack them despite recognition. Tumor cells, you can imagine, they camouflage themselves. And they can manipulate and weaken our own immune system. So they're egoists. That's how it was shown here. So that's why. So for most patients, cancer is not a result of an immune defect or a partial immune weakness. That's very important to know. As I just said, I thought that was a great sentence. Cancer is a competition. That's a very impressive, true sentence. So we just saw how cancer develops and that our body does a lot so that it doesn't end badly. But sometimes cancer does come. And then it's one of the most important things. And it's also important for me to emphasize time. The earlier cancer is recognized, the better it can be treated. The better the prognosis is. Or in other words, a malignant cancer just sitting out doesn't help at all. And the probability of losing this fight increases the longer you wait. And that's why it's a very important topic. And that's why I always emphasize early recognition of cancer. I also take that very seriously personally. Because even the healthiest lifestyle, eating healthy, doing a lot of sports is unfortunately not a guarantee of never getting cancer. As I said, age, bad luck. These are, in principle, very important or main factors. Of course, everyone must always decide for themselves which early recognition examination is most useful for them. Many people, for example, are afraid of a wrong result. So that they may be falsely pronounced a cancer suspicion. Or that, conversely, a cancer disease remains unrecognized. But in order to make an individual decision, I can understand if it is difficult for you. For example, do you have the opportunity to inform yourself about the progress and the power of statement of the various early recognition examinations at the German Cancer Institute? They do it quasi-neutrally, again, detached from their doctor. Otherwise, they are always happy to get a second opinion. As for the cancer prevention examinations that are taken over by a legal health insurance company, I am often asked, which are they? There are the uterine cancer examinations, breast cancer, skin cancer, intestinal cancer, also prostate cancer, of course in certain or different age groups. The so-called, these are all very common types of cancer that are discovered early, are well curable, then unfortunately often end deadly. There are other types of cancer where we have virtually no chance. There are also no prevention examinations. But I hope you enjoyed the video now. Feel free to comment on it. I thought it was very, very good to understand with the descriptions how cancer develops. And I tried to supplement it from a medical point of view. Thank you very much and stay loyal to me.